Lifespan Development
Research shows that more than ____ of adults were in a serious relationship by one year after filing for divorce.
(NOT 25%) 10% 50% 75%
Match each research design to its proper definition.
Experimental Research- Research in which a researcher manipulates one or more variables to see their effects Descriptive Research- Research that describes what is occurring at a particular point in time Correlational Research- Research designed to discover relationships among variables and to allow the prediction of future events from present knowledge
At lunchtime, Monica shares her apple with her friend Rachel. The next day, Rachel has a candy bar and refuses to share it with Monica. Monica decides not to be friends with Rachel anymore. According to Selman (1980), which stage of friendship are they in?
Fair-weather cooperation
According to Piaget, all people attain formal operational thinking. Question 6 options:
False
As adults age, their estimated calorie needs increase.
False
Cross-sectional research allows the researcher to look at the impact of having been born in a certain time-period.
False
Early adults tend to think in dichotomies.
False
In the class "Marshmallow Test," researchers found that children who waited for more marshmallows had lower academic performance later in life.
False
It is estimated that about 50% of older patients diagnosed with dementia are actually depressed or suffering from some other psychological illness.
False
While the rate for marriage has been declining overall, the rate for remarriage has slightly increased.
False
Albert Bandura argued that there is an interplay between the environment and the individual; we are not just the product of our surroundings, rather we influence our surroundings. This is a concept known as:
Reciprocal determinism
Three-year-old Bobby has learned what he can and cannot control, and he has developed a sense of free will. Which psychosocial crisis has Bobby positively resolved?
Autonomy vs. shame/doubt
Janet leaves her toddler, Gracie, in a room alone. Gracie shows little emotion when she leaves. When Janet returns, Gracie ignores her. Which style of attachment does Gracie most likely have?
Avoidant attachment style
Which of the following methods of discipline is most likely to contribute to a child developing antisocial behavior?
Spanking
Based on the Seattle Longitudinal Study, we know that middle-aged adults perform better than they did when they were young adults on each of the following cognitive tasks, EXCEPT:
Spatial skills Numerical computation Inductive reasoning (NOT Verbal memory)
Thousands of neural connections are formed during infancy and toddlerhood. This period of rapid neural growth is referred to as:
Synaptic blooming
Wage discrimination is a form of occupational sexism.
True
While research shows that most people in the United States do not experience a midlife crisis, for those who do experience a crisis, it tended to occur:
because it was triggered by a major life event
Insufficient sleep and sleep disturbances in middle adulthood puts individuals at greatest risk of developing:
cancer diabetes (NOT heart disease) hypertension
Madeline gets an Etch-A-Sketch for her 5th birthday, but she has difficulty using it because she can't yet integrate the movements of both of her hands. This is because her ____________ is not developed enough yet.
corpus callosum
Harry, age 82, looks back on his life and feels a sense of bitterness and resentment about past relationships. According to Erikson, Harry has not overcome the crisis in this stage of life, and therefore finds himself in a state of ______.
despair
Genes that are ______ express themselves in the phenotype even when paired with a different version of the gene.
dominant
Joan is reminiscing with her friends at her 70th birthday party. She is most likely to recall the most memories from which stage of life?
early adulthood middle childhood (NOT middle adulthood) early childhood
In their views of the most important criteria for becoming an adult, emerging adults in the United States and Europe consistently rank _________ as one of the most important markers of adulthood.
financial independence
According to Erikson, _______ is the primary generative type.
parenthood
Which of the following statements about a newborn's senses is NOT true?
A newborn is not sensitive to pain until several weeks after birth.
Arnett (2000) identified characteristics of emerging adulthood that distinguishes it from adolescence and young adulthood. Which of the following is NOT one of those characteristics?
Age of pessimism
According to Carroll (2016), what is the strongest predictor of rape and sexual assault on college campuses?
Alcohol use
Which of the following environmental factors are thought to change gene expression by switching genes on and off?
All of the above
According to Kubler-Ross, all of the following are Stages of Grief, EXCEPT:
Anxiety
What is the leading cause of disability in older adults?
Arthritis
Little Jeremy says "doggie" whenever he sees his dog. While visiting a farm, he points to the cow, sheep, and goat and says "doggie" because all of these animals have four legs, like his dog. This is an example of:
Assimilation
Bartholomew (1990) suggests that adult attachment varies along two dimensions. Match these two dimensions with the correct definition.
Attachment-related anxiety- The extent to which an adult worries about whether their partner really loves them 2.Attachment-related avoidance- Whether an adult can open up to others and whether they trust and feel they can depend on others
Giftedness refers to children who have an IQ of ____ or higher.
130
Approximately ___ of Americans are 65 years of age or older. Question 4 options:
15%
Boys typically begin puberty approximately _____ after girls.
2 years
A human being has a total of __ pairs of chromosomes.
23
Approximately ____ of 10th graders from ethnic minority backgrounds have explored and resolved issues of ethnic identity.
25%
The average newborn spends close to ___ of their sleep time in the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) phase.
50%
The fetal period lasts from the _____ until birth.
9th week
Which of the following people is LEAST likely to build their cognitive reserve to reduce the effects of primary aging of the brain?
Betty, who watches four hours of soap operas every day
Which of the following is a research question that a developmental psychologist would probably NOT investigate?
Can artificial intelligence process information the same way that humans process information?
All of the following are disadvantages of longitudinal research, EXCEPT:
Cannot examine change over time
Erikson identified "virtues" for each of his eight stages, and they refer to what the individual achieves when the stage is successfully reconciled. The virtue emerging when one achieves generativity is:
Care
In addition to known environmental and social factors, adolescents do not typically get adequate sleep because of what biological factor?
Changes in their circadian rhythms
Peter is a planner and doesn't like to make plans at the last minute. Peter would most likely score high on which of the Big Five Personality Traits?
Conscientiousness
________ refers to the ability to recognize that moving or rearranging matter does not change the quantity.
Conservation
After reading Kohlberg's classic moral story about a man who steals medicine to save his dying wife, 10-year-old Catherine determines that the man was right to steal the drug because everyone will think he is a good husband for doing so. Kohlberg would say that Catherine is in which stage of moral development?
Conventional morality
All of the following are aspects of Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence, EXCEPT:
Crystallized intelligence
Which of the following statements is true?
Crystallized intelligence increases with age, and fluid intelligence decreases with age.
Dr. Viola is conducting a study looking at patterns in how married couples argue. However, he tells his participants that he is studying the effects of room temperature on stress level. This is an unethical study because it violates which aspect of the APA code of ethics?
Deception
All of the following statements about dementia are true, EXCEPT:
Dementia is an inevitable development among the very old.
Chris chugged several beers in a row while his friends cheered him on and gave him high-fives. These signs of approval from his friends reinforces Chris' behavior and makes it more likely that he will continue this behavior in the future. This is a concept known as:
Deviant peer contagion
Stacy has difficulty reading from left to right and often reverses the letters in her mind. Stacy most likely suffers from which learning disability?
Dyslexia
Studies have found that teenagers who work more than 20 hours per week during the school year tend to experience:
Engaging in earlier sexual behavior
______ proposed that each period of life has a unique challenge or crisis that the person who reaches it must face.
Erikson
Beth gave birth to a 9.5 pound baby, which made the labor and birth process much more difficult. Beth most likely suffered from what condition?
Gestational diabetes
According to the Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging, all of the following are characteristics of the aging process, EXCEPT:
Heart muscles thin with age
Match each of Marcia's Four Identity Statuses with the correct definition.
Identity Foreclosure- One who has made a commitment to an identity without having explored the options Identity Diffusion- One who has neither explored the options, nor made a commitment to an identity Identity Achievement- One who has made a commitment after exploration Identity Moratorium- One who is actively exploring in an attempt to establish an identity, but has yet to have made any commitment
Which of the following is NOT an example of a type of descriptive
Independent measures
In the case of "Fatuous Love," which component of love is missing from Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Love?
Intimacy
Wendy is considered the "glue" of the family. She is always making sure that the family gets together for holidays and events, and she serves as a mediator when there are arguments between family members. Wendy would be considered a:
Kinkeeper
Who was the researcher who conceptualized sexuality as a continuum rather than a strict dichotomy of gay or straight?
Kinsey
__________ focuses on providing comfort and relief from physical and emotional pain to patients throughout their illness, even while being treated.
Palliative care
Which of the following deficiencies in the use of memory strategies occurs when a child does not grasp the strategy being taught, and thus, does not benefit from its use?
Mediation deficiency
When Anna lowers her baby boy to the changing table, he often spreads out his arms and legs and then quickly contracts his limbs inward. This is an example of which reflex?
Moro
Which theory of language development states that there is a universal grammar that can account for all language learning?
Nativisim
What are NEETs?
Neither employed nor in education or training
Match the correct definitions of nature and nurture.
Nurture- Human processes are acquired through interactions with the environment. Nature- Human processes are innate; behavior is due to biological factors, such as genetic code.
Two-year-old Maggie says phrases such as "I goed there" and "I doed that." This tendency to add "ed" to the end of words to indicate past tense is an example of:
Overregularization
Kyle just turned 3. He is most likely able to do which of the following?
Pedal a tricycle
Growing up, Katie and Jenny were allowed to make their own rules and determine their own activities. They most likely grew up with parents who displayed which parenting style?
Permissive
Jenny makes decisions based on what is realistic and practical, not idealistic. She is not really influenced by what her peers think. According to Piaget's theory, Jenny
Postformal thought
Six-year-old Lucy has developed the ability to see the world from other people's perspectives. Piaget would say that Lucy is in which stage of cognitive development?
Preoperational
The leading cause of death in infants 1 to 12 months old is:
SIDS
Tina is raising her own two children while also providing care for her aging mother. Tina is part of a group known as the:
Sandwich generation
As adults age, their motivational goals change based on how much time they have left to live. Older adults actively restrict their social life to prioritize time spent with emotionally close significant others. This is known as:
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
The brain undergoes dramatic changes during adolescence, including all of the following EXCEPT:
The brain slightly increases in size.
Allison feels self-conscious about her appearance because she feels as though everyone is always looking at her and judging her clothing and behavior. This is known as:
The imaginary audience
Approximately ten years separates the development of these two brain areas, resulting in risky behavior, poor decision making, and weak emotional control for the adolescent.
The limbic system and the prefrontal cortex
The false-belief task is a common method for determining if a child has reached which mental milestone?
Theory of mind
A survey by AARP (2009) found that men and women had diverse motivations for getting a divorce. What is the most common reason that men reported for getting a divorce?
They had fallen out of love.
A mother's alcohol consumption during pregnancy may predispose her child to like alcohol.
True
Adolescents are more likely to use intuitive thought as opposed to analytic thought.
True
Ageism can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy.
True
Illicit drug use peaks between the ages of 19 and 22 and then begins to decline.
True
Older adults have greater emotional wisdom (the ability to empathize with and understand others).
True
Research has demonstrated that older adults use more of their brains than younger adults.
True
Romantic relationships contribute to adolescents' identity formation.
True
Some research has shown that online relationships are sometimes more intimate than in-person relationships.
True
Mrs. Abram, a kindergarten teacher, believes that her students not only have a set of abilities, but that they also have a set of potential abilities that can be realized if she can offer the proper guidance. Mrs. Abram is most closely aligned with which theorist?
Vygotsky
Which of the following theorists assume that development is a slow and gradual process?
Vygotsky
Which concept is most closely related to the idea of Scaffolding learning?
Zone of Proximal Development
During perimenopause and menopause, women may experience a "hot flash," which is a surge of:
adrenaline
The ______ is the most important part of the brain for sexual functioning.
hypothalamus
According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, early adulthoods experience which psychosocial crisis?
intimacy vs. isolation
Tobacco use during pregnancy has been associated with all of the following, EXCEPT:
late puberty in girls
To the extent that a person has a more difficult time hearing or seeing, that information will not be stored in memory. So for older adults, if they cannot remember something, it could be due to small decrements in the sensitivity of the _______.
sensory register
Bohlin and Hagekull (2009) found that shyness in infancy was linked to _______ in adulthood.
social anxiety
Cellular aging occurs because our cells divide a limited number of times and then stop. This phenomenon is known as:
the Hayflick limit