lifespan development chapter 2

You walk into a new cafe with an unusual layout. You stand back and observe how customers order and pay at one station, then pick up their food at another station. Now you have learned how to get food in this restaurant. Which behavioral approach to learning does this describe?

social cognitive theory

Which learning approach emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person, or model?

social-cognitive learning theory

Broad, organized explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest are called ________ and provide a framework for understanding the relationships among an unorganized set of facts or principles.

theories

A researcher studies how children make sense of new information either by making it fit into known information (e.g., calling all round objects "ball") or by modifying their thinking (e.g., learning new words for various round objects). This researcher's work is grounded in Piaget's ________.

theory of cognitive development

Displacement

transferring inappropriate urges or behaviors onto a more acceptable or less threatening target

Theory

well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena that can be used to make predictions about future observations

Sublimation

redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels

reaction formation

reducing anxiety by adopting beliefs contrary to your own beliefs

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid. Needs lower down in the hierarchy must be satisfied before individuals are motivated to attend to needs higher up

Scaffolding

a process in which adults or capable peers model or demonstrate how to solve a problem, and then step back, offering support as needed

denial

refusing to accept real events because they are unpleasant

humanism

a psychological theory that emphasizes an individual's inherent drive towards self-actualization and contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their own behavior

Regression

returning to coping strategies for less mature stages of development

accommodation

a term developed by psychologist Jean Piaget to describe what occurs when new information or experiences cause you to modify your existing schemas

Hypothesis

a testable prediction

contextual perspective

a theory that considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, and social worlds

macrosystem

cultural elements such as global economic conditions, war, technological trends, values, philosophies, and a society's responses to the global community which impact a community

In the context of Freud's theory, protective efforts that keep unacceptable thoughts, instincts, and feelings out of conscious awareness and thus serve to defend the ego against anxiety are referred to as

defense mechanisms

Freud believed that the ________ is the part of the personality that is rational and reasonable.

ego

If a child develops into a person who integrates into society and maintains a good awareness of safety, Freud may say that person has a well-developed ________.

ego

defense mechanisms

psychological strategies that are unconsciously used to protect a person from anxiety arising from unacceptable thoughts or feelings

Erikson proposed a ________ theory, which emphasized that society and culture influence and shape us.

psychosocial

psychosocial theory:

the theory that emphasizes that social relationships that are important at each stage of personality development

phallic stage

the third stage of psychosexual development, spanning the ages of 3 to 6 years, when the young child's libido (desire) centers upon their genitalia as the erogenous zone

integrity vs. despair (wisdom)

Assess and make sense of life and meaning of contributions ages: 65+

object permanence

the understanding that even if something is out of sight it still exists, develops between 5 and 8 months old

Sonja is confident, open, unconventional, and spontaneous. While she is able to follow generally accepted social expectations, she doesn't feel confined by these norms in her thoughts or behaviors. She has stable employment, is in a satisfying relationship with her partner for 5 years and is respected by others. Which theorists might say that these are characteristics of self-actualized people?

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

Generativity vs. Stagnation (care)

Contribute to society and be part of a family ages: 40-64

Industry vs. Inferiority (competence)

Develop self-confidence in abilities when competent or sense of inferiority when not ages: 7-11

Intimacy vs. Isolation (love)

Establish intimacy and relationships with others ages: 19-39

identity vs. role confusion (fidelity)

Experiment with and develop identity and roles ages: 12-18

psychosexual stages

Freuds oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages

Parents are at an indoor playspace their five-year-old child. The parents observe the child check out the slide, then check out a playhouse before deciding to play on a climbing structure. According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, by allowing the child to explore within limits and by supporting the child's choice, these parents are helping their child successfully navigate which stage of development?

Initiative vs. Guilt

Many popular quotes by famous people reference a "blank slate" as a platform and springboard for creativity. We may credit the popularity of this phrase to ________, an early scholar of human development.

John Locke

An infant smiles when something feels good and cries when something feels bad. The infant's parent, a psychotherapist whose work is based on Sigmund Freud's theory, jokes, "This baby is all id." Which of Freud's principles is this parent referring to?

The pleasure principle

The development of the sociocultural theory is attributed to ________.

Lev Vygotsky

autonomy vs. shame (will)

Sense of independence in many tasks develops ages: 1-3

Initiative vs. Guilt (purpose)

Take initiative on some activities, may develop guilt when success not met or boundaries overstepped ages: 3-6

trust vs. mistrust (hope)

Trust (or mistrust) that basic needs, such as nourishment and affection, will be met ages: 0-1

ecological systems theory

Urie Bronfenbrenner's theory stressing the importance of studying a child in the context of multiple environments, organized into five levels of external influence: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem

sociocultural theory

Vygotsky's theory that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture

assimilation

a cognitive process that manages how we take in new information and incorporate that new information into our existing knowledge

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

a description of cognitive development as four distinct stages in children: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, and formal

self-actualization

according to humanistic theory, the realizing of one's full potential can include creative expression, a quest for spiritual enlightenment, the pursuit of knowledge, or the desire to contribute to society. For Maslow, it is a state of self-fulfillment in which people achieve their highest potential in their own unique way

information-processing approach

an alternative to Piagetian approaches, a model that seeks to identify the ways individual take in, use, and store information

cognitive perspective

an approach that focuses on the process that allows people to know, understand and think about the world

Schemas

an existing framework for an object or concept

congruence

an instance or point of agreement or correspondence between the ideal self and the real self in Rogers' humanistic personality theory

Piaget's two basic principles of growth in children's understanding of the world are ________.

assimilation and accomodation

Projection

attributing unacceptable desires to others

law of effect

behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged

The ________ suggests that keys to understanding development are observable behaviors and outside stimuli in the environment.

behavioral perspective

When Etienne was 8 yrs old, his parents divorced and his mom remarried and moved him to a new state when he was 10 yrs old. This experience was part of a major transition for Etienne. According to Bronfenbrenner, this would be considered part of the ________, or the environmental events and transitions that occur during a person's lifetime.

chronosystem

A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response is called ________.

classical conditioning

Emily's mouth starts to water whenever she gets ready to eat fresh baked pizza. Recently she noticed that she now salivates when she drives past her favorite pizza shop on the way to school even though she cannot see or smell the pizza from inside the car.

classical conditioning

Frank goes out with some friends to a new restaurant near campus. He gets fish-and-chips, but he also drinks a few too many mixed drinks and gets sick. The next time he goes to the restaurant, he avoids the fish-and-chips because the very thought of them makes him feel nauseous.

classical conditioning

When describing how difficult it is for her patients to quit smoking, a specialist in substance abuse medicine states, "Smoking is associated with so many things, like waking up in the morning, after a meal, on breaks at work, when getting home at work. When my patients try to quit, everything that was associated with smoking makes them crave a cigarette." The specialist is describing ________.

classical conditioning

Which psychological perspective considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds?

contextual

Erikson's theory differs from Freud's in that Erikson believed that development ________.

continues throughout the lifespan

In the history of developmental psychology, which perspective sought to identify behavior as the result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors and suggests that children developed over their lifetime much in the same way that a species evolved throughout time?

evolutionary

theory of mind (TOM)

explains how children come to understand that people have thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that are different from their own, develops during the preoperational stage

Professor Miller wants to conduct a study motivation in children from lower socio-economic status school districts to graduate school and attend college. She wants to examine the impact of Low SES and its correlates, such as lower educational achievement and describe the comparative differences on cognitive development in students attending lower SES schools with students attending Higher SES schools. Ultimately, she plans to describe human potential and the importance of the self-actualizing tendency when facing social difficulty. Professor Miller is most likely a ________ psychologist.

humanistic

According to Freud, which part of a person's personality represents primitive drives related to sex, hunger, aggression, and irrational impulses?

id

microsystem

immediate surrounds including those who have direct, significant contact with the person, such as parents or siblings

A(n)________ approach to development has been criticized for equating the mind to a computer and for not taking into account the social context in which development takes place.

information processing

Which approach grew out of developments in computers, where even complex behaviors such as learning, remembering, categorizing, and thinking can be broken down into a series of individual, specific steps?

information processing

Rationalization

justifying behaviors by substituting acceptable reasons for less-acceptable real reasons

mesosystem

larger organizational structures such as school, the family, or religion

An information-processing approach that builds on Piaget's research is known as ________ theory, because it considers cognition as made up of different types of individual skills

neo-piagetian

Reversibility

objects can be changed and then returned back to their original form or condition, typically observed during the concrete operational stage

A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences is called ________.

operant conditioning

A store clerk witnesses the following exchange that she has seen numerous times between a parent and child who are regular customers: The child asks for a toy. The parent refuses to get it. The child throws a temper tantrum. The parent puts the toy in the shopping basket. The child stops crying. The store clerk thinks, "Behavior is controlled by its consequences." The clerk's reasoning coincides with the concept of:

operant conditioning

Last week, little Jack got a bag of cookies from the cabinet and ate them all. When his mother found out, she didn't let him watch television that evening as punishment. The next day, Jack thinks about having cookies, but decides that it is not a great idea.

operant conditioning

Mittens the cat just happened to brush against the refrigerator when Jana, her owner, was in the kitchen. Jana said, "Oh, you want some milk!" and gave her a little bowl. Mittens started hanging out near the refrigerator more often, which meant she brushed against it more often. Jana thought it was cute, so she gave her milk every time she brushed the refrigerator. Soon, mittens learned that brushing against the refrigerator was a sure way to get some milk.

operant conditioning

Phenomenal field

our subjective reality, all that we are aware of, including objects and people as well as our behaviors, thoughts, images, and ideas

In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, during which stage are children egocentric?

preoperational

Repression

suppressing painful memories and thoughts

neurosis

tendency to experience negative emotions

behavioral perspective

the approach that suggests that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment

Egocentrism

the child is not able to take the perspective of others, typically observed during the preoperational stage

________ focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world.

the cognitive perspective

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

the difference between what a learner can do without help, and what they can do with help

Chronosystem

the environmental events and transitions that occur throughout a child's life, including any socio-historical events

genital stage

the final stage of psychosexual development when individuals develop sexual interests; begins in adolescence and lasts throughout adulthood

oral stage

the first stage of psychosexual development when infants needs are met primarily through oral gratification ages: 0-1

latency stage

the fourth stage of psychosexual development, spanning middle childhood, during which sexual development and sexual impulses are dormant ages: 6-12

formal operational stage

the fourth, and last, stage in Piaget's theory and lasts from about age 11 to adulthood. Children in the formal operational stage can deal with abstract ideas and hypothetical situations

conservation

the idea that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added, usually develops during the concrete operational stage

reciprocal determinism

the interplay between our personality and the way we interpret events and how they influence us

exosystem

the larger contexts of the community, including the values, history, and economy

superego

the part of the self that acts as our conscience, telling us how we should behave

ego

the part of the self that helps balance the id and superego by satisfying the ids desires in a rational way

id

the part of the self that is biologically-driven, includes our instincts and drives, and wants immediate gratification

bioecological model

the perspective suggesting that multiple levels of the environment interact with biological potential to influence development

psychodynamic perspective

the perspective that behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflict that are generally beyond peoples awareness and control

cognitive neuroscience

the scientific field that is concerned with the study of the biological processes and aspects that underlie cognition, with a specific focus on the neural connections in the brain which are involved in mental processes

concrete operational stage

the stage in which children can think logically about real (concrete) events, have a firm grasp on the use of numbers and start to employ memory strategies, lasts from about 7 to 11 years old

preoperational stage

the stage in which children can use symbols to represent words, images, and ideas, which is why children in this stage engage in pretend play, lasts approximately 2 to 7 years old

sensorimotor stage

the stage in which children learn about the world through their senses and motor behavior, lasts from birth to about 2 years old

anal stage

the stage of development when children are learning to control impulses; coincides with toddlerhood and toileting ages: 1-3