Life Span/ Human Growth and Development: Final Study Guide

A young woman was seriously injured in a car accident and now shows no higher cortical brain function. Her parents decide to take her off of the life-support machines but are shocked when she continues to breathe on her own. Is the young woman dead?

It is unclear, because death can be defined in different ways by different people

Why is it difficult to identify a midlife crisis in other cultures?

Many other cultures do not have a well-defined concept of midlife

_____ is a program designed to increase parental employment and reduce family poverty.

New Hope

Which of the following is a major challenge for sexually interested older women (age 70 or older)?

Not having a partner

What is the leading cause of infant death in the United States?

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

______ adults describe themselves as securely attached.

The majority of

Why are there different patterns of gender-related attitudes and behavior in different ethic groups?

The status of females in relation to males is different in different ethic groups

Many of today's children grow up receiving praise for mediocre or even poor performance. What could be a possible consequence of this?

They may have difficulty handling competition and critism

Friendships in late adulthood:

are associated with lower levels of depression for women

Which of the following is the most common consequence of ageism?

assumptions about ailments caused by age

Most death that occur during adolescence are caused by:

automobile accidents

Both Jean Piget and Lawrence Kohlberg agree that:

cognitive stages are the underpinnings of morality

In the United States the average age of menarche has _____ since the mid-nineteenth century.

declined significantly

Stress weakens the ability of the immune system to fight disease. This effect _____ as we age.

declines

The percentage of older men who hold full-time jobs has:

decreased dramatically since 1990

Remembering where you went on vacation last summer is an example of ____ memory.

episodic

Robert Kastenbaum emphasizes that the death system in any culture is compromised of several components. Which of the following is NOT one of those components?

families

Elsie, age 80, complains that the food in her assisted living facility is "tasteless." She adds salt to everything and secretly snacks on sugary treats that she has in her room. Elsie:

is compensating for her decline in taste by eating the sweet snacks

In general, the situation of adult children living in their parents' home is MOST successful when:

parents and children agree to treat one another as adults

The _____ often becomes the center of managing patient care in a chronic illness.

patient's home

The Seattle Longitudinal Study concluded that middle age is a time of:

peak performance for vocabulary

Jaymon is a third-grader and has been asked by his teacher to describe himself? What is the MOST likely description Jaymon will give?

"I am friendly"

According to 2006 data, the percentage of older people living in poverty is _____.

9.6%

Which of the following is true of the preferences of adults regarding the attachment styles of their partners?

Adults prefer having a securely attached partner

Amanda's mother suffered from anorexia nervosa as a teenager. This implies that:

Amanda is at risk for becoming anorexic herself

Which of the following statements is TRUE of cognitive mechanics and cognitive pragmatics?

Biology and heredity strongly influence cognitive mechanics

Which of the following statements about peer groups and peer interactions in middle and late childhood is TRUE?

Children in middle and late childhood spend approximately 30 percent of their time with peers

______ is a global term for any neurological disorder in which the primary symptoms involve a deterioration of mental functioning.

Dementia

Which of the following statements about arthritis is NOT true?

Exercise is not beneficial for people with arthritis

Which of the following of a compensation strategy suggested by Baltes and his colleagues?

Focus on the most important goal at a particular time.

Which of the following is a more accurate vision of adolescence?

For most adolescents, adolescence is a time of evaluation, decision making, commitment, and carving out a place in the world

Which of the following is TRUE about the empty nest syndrome?

For most parents, marital satisfaction increases after the transition to an empty nest syndrome

Which of the following is NOT true regarding observations on bullying?

Girls and younger high school students were most likely to be affected by bullying

What is the general conclusion of the meta-analysis of personality stability and change organized according to the Big Five Framework that included 87 longitudinal studies?

Older adults are more open to change than young or middle-aged adults

What is TRUE about the relationship between sematic memory and aging?

Older adults often take longer to retrieve sematic information, but they usually can retrieve it.

According to John Coie, which of the following is NOT one of the reasons why aggressive peer-rejected boys have problems in social relationships?

Rejected children are more focused on maintaining positive relationships with peers

In most cases, researchers have found that relationships between aging parents and children are characterized by ___.

ambivalence

Researches have found that _____ control strategies increase in importance, and _____ control strategies decrease in importance beginning in middle adulthood.

accommodating; assimilative

Which of the following is NOT one of the five big personality traits identified by Costa and McCrae?

adaptability

Don is 68 years old and would like to work part time during his retirement. All his applications have been turned down, however, even though Don has many years' experience, has an excellent work record, and is appropriate for the job. Don may be experiencing:

ageism

Mavis, age 72, volunteers 4 hours each week in the hospital gift shop and reads a story to second-grade children for 45 minutes every Monday morning. Research shows that compared to her peers who do not engage in any volunteer work, Mavis is more likely to:

be more satisfied with her life.

Boys are much more likely than girls to be behaviorally disruptive in the classroom. This is because:

boys show less self-regulation

Life expectancy for older adults (65-75-years-old) would be increased the most if _____ could be eliminated.

cancer

Explicit memory is also called _____ memory.

declarative

Which of the following has been associated with cognitive decline?

depression

Puberty:

ends long before adolescence

Orthodox Jews and Mormons have especially low rate of alcohol use, underscoring the:

environment's role in alcoholism

At age 72, Faye has a scan to access the status and functioning of her brain. Her doctor also just completed a scan on a 50-year-old woman. As the doctor compares the two scans, it will be normal to see ____ in Faye's brain.

fewer neurons but more dendrites

According to Levinson, the transition to middle adulthood lasts about ____years.

five

Grandparents who are over the age of 65 were more likely to display a ____style of interaction; those under 65 were more likely to display a ____ style.

formal; fun-seeking

"There won't be any Social Security left by the time I retire; all those old people will take it out and not pay any higher taxes to replenish the system." Which of the following issues is discussed here?

generational inequity

Which of the following is NOT one of the three aspects of the contexts of life that influence development during middle adulthood?

genetic

What domain do the oldest-old invest in most?

health

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with menopause?

high blood sugar

Dr. Lone Dove has begun studying the effects of a newly discovered hormone on aging. He hypothesizes that the new hormone protects the body's cells from deterioration by strengthening the cell wall against deterioration substances. Dr. Lone Dove is finding evidence for the _____ theory of aging.

hormonal stress

As we age, our level of spirituality:

increases

Compared with younger adults, older adults are _____ sensitive to pain.

less

The main purpose of a hospice is to:

make death more peaceful and less frightening for the patient and family

Hospices are a relatively recent approach developed to:

make the end of life as free from pain and anxiety as possible

If Susan is a typical American child, who will be her most beloved and important relative in her extended family?

maternal grandmother

In a study analyzing children's perspective-taking skills, children were assessed to determine if they understood that people sometimes hide their emotions by showing a different emotion than they really feel. The theory applied here is the theory of:

mind tasks

The tiny bodies within cells that supply essential energy for function, growth, and repair are known as:

mitochondria

The correlation between self-esteem and school performance is:

moderate

On his first day on the job as a toll-taker, Roger's coworkers taught him how to steal $10-$20 an hour from the Turnpike Authority. Roger refused to participate in the theft and his coworkers shunned him for the rest of the summer. Roger's refusal to steal and to stand up to his colleagues shows that he has developed:

moral character

The analysis on perspective taking on aggressive confirmed the general perception of bullies as all of the following EXCEPT:

morally sensitive

Data from the Nun Study have indicated all of the following EXCEPT:

negative emotions in early childhood were linked to longevity

According to the text, which of the following is NOT one of the levels of analysis that could be the possible cause for the decline in speed of processing information in adults?

neurophysiological

Cross-cultural studies show that in nonindustrialized countries that concept of middle age is:

often missing; cultures only refer to adults as young or old

What is the main difference between the way younger people and older people respond to stress?

older people keep stress hormones in their system longer

Death occurs neurologically when ____ for a specified period of time.

one's brain shows no electrical activity

A recent meta-analysis of personality stability and change organized according to the Big Five Framework showed that:

openness to experience increased in early adolescence and early adulthood

Puberty refers to a period of:

rapid physical maturation

What are two major forms of love?

romantic and affectionate

Julie describes how she feels about Mark: "I'm very physically attracted to him, but we aren't what you would call emotionally close. I love being with him, but I don't know that this will be a long-lasting relationship." According to Robert Sternberg's theory of love, which type of love is Julie experiencing?

romantic love

Zack is in a crowed restaurant trying to pay attention to the waiter who is reading off the daily lunch specials. He is having difficult time because ____ attention declines as one ages.

selective

Which of the following terms refers to self-evaluations in the different domains of an individual's life?

self-concept

Which of the following BEST describes intimacy in friendship?

self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts

Darren is a 12 year-old active boy. Sometimes his friend Simon cheats on the game, he tends to get irritated. But Darren tries to hold his anger and reasons out to Simon why it is bad practice to cheat. Which developmental aspect is Darren displaying in his actions?

self-regulation

Other that pining for the lost person, which of the following is another dimension of grief over death?

separation anxiety

An aggressive boy's interpretation of an encounter as hostile and his classmates' perception of his behavior as inappropriate are examples of _____ in behavior development.

social cognition

At which stage of Lawrence Kholberg's theory of moral development does a person understand that values and laws are relative, and standards may vary from one person to another?

social contract or utility and individual rights

Your best friend sideswipes a car and drives away without reporting the accident. You do not report it either, even though you worry about the owner's loss, but over the next few days, you do talk to your friend about it. Your actions suggest that you are in which of Kohlberg's moral reasoning stages?

social systems morality

Which theory explains why older adults spent most of their time with familiar individuals and family?

socioemotional selectivity theory

There is a "one-third rule" for alcoholism: by age 65, one-third are dead or in terrible shape, one-third are abstinent or drinking socially, and one-third are _____.

still trying to beat their addiction

More than 80% of the respondents to a survey said that buying a stolen television set is morally wrong. Yet 50% admitted they would buy a stolen set if guaranteed they would not be caught. This data indicates:

that for many people, moral belief does not predict moral behavior

Active euthanasia is legal in:

the Netherland and Uruguay

Alice, Jane, Lois and Sandra have been friends since grade school. Over the years, they given each other support and shared in each others' joys and sad times. This is an example of which model of social support?

the convoy model

All of the following are changes in emotional development during middle and late childhood EXCEPT:

the increased ability to comprehend subtle social cues

For hospice services to be covered by Medicare:

the patient must be deemed by a physician to have six months or fewer to live

Maria is an elderly Latino American woman. Which of the following support systems is she MOST likely to use to cope with daily difficulties she faces?

the people in her religious community

In one longitudinal study, when three-year-old children showed good control of their emotions and were still resilient in the face of stress:

they were likely to continue to handle emotions effectively as adults

A common memory problem for older adults is the ____ which individuals cant quite retrieve familiar information but have the feeling that they should be able to retrieve it.

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

All of the following are effective ways to improve relationships among ethically diverse students EXCEPT:

turning the classroom into a segregated learning experience

Approximately _____ of corpses are disposed of by burial.

two-thirds

In a study conducted in 2006 of older adults who had returned to work after retirement, about ____ reported that they had done so by choice (it made them happy), and about _____ reported that they had to return to work in order to meet financial needs.

two-thirds; one-third

In a survey conducted by AARP (2004), the primary reason middle-aged and older women cited for wanting a divorce was:

verbal, physical, or emotional abuse

One area of math in which boys were found to be better at is:

visuospatial skills

Bob is 50 years old. If he is typical for his age, what is one major health concerns at this stage of life?

weight

Erikson's last stage of development is characterized by ___.

wisdom

Through _______ generativity, adults develop skills that are passed down to others

work