Lifespan exam 3 modules

Meditation

, as used in this context, refers to a "family of complex emotional and attentional regulatory training regimes developed for various ends, including the cultivation of well-being and emotional balance"

Whitbourne (2007) has found that typical increases in the abdomen are 6-16% for men & ____________ for women. This seems to be due to an increase in fat & a corresponding loss of muscle & bone

25-35%

the median age for marriage in 1976 was about 22 or 23. By 2006, the median age for marriage had risen to about ____, a difference of more than 4 years in only 30 years

27

There are changes happening now that will affect these inequities in the future, as__________________ of PhDs in math were earned by women more recently, as compared to 5.9% in 1960.

29.6%

women earn ________________of the PhDs in mathematics today (as compared to 5.9% in 1960);

29.6%

Carrere et al. (2000) found that the assessments from the beginning of a marriage (which included videotapes of the 1st ____ minutes of a newlywed marital conflict discussion) successfully predicted later outcomes

3

Arngold & Costello (1993) even found that children who were depressed had incidences of conduct problems __________times higher than non-depressed children. Similarly, they had anxiety disorders 2 to 25 times that of non-depressed children

3 to 9

Apart from the super-athletes, no matter the activity level, muscular strength seems to begin declining around age ____

30

Arnett sees their uncertainty & indecision at this time as being worth the extended period for self-development in order to be better prepared for an increasingly more complex world. As proof of its utility, he notes that few emerging adults don't eventually grow up. Pretty well all have stable employment by age ____________, & 75% are married with a child

30

Relatively speaking, however, despite the potential for change, longitudinal evidence supports the notion that personality traits are largely stable after age _____

30

muscular strength begins to decline somewhat by about age ________________.

30

In the 40s, 7% of adults have some kind of disability; by the early 60s, __________ do

30%

By Perry's estimates, 75% of students were at level _____________ at graduating. Even at stage 9, there is a dynamic movement or resolve to continue reflecting & evolving.

7 or 8 (Position 7: Initial Commitment; Position 8: Multiple Commitments; & Position 9: Resolve )

The growth stage (up to around age 14) (Super):

Many elements of identity are formed which impact on vocational self-concept (like ideas about interests, attitudes, skills, needs).

______________, or the extent to which a person experiences enthusiasm, alertness, joy, confidence, and determination, is part of the _____________, that system intended to allow people to respond to reinforcement and to approach and engage with the environment

Positive affectivity, behavioral facilitation system

Seligman's Theory of Well-Being has 5 elements (PERMA):

Positive emotion (with happiness & life satisfaction as aspects of it), Engagement, Relationships, Meaning & purpose, & Accomplishment.

Originally, he had viewed happiness as having 3 elements: _______________ Then he realized that he had missed success & mastery, as well as relationships which resulted in his well-being theory.

Positive emotion, engagement (in life), & meaning.

The authors conclude that the path to improved life satisfaction was heavily impacted by positive emotions. "_____________ emerged as the mechanism through which people build the resources that make their lives more fulfilling and help keep their depressive symptoms at bay

Positive emotions

acquisition stage

Practical problems and goal setting are monitored by parents and others who take on the responsibility for making decisions that will affect the child's life course. The child has the luxury of learning for learning's sake or problem solving just to sharpen her logical thinking skills. Many of the problems she confronts in this phase are those with preestablished answers

____________ judgment represents the most mature type of reasoning according to Kitchener, as while the relativist can approach a problem suggesting that the best solution is a matter of opinion depending upon the person, the reflective thinker sees that opinions & options can be evaluated using criteria they create for themselves.

Reflective

"the bump" or the "reminiscence bump."

Regardless of age, adults' cue-prompted memories of the self from the young adult period (from about ages 18 to 22) are slightly but reliably overproduced (see Berntsen & Rubin, 2002). That is, more memories are produced from this era than we would predict on the basis of recency (see Figure 15.4). If we explore autobiographical memory in a different way, by asking adults to tell us about their flashbulb memories, nearly all of what they tell us comes from the bump era

_______________ is about reorganizing how we behave by adjusting expectations & accepting lower levels of functioning.

Regulation of Loss

nuclear family tradition

Research in this area seeks to understand the degree to which one's earliest attachments to primary caregivers may endure throughout life and how they might affect the quality of the caregiving provided to one's own children.

Students are more likely to select college teaching as a career if they attend smaller colleges that provide high levels of ______________

Student-faculty interaction, opportunities for independent research, and written evaluations of students' work.

earned secure

Such adults appear to have come to terms with less than optimal early experiences, quite possibly with the help of a secure spouse or partner.

disillusionment model

This view posits that overly romantic idealizations of marriage and blissfully optimistic views of one's partner set people up for eventual disappointment. Such fantasies cannot coexist for long with the reality of married life

Those who displayed the most negative emotion (high levels of anxiety & stress) in discussing problems were _____________. In addition, they reported feeling more angry & hostile towards their partner afterwards. Further to this, Tidwell, Reis, & Shaver (1996) have found more disruptions & changes in satisfaction for ambivalent couples as compared to others

ambivalent partners

Because oftentimes, people who are dying may not be able to express what they want or take part in decision-making, _____________are how the dying can ensure that their wishes are known

advanced directives & health proxies

Results demonstrated that viewing the film using the right hemisphere was associated with a significantly higher release of _______________ than was left-hemisphere viewing. The authors concluded that cortisol regulation may be related to RH activation

cortisol

Gottman (1999) has defined the 4 kinds of negativity that are both the most damaging to relationships & are the most highly predictive of divorce. These are: ________________(which he calls the "Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse"). Contempt he views as particularly destructive

criticism, defensiveness, contempt, & stonewalling

"four horsemen of the apocalypse" (Gottman, 1999), particularly contempt, can be very destructive

criticism, defensiveness, contempt, and stonewalling

The four kinds of negativity that do the most damage to relationships and that are highly predictive of divorce are ________________

criticism, defensiveness, contempt, and stonewalling

longitudinal research (Schaie, 1996) demonstrates that _____________ (as in verbal ability & factual knowledge) doesn't decline until mid-70s & any declines are limited after that. Again, just as at any age, there are individual differences, with many not showing any decline in some areas & others continuing to improve (if they have maintained good health). Singer et al. (2003) even found in studying 70- to 100-year-olds that vocabulary knowledge continued to increase up to age 90 & only started to decline after that.

crystallized intelligence

Bereavement is the process of coping with the sense of loss that follows death. Both grief & mourning are aspects of bereavement, with mourning a ________________ way of displaying & expressing bereavement

culturally-determined ( culture)

No matter what the form of AD, there are extensive brain changes/deterioration. These include the formation of amyloid plaques (insoluble chunks of protein that damage neurons) & tangles (twisted filaments of another protein). These form in the cerebral cortex, with beta-amyloid a protein found in the tissue around neurons in a healthy brain. Those with Alzheimer's experience inflammation that makes the _________________ accumulate, joining in clumps of dead neurons & glial cells (the amyloid plaques) (Finder, 2011).

beta-amyloid

What can help reduce the risk of depression for minority students is what is called____________, which is having the social skills to get along with both those in the minority & majority culture while still maintaining one's cultural identity

bicultural competence

multidimensional models of development predict that trait patterns or personality features are shaped by both_________________ The idea here is that there is a reciprocal & dynamic coaction between the individual & their context that shapes personality

biology & socio-contextual (environmental) experiences.

according to the American Psychiatric Association (2000), ______________disorders show no gender differences in prevalence.

bipolar

In more _______________cultures, managing one's own response to difficulties might be preferred over attempts to change the situation. Such a response could be seen as striving to maintain harmony within the group.

collectivistic

Each year, millions of young people participate in a rite of passage that marks their entry into young adulthood, the transition to_______________

college

This study also indicated that being in ______________ is a contributing factor to substance abuse in the United States, because college students drink more alcohol and smoke more marijuana than same-age peers who have never attended college

college

Yip and her colleagues found that the only age group in which an identity status (diffusion) was linked to depression was the ______________ group, indicating that identity constructions in this age range have critical psychological consequences.

college age

In ensuring a happy honeymoon phase, the researchers found being in_________________ to be important determinants

control of the decision to retire (voluntarily), & approaching retirement with a plan of action

For men, the "___________________" included a period or periods of "trial work," that is, trying out possible jobs and then launching into a stable career.

conventional career pattern

Men tended to follow the "_____________" ("trial work", trying out jobs & then settling on a career) while women tended to go to work after high school or college & then when married, become fulltime homemakers.

conventional career pattern

legacy-leaving stage

may also characterize people whose minds are sound but whose frailty signals that their lives are ending. Such people often work on establishing a written or oral account of their lives or of the history of their families to pass on to others.

despair

may be characterized by great sadness; social withdrawal; sleeping, eating, or somatic disturbances; and other symptoms of depression or emotional upset. People may experience flashbacks or intrusive memories of the deceased. They may actively seek support from others by telling and retelling the story of their loss

Accumulating resources

may be gained in physical (fewer illnesses), social (more friendships), psychological (increased optimism) or intellectual (mindfulness or creativity) domains.

Denial

may follow the initial shock that is associated with news of a terminal illness. At best, it temporarily protects the person from the reality of a terrifying situation. Denial is associated with feelings of numbness or disbelief and buffers the person from the full weight of the threat. Considered in this way, some measure of denial can be adaptive. It allows a person to temper the emotional impact, thus rendering it more manageable

Many have pointed out that the definition of well-being has missed the element of _______________. It has been defined as the perception of significance (Park & Folkman, 1997), & that it is intrinsic to human nature

meaning

self-efficacy ( Bandura)

meaning beliefs about our ability to exercise control over events that affect our lives

double effect

means giving medication intended to relieve pain even though there is a chance that death can result.

Relativism

means relative to what—to something—it implies comparison, criteria, and judgment

episodic memory

memory for personal experiences

As Pak and Stronge (2008) point out, younger adults may have the edge in games that require speedy responding (e.g., a video game), but older adults often outperform younger ones on ______________

memory games

The research suggests that caregiver burden is greater for women. However, this seems to be modified by ethnicity, with White women & African American ___________ reporting more care burden.

men

Two aspects of gender roles that are important in the discussion of leadership are agency, which is more strongly ascribed to ______________, and communion, which is seen as more characteristic of women

men

many others have found that people in general tend to view ________________more than women as losing competence or ability with age, but at the same time, they tend to believe that women need more help with age.

men

Women commonly experience other physical symptoms as well, such as fatigue, headaches, insomnia, nightsweats, and hot flashes—sudden sensations of intense heat along with sweating that can last for as long as a half an hour.

menopause

For fathers who choose to become "stay at home dads", (which grew 60% between 2004 & 2006), Cynkar (2007) finds that they tend to __________the adult interactions in the workplace. At the same time, more recently, Carr (2002) found that for women who cut back on their employment to take on more family responsibilities, their self-esteem was negatively impacted

miss

According to Holland, by early adulthood, everyone has a _____________

modal personal orientation

Holland (e.g., 1985, 1997) suggests that by early adulthood each individual has a ________________________: a typical and preferred style or approach to dealing with social and environmental tasks

modal personal orientation

What causes it is natural cell death that leads to deterioration of the ear structures that convert sound into _______________

neural impulses

responsible stage (middle adulthood)

ill-defined problems are still the norm, but problem solving must take into account not only one's own personal needs and goals but also those of others in one's life who have become one's responsibility: spouse, children, coworkers, members of the community

problems of adulthood are ____________ An ill-defined problem has neither one acceptable solution nor one agreed-on way to solve it

ill-defined.

Sherman, & Taylor (2008) found that European Americans tended to seek out explicit support when they were in trouble. By contrast, Asians & Asian Americans tended not to bring their troubles to others' attention, seeking ___________support by simply spending time with others without discussing problems

implicit

In cultures that are more ________________, the reasoning goes, an autonomous, direct approach to problem-solving best fits the context.

individualistic

self-esteem appears to be more important for satisfaction in _________________ cultures (Diener & Diener, 1995). By comparison, for those from collectivistic cultures, higher levels of life satisfaction occur when their relationships are satisfying

individualistic

Hunter & Davis (1992) found that Black males defined manhood ______________, determined by self-determination & personal responsibility (similar to the white majority).

individualistically

Primary control

involves attempting to affect the immediate environment (like how competencies lead to feelings of mastery & self-esteem). Primary control from a self-determination theory perspective would serve the needs for autonomy, competence, &/or relatedness

Secondary control

involves attempts to modify expectations when things can't be changed. This strategy involves cognitive processes.

Communion

involves expression of concern for others. Descriptors like affectionate, helpful, sensitive to others, sympathetic, and nurturing apply

Control

involves how a person works with knowledge (like attention, learning efficiency, flexibility of working memory, inhibitory control, & processing speed). (Many of these sound like aspects of fluid intelligence.)

Globalization

is "a process by which cultures influence one another and become more alike through trade, immigration, and the exchange of information and ideas" (p. 774), a process that has shifted into high gear with advances in telecommunications and transportation

Dementia

is a chronic & progressive disease that affects multiple functional domains. These include both cognitive & emotional skills like memory, judgment, language, self-regulation, & motivation. The most common type of dementia (60%) is Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Others include frontotemporal dementia (with deterioration mostly in frontal & temporal lobes), vascular dementia (related to blood flow problems to the brain), as well as dementia with Lewy bodies (due to protein build-up

Work-life conflict"

is a frequent issue in dealing with those in middle adulthood therapeutically (Schultheiss, 2006). There is no doubt that the multiple roles (as parents, spouses, workers, caregivers to aging parents) are a challenge, but Brummelhuis & Bakker (2012) also suggest that they contribute positively to life satisfaction, mental health, & better relationships.

agency

is a kind of powerful "get things done" expression of self. It can be captured by descriptors like assertive, ambitious, dominant, controlling, forceful, independent, and confident

Adolescence

is a time once again when parenting is more difficult & demanding due to the striving for independence, as well as worries about risk-taking & sexual maturity. Even when parents know what to expect, the rejecting & critical attitudes of adolescents can be hard to take

Optimization

is about finding environments that are enhancing or finding ways to enhance achievement of remaining goals. ("I keep working on what I have planned until I succeed.")

commitment .

is about sustaining that love.

Passion

is all about sexuality & romance

Generativity

is also a trait that people can be described as having when they are contributing members of society. "It is about generating: creating and producing things, people, and outcomes that are aimed at benefiting, in some sense, the next generation, and even the next"

Fluid intelligence

is also called the mechanics of intelligence (e.g., Baltes et al., 2006), and refers to basic operational characteristics that seem to directly reflect how well the "hardware" of the nervous system is working, affecting the efficiency of processes like reasoning. Fluid, or mechanical, functions include such things as processing speed and inhibitory mechanisms. They are the most likely kinds of intellectual processes to show declines sometime in middle adulthood. For example, information processing speed may begin to slow down as early as age 30 and declines fairly rapidly after age 40, so that we are slower to take in information as we get older and slower to respond to it

Acceptance

is characterized by a sense of peace and relative tranquility, which suggests that the person has come to terms with his impending death.

but with changes in life circumstances, individuals can experience further crystallization/specification/implementation/stabilization sequences ("_____________") due to a multitude of possible situations. Overall, Super sees career development as a dynamic, ongoing process.

mini-cycles

"easy gliders"

kept themselves unscheduled & flexible with no regular commitments

A phenomenon that has been useful in explaining the effects of cumulative stressors on vulnerability is called _______________

kindling-behavioral sensitization

longitudinal research on intellectual change across the life span indicates that many skills (such as spatial orientation abilities and inductive reasoning skills) improve throughout young adulthood, with measures of_____________, such as understanding of verbal meanings, showing the most improvement in this time frame

knowledge acquisition or breadth

bicultural competence

knowledge of beliefs & values in both cultures, a belief of being able to function well in both groups while maintaining one's cultural identity, good communication skills, a repertoire of appropriate role behaviors in both cultures

acquisition stage of cognitive development (Schaie )

learn new knowledge or skills without any practical applications or social implications. Pretty much everything is monitored by parents, who are responsible for making life decisions for them. Learning can be done for learning's sake & problem-solving can be done simply to improve logical thinking skills without serious implications. Any problems faced tend to have set answers

The "adventurers"

leave their work behind & develop new skills or talents, sometimes including a new job

Research also demonstrates that the immune systems of individuals with greater ___________ PFC activation were less compromised following a traumatic stressor

left

Results demonstrated that meditators showed a significant increase in _____________ prefrontal brain activity, related to the experience of positive affectivity, compared to the control group

left

Studies of the brain indicate that the __________ prefrontal cortex (LPC) is activated during the experience of positive emotions, whereas the_________prefrontal cortex (RPC) is activated during periods of negative emotion

left, right

The final stage is the________________, for those with sound mind but frail bodies nearing life's end. Their goals are often to leave behind a written or oral account of their or their families' lives to pass onto the next generations.

legacy-leaving stage (Schaie)

Diener & Seligman (Table 14.1 on page 528) found the richest Americans had comparable levels of SWB to African Maasai. As Biswas-Diener, Vitterso, & Diener (2005) explained, for the Maasai their satisfaction has a lot to do with their ________________.

culture & its long history

Some pharmaceutical treatments are currently being tested for symptom reduction at this stage, but, thus far, ______________ have shown the greatest benefit

daily exercise and cognitive stimulation

Roisman et al. (2004) found the same results cross-culturally. What this all suggests is that dismissing individuals cope with anxiety by either idealizing their parents or restricting their memory. Indeed, Roisman (2007) calls it "________________".

deactivating

high blood pressure (hypertension) or hypertension in combination with diabetes significantly increases the risk of this type of _________________

dementia

Eagly and Johnson (1990) found that when actual managers who occupy the same organizational positions are compared, both women and men are characterized by task-oriented, not interpersonal, styles. They did find one sex difference in leadership style, however. Women were more likely to be ____________, whereas men were more likely to be autocratic.

democratic

male & female leaders were seen to be very similar in task orientation, but women tended to be more ______________ while men tended to be more autocratic

democratic

The avoidant person clearly acknowledged anxiety about getting too close to another, whereas the _______________individual reported no subjective distress

dismissive

The _________________ has been linked to early experiences of rejection or other trauma and the development of repressive personality styles

dismissive style

The attachment of these Insecure (Unresolved) individuals to their children has a higher probability of being a _____________ attachment.

disorganized

Addis (2008) suggests that male gender norms interact with how they experience negative emotions, so that they use _________________ as strategies to deal with it (following masculine role expectations). The point here is that males experience the same feelings, but social conventions & conditioning cause them to express them in ways that don't fit with current measurements.

distraction, anger, or avoidance

Researchers have documented increased emotional and behavioral problems, such as underachievement, antisocial behavior, and depression in children and adolescents after _______________

divorce

The research shows that children of ______________ are more likely to have lower grades & achievement test scores than children whose parents are still together

divorce

as for the cause of depression, A lot of attention has been focused on 3 major neurotransmitter systems: _______________________), which Sapolsky (2004) has suggested are involved. However, does an imbalance in a neurotransmitter cause depression, or does depression cause changes in the brain's chemistry? It has been suggested that the latter is true.

dopamine (loss of pleasure), norepinephrine (psychomotor retardation), & serotonin (depressive ideation

for women, the "______________" (first a career, then add in a 2nd career as a homemaker) or the "interrupted career pattern" (establish a career, marry/full-time homemaker, then back to career once fewer home responsibilities).

double-track career pattern

women sometimes followed the "______________," first establishing a career and then adding a second career as homemaker.

double-track career pattern

Black & Native American students appear to be at the highest risk for _____________

dropping out

there is a growing trend in fathers reducing their work intensity in ________________

dual-career marriages

In terms of the children, if they have an____________ temperament & good social relationships for support, they are more likely to come through with less trouble than children with difficult temperaments, or pre-existing cognitive, or social problems

easy

The research indicates what is associated with low SEP is ___________________

economic hardship, job loss, income, debt, housing & material possessions, evictions, as well as insecurity

Research on reflective judgment has shown it to be related to level of _______________

education & type of training received

Some research demonstrates that reflective judgment is related to level of _____________ (Dunkle, Schraw, & Bendixen, 1993; Kitchener & King, 1981) as well as to the kind of _______ one has received

education, training

job crafting

employees may initiate change in a number of different ways: by the kinds of tasks they choose or projects they launch, by negotiating with employers to modify job content, by proactively seeking feedback, by changing aspects of their jobs that involve relationships, and so on

Women are particularly under-represented in fields that are math intensive, such as

engineering, math, physics, chemistry, economics, and computer science

People who show a helpless pattern are more often _____________, who see intelligence or ability as a fixed, concrete thing: "You can only have a certain amount of it, so you'd better show that it's enough and you'd better hide it if it isn't"

entity theorists

Overweight and obesity are ______________ in the United States (65%) and Canada (59%), and weight gain is especially likely between the ages of 20 and 40

epidemic

When we recall specific experiences in our lives we are calling on ______________

episodic memory

maintenance or resilience

finding ways to continue functioning at the same level in the face of challenges or restoring our functioning after suffering some loss. For example, an adult might maintain the concept of herself as a poet despite repeated rejections of her work by persistently revising and resubmitting her work until eventually a piece is published. Or despite the death of a partner, she might eventually reestablish intimacy in her life by returning to social circulation and finding a new partner

Right from middle adolescence through middle adulthood, ____________ are diagnosed with depression disproportionately more than males. , before puberty, boys' rates are equal or higher than girls

females

Mate selection has been compared to a "________________" by which people go through the step-by-step elimination of ineligible candidates until they settle on a partner

filtering process

mate selection tends to be a lengthy one, as Janda & Klenke-Hamel (1980) consider it a "_______________" with initial selection depending upon physical attractiveness & personality

filtering process

"situational meaning,"

finding a purpose for one's own life. Generally, they see the second as heavily dependent on the first

When it comes to communal behavior however, that was more determined by ______________

gender role.

Gender differences in career choice are also influenced at least in part by ____________________

gender-role beliefs and life style preferences

It isn't that men & women are different in task orientation or agency, but the difference is in how they treat people. Their communal behavior appears to be constrained by _____________

gender.

Not surprisingly, Astin (1993) has found, as compared to when they began college, after 4 years, students do much better on tests of ________________ & feel "much stronger" in what they know of a particular field. There is no comparable research on those who enter the workforce directly from high school, but we would assume the same results for them after 4 years on the job.

general knowledge

mindfulness,

has been defined as "paying attention in particular way: on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgmentally

neuroticism

have been shown to be moderately related to lower marital satisfaction & more relationship dissolution

Fearful people (Bartholomew & Horowitz)

have both negative models of themselves & others (attachments desirable but unattainable due to fears of rejection & eventual withdrawal. As opposed to the "dismissing" group, they experience high levels of anxiety about relationships)

Nonreligious individuals in economically developed, nonreligious societies also report _____________ levels of SWB.

high

Kane et al. (1984) & others have found that patients in _______ are more satisfied than regular hospital patients with their care, & Baer & Hanson (2000) also found that providing hospice care in nursing homes improved the quality of care there.

hospice care

reflective judgment

how people analyze elements of a problem and justify their problem solving

an individual can go through additional sequences of crystallization, specification, implementation, and stabilization when life circumstances change. These "_________________" of reevaluation can be initiated by any number of events: disappointment with a career choice, job loss, changes in family life, and so on

mini-cycles ( Super)

Overall rates of major depressive disorder (MDD) are lower among older groups but _________________of depression increase from middle adulthood into very old age

minor depression and subclinical symptoms

For African Americans in particular, this frequently means moving into a much more ethnically diverse world than they experienced in school or their neighborhoods. When it comes to college, fewer students or instructors are Black, & at work they may find fewer Black co-workers or employers. This can result in ________________

minority stress.

Sternberg has expanded on these ideas by suggesting that people hold implicit narratives for love or "_______________," which direct their choice of a mate and the course of their relationships

love stories

Rosenbaum et al. (2010) suggest there are many possible reasons for this, including

low SES students' schools frequently not providing adequate academic preparation (like AP courses, preparation for SATs), or access to career guidance/counseling services that would help them with understanding the processes involved in moving on to college

Mroczek & Spiro (2007) found the mortality risk was related to ___________________ (independent of each other).

low conscientiousness, low extraversion, high neuroticism, & long-term increases in neuroticism

they will work hard to maintain their favorable beliefs about each other, despite the inevitable challenges of marriage. Their positive illusions are supportive of the relationship; thus they may be reluctant to abandon them to face reality. This perspective is called the ________________

maintenance hypothesis

From about 45 to 64, in the__________________, an individual makes ongoing adjustments to improve his work situation, often achieving more advanced status and seniority (consolidation). If not, this can also be a time of increasing frustration with work.

maintenance stage ( Super)

Life span developmental models (e.g., Baltes, Lindenberger, & Staudinger, 2006)

make one fundamental assumption in addressing such questions—that from birth to death, adaptation continues. The development of psychological functioning does not end or become fixed when adulthood is reached but goes on until death

They found that for _____________, high school mentoring programs, co-op programs, school enterprise programs, & internship/apprenticeship programs impacted positively on employment & college attendance after graduation. For females, there were fewer advantages, except for internships/apprenticeships leading to better salaries after high school.

males

avoidant _____________ are less distressed at the end of a relationship, but not avoidant females.

males

A closely related factor affecting self-efficacy for women and other minority group members is________________, the fear that a stereotype might be true or that one will be judged by that stereotype

stereotype threat

Simpson & Rholes (1998) suggest 2 major lines of research:

the nuclear family tradition (which examines how infant attachment impacts on later parenting with the person's own children) & the peer/romantic partner tradition (which looks at how infant attachment impacts on the quality of later friend & romantic relationships)

Those who were dismissive showed increased _____________, suggesting they were actively inhibiting their emotional expression. Those who were preoccupied showed increased heart rate, suggesting higher behavioral activation

skin conductance

An interesting study by Blanchard-Fields (1986) found that reflective judgment on __________ issues is less developed than the problem-solving used to deal with issues not within the personal domain

social & personal

adulthood is a________________. One or more culturally determined criteria usually must be met before one's maturity is established (Hogan & Astone, 1986), and the criteria vary depending on the observer and the culture

social construction

Because the most common impulse within society is to organize itself in a hierarchical fashion, those at the bottom usually end up with restricted access to resources and opportunities. This step-wise top-to-bottom phenomenon is called the _______________

social gradient

With society organized hierarchically, those at the bottom have limited access to resources & opportunities. This is called the ______________, with disadvantage/advantage following a person along at every step of the way through life

social gradient

Barnes et al. (2004) studied African American & White U.S. elderly still living in the community, finding that the more _______________ people had, the less cognitive decline (even controlling for education, SES, health, depression, & intellectual ability).

social networks

there are no observable physical changes to signify becoming an adult. Instead, it is _______________

socially constructed

Increasingly, researchers are adopting the term ____________________, instead of SES, because it reflects a more systems-centered approach and recognizes the contributions of societal stratification on development

socioeconomic position (SEP)

We have learned from longitudinal studies that an infant's attachment behavior, as measured by the ____________, reliably predicts the same individual's secure or insecure responses on the AAI in adolescence or adulthood

strange situation test

Main (1999) suggests that the multiple attachments formed in childhood coalesce into a "classifiable ______________with respect to attachment in adulthood and that whatever this particular state of mind, it is predictive of a concordant and 'classificable' form of caregiving

state of mind

there is still no clear understanding of how infant attachment becomes a working model of attachments in adulthood. Main (1999) suggests that the multiple attachments of childhood come together into a "_____________" in adulthood that predicts a similar form of caregiving.

state of mind

Perry developed 9 stages or "positions" (as you can see on page 421, Table 11.1 of your text), beginning with _________ (similar to what we talked about, the polar thinking of everything either right or wrong) & ending in______________

strict dualism, personal commitment & resolve.

Contrary to the assumption that "working through" grief needs to be a cathartic process for successful adjustment, this has not been _______________ by more recent research. It has been found that a certain degree of emotional detachment through the grieving process improves recovery for some people

supported

According to Bowlby (1969/1982, 1973, 1980), the attachment bonds of infancy serve ______________ needs

survival

behavioral facilitation system

system intended to allow people to respond to reinforcement and to approach and engage with the environment

highly anxious partners

tend to be more intrusive & controlling in their caregiving than secure partners. For them, sex is a way to avoid rejection & strengthen attachment.

Kitchener's Theory stage 6 & 7

tend to use rules or logic to make judgments, as combined with personal reflection. These stages fit well with Perry's Position 5 (contextual relativism

The lowered levels of_______________ are suggested to impact on men's physical aging, like loss of bone density & muscle mass. Some men experience erectile dysfunction, with 50% of men between ages 40 & 70 experiencing it

testosterone

fluid intelligence

the mechanics of intelligence, how well the "hardware" of the nervous system is functioning to impact on the efficiency of processes. Examples of this are processing speed & inhibitory mechanisms. In middle adulthood, these are the ones most likely to decline.

When it comes to night vision, it is even further reduced because the ______________ (the transparent gel that fills the eyeball) becomes more opaque so that light entering the eye is scattered, which creates glare & impedes as much light to reach the retina

vitreous

even when other facts are available the _____________ of personal experience or of the personal testimony of other individuals can be greater than that of any other information that we might access.

vividness

role buffering r

where stress or failure in one role is compensated for by success or satisfaction in anothe

daily hassles

which are chronic, problematic situations (like day-to-day care of a sick relative or chronic illness).

life events

which are discrete, often traumatic, events that have a clear onset (like a death or accident)

day reconstruction method (DRM)

which combines elements of experience sampling with elicitation of memories of affective experience. participants are asked to recall the previous day and to construct a running account or diary that describes the day's events. The instructions direct participants to "think of your day as a continuous series of scenes or episodes in a film.

Intrapersonal models

which draw on theories of attachment or personality, emphasize the contribution of one's personal history or temperament to the success or failure of relationships. In some studies, intrapersonal variables like a person's tendency to make positive or negative attributions about her partner and her expectations about the future of the relationship have been found to affect relationship quality over time

exploratory stage (Super)

which includes adolescence and young adulthood up to about age 24, vocational self-concept is tentatively narrowed down, but often career choices are not finalized. General vocational goals are formulated in the earlier part of this stage (crystallization), gradually leading to the identification of more specific vocational preferences (specification), and finally to the completion of education along with entry into full-time employment (implementation).

conscientiousness

which includes planfulness and self-control, is positively correlated with well-being

glass ceiling

which is an invisible barrier that prevents women (& ethnic minorities) from attaining the highest levels of career advancement

insight-oriented couples therapy (

which promotes awareness of relationship problems & promotes positive interaction) has long-term effectiveness.

kinkeeper

the person in an extended family who helps the generations maintain contact with one another

By comparison with regards to fluid intelligence, there is a gradual decline with age as shown in slower processing speed & reduced inhibitory functions. Areas this may impact are those requiring _________________, like learning & problem-solving. However, as we have discussed before, this may be balanced out by continuance or advancement of crystallized intelligence.

working memory

The cognitive processes called executive functions (EFs) are closely linked to fluid intelligence. EFs—_____________—are recruited when we effortfully pursue goals, rather than functioning more automatically or intuitively

working memory, self-regulation (inhibitory control), and cognitive flexibility

As Dyke & Cassidy (2011) suggest, _______________ of relationships provide a way to understand, predict, & act on often minimal information. Although they can allow for quick response with rapid processing of information, they can also result in a lack of recognition & accommodation when it comes to current relationships

working models

Western research shows that fathers with _____________ and roles may experience more distress than mothers. They may struggle more with the concept of their adult children becoming autonomous, which modifies their role as decision maker and changes the structure of the family

traditional gender expectations

A more recent meta-analysis suggests that women are more likely than men to be______ leaders. Such leaders more typically gain the trust of employees, show the capacity to innovate, and are able to empower others

transformational

A more recent study (Eagley, Johannesen-Schmidt, & vanEngen, 2003) also suggests that women also have more of the potential to be ______________ leaders who gain the trust of employees, show innovative capacity, & have the ability to empower others.

transformational

True intimacy required_________________

openness, affection

palliative care

or comfort care, involves services provided by caregivers from several disciplines. It embodies a comprehensive approach to care that addresses pain management, emotional and spiritual care, and psychological support for caregivers and survivors

nocioception

or pain sensitivity, may increase in sensitivity as people age.

After 65, about half of women and about 40% of men experience the most common form, ____________, which involves the thinning, fraying, and cracking of cartilage at the ends of bone

osteoarthritis

believed that few who entered college were at the first position (or stage), and he believed that few left having attained the highest stage. Perry believed that what happened in-between was through intellectual growth, with perpetual growth & development. Although he saw students as he called it "resting" in each stage, the momentum was there for dynamic progression through their "journey". He believed that through education, growth could occur by experiencing diverse beliefs, thoughts, & values.

perry

Meir (1989) completed 2 studies of school teachers, examining a number of variables:

personal style, job style, outside activities, the person's happiness/satisfaction, the person's skill-set & whether there were opportunities to use them.

Waterman (1993) argues that people need to express their "________________" by achieving a state of "personal expressiveness". This happens when what they do fits with their deeply held values & they are fully engaged, so that they feel intensely alive & authentic.

true selves

A number of aging changes make driving more difficult, including loss of ______________________. These changes do not contribute significantly to accident rates until people reach their mid-70s

visual acuity, loss of sensitivity to movement in the periphery, increased recovery time after exposure to glare, and reduced night vision

Charles et al. (2003) have also found older adults display a greater tendency to remember _____________ over negative experiences as compared to younger adults

positive

those who managed to derive meaning from loss earlier on were the least distressed at follow-up. Those who were the best adjusted were those who were able to find something ____________ from the experience or to re-assess the loss in order to derive some benefit from it.

positive

money (income) was strongly related to the cognitive aspect of life satisfaction & less to _________________

positive affect.

One classic study illustrates that reflective judgment in social and personal issues tends to lag behind_______________in domains that do not relate to one's own personal concerns

problem solving

Jung (Compton, 2005) believed that _______________express the need to find meaning in life.

religion & spirituality

Saraglou (2002), using meta-analysis of across many studies, found both high agreeableness & high conscientious were related to _____________

religiosity

One meta-analysis found that across a large number of studies, high agreeableness and conscientiousness were associated with_________________

religiousness

His views changed considerably with the loss of his daughter at age 25 & of his grandson at age 4, reflecting that people "_________________". Perhaps this means that he realized that people don't necessarily recover from grief or cut off old attachments

remain unconsolable & will never find a substitute

life-course perspective

remind us that development is influenced by the intersection of chronological age (life time), family-related roles (family time), and membership in a birth cohort

In early old age, children have grown up & retirement is an option, potentially resulting in fewer responsibilities. Schaie defines this as the ____________ such that flexibility is needed to lead to a satisfying & meaningful existence, but the focus can then become more narrowed again to changing personal needs & goals. An example of this is planning/managing finances for the future after retirement from work which requires applying already acquired knowledge in new ways

reorganization stage

the AAI was not designed to enumerate all of the attachment relationships a person has experienced, but rather to indicate the individual's __________, how information is processed about relationships & how to behave in relationships

representation of attachments

Consequently, Craik & Bialystok (2006) developed a framework that incorporates both the cross-sectional & longitudinal results. They explain cognitive functions via _____________ instead. The 2 interact, as we'll see

representations & control

Nolen-Hoeksema and Larson (1999) reported significant associations in their bereavement study between the tendency to ______________ in the experience of loss

ruminate and the inability to find meaning

nuclear family tradition

(which examines how infant attachment impacts on later parenting with the person's own children)

only autopsy can definitively conclude the presence of

Alzheimer's disease (AD)

report more disruptions and more shifts in satisfaction in general when compared to other types (Tidwell, Reis, & Shaver, 1996). Consistent with attachment theory, these individuals expect their partners to fail at meeting their needs in stressful situations.

Ambivalent couples

_______________in the study by Simpson and colleagues (1996) reacted with the most negative emotion to the discussion of problems, displaying high levels of stress and anxiety during the interaction

Ambivalent partners

in _________________ communities within the United States, the importance of mutual responsibility and interdependence is emphasized from childhood through all phases of adulthood. A sense of duty and of the need to sacrifice on behalf of others is central to everyone's life within the culture

Amish

Baltes (1997) notes that:

"Evolution & biology are not good friends of old age

Maintaining a commitment without intimacy or passion results in the state of______________

"empty love."

communion, expressed

"in the adult's desire to care for the next generation, even to the point of sacrificing his or her own well-being for the good of those who will follow"

Yip et al. argue that college experiences can

"intensify the process of developing a racial and/or ethnic identity

Agency

"involves generating, creating, and producing things, ideas, people, events, and so on as powerful extensions or expressions of the self [italics added]" (Mansfield & McAdams, 1996, p. 721). Agentic generativity, then, depends on self-knowledge, a sense of identity, and the opportunity to work on tasks that match our interests, values, and skills, all key features of successful career planning

Studies have also been done that show consistent individual differences in adults' approaches to romantic relationships, sometimes called _________________

"love styles"

Whether in college or on the job, young people are faced with being the ____________________ when they enter the world of adults, and they spend a great deal of time building their knowledge base and becoming more expert in particular domains of knowledge, such as computer science or philosophy or mechanics

"novices," the "unknowledgeable," or the "inexperienced"

What we do know is that active grieving, or confronting the pain directly can be a problem for some people because it risks chronically activating a ______________ for their lost loved one

"yearning" or "pining"

models are widely used among clinicians to help people with personal and career-related issues. Such models have in common a series of general steps, including

(1) defining the problem, (2) setting realistic goals, (3) developing a variety of possible solutions, (4) assessing the costs and benefits of each alternative solution, (5) selecting and implementing one alternative, and (6) reviewing the effectiveness of the solution after implementation

Interpersonal therapy

(Klerman et al., 1984) follows the assumption that depression is both affected by & affects interpersonal relationships. As such, understanding a person's social networks is critically important to treat the disorder from this therapeutic perspective.

Specifically, adjustment to loss may be less difficult for individuals whose emotional systems can be deactivated more easily (avoidant) than for those who have difficulty suppressing emotions __________________

(ambivalent)

chronic grief

(like preoccupied attachment) would be displayed in persistent yearning, anxiety, & enduring distress. Its impact would be immobilizing, preventing a return to normal functioning.

Executive functions

(like working memory, self-regulation, & cognitive flexibility) have been closely linked to fluid intelligence, as well. EFs, which show some decline in middle adulthood, involve activation of the prefrontal cortex. They impact on strategic planning, problem solving, creative thinking, maintaining attention, adapting to changing circumstances, avoiding impulsive actions`

perfectionistic procrastinators

(low conscientiousness, high neuroticism, fearful, anxiety-prone, perfectionistic) Following the "procrastinator's code", any failure in any context reflects failure in all aspects of the self. Unrealistic standards & irrational beliefs drive their behavior (or inaction).

non-perfectionistic procrastinators

(low conscientiousness, low neuroticism, high extraversion) tend to procrastinate without worry. What are seen as unpleasant tasks are avoided to do what they would prefer doing, but not because of any fear of failure. Some are even "rebellious", doing so to resist authority

Mindfulness

(or mindfulness meditation) involves cultivating attention in a way that can benefit health and well-being

conscientiousness

(planfulness, self-control) is also correlated with well-being.

The third change _______________ is thought to be a result of the psychological response to reaching adulthood & facing challenges everyone has to face

(shifts)

global meaning" (the sense of what the universe & human existence is about) from "situational meaning" __________________)

(which is finding purpose for one's own life

peer/romantic partner tradition

(which looks at how infant attachment impacts on the quality of later friend & romantic relationships).

growth stage (Super)

(up to age 14 or so), children are developing many elements of identity that will have a bearing on vocational self-concept, including ideas about their interests, attitudes, skills, and needs.

How To Help Procrastinators

, behavioral approaches tend to be popular (like time management or organizational skill-building), as Tuckman, Abry, & Smith (2002) suggest. Skills learned here include learning to break tasks up into manageable/attainable bits (so as to not get overwhelmed & feel some sense of success), learning to develop (realistic) timelines & criteria for when a task is completed, & incorporating self-feedback (promoting autonomy) about performance. Others (like van Essen, van den Heuvell, & Ossebaard, 2004) incorporate the aforementioned behavioral components with therapy that deals with underlying psychological needs. They used REBT to address irrational beliefs supporting procrastination, which promotes self-reflection about individual reasons for procrastination in order to facilitate change. Their results suggest enhancement of self-efficacy & reduction in procrastination. Finally, an important approach if one is working with a perfectionistic procrastinator is using stress-management techniques like guided relaxation or systematic desensitization in order to deal with the high levels of anxiety. Of course, this is used in combination with other therapies

nonnormative change

, often accidents of fate, like being in a train wreck or winning the lottery

absence of grieving

, which is seen as an unhealthy defense against the trauma of loss. Characteristic of individuals displaying a highly avoidant attachment pattern, in response to bereavement, they would tend to suppress grief as well as frightening & painful feelings from their consciousness

By age _________________, most people have reached their full physical growth

18 to 20

Arnett proposes a time period between ages _____________ be viewed as a distinct stage called emerging adulthood.

18 to 25

the period from about _____________ as young adulthood, although we acknowledge Arnett's (2000, 2010) argument that many 18- to 25-year-olds are better described as "emerging adults.

18 to 30

Men reach their peak of performance in many skills approximately __ year later than women do.

1

Skin changes due to age begin around age 20, with the connective tissue starting to thin by about _____________ a year. This results in skin that is less elastic & some visible wrinkles around the eyes by around age 30 (Timiras, 2003). Sun exposure has the greatest impact on skin aging, & is apparently the cause of 80% of skin changes (although heat, cold, & exposure to pollution also have an impact).

1%

poverty rates have climbed for ______________ at every educational level (see Figure 12.5 on page 461 of your text), especially for those without a college degree.

18- to 24-year-olds

Gottman's research has 3 premises ( Love lab):

1) Marriage or any committed relationship is a system that is a synthesis of pre-existing elements of each partner's personal history & temperament (what they bring to it historically). 2) Using systems theory, he describes marriage as a relational system that pursues a stable or homeostatic steady state which is maintained by the couple's own balance of positive & negative aspects in their interactive behavior (interactions & affect), perception (self-perceptions & partner attributions), & physiology (autonomic, endocrine, & immune system functioning). 3) His approach follows more recent research, which shows the ratio of high negative to low positive behaviors in distressed/divorcing couples as opposed to non-distressed/stable couples.

Further to this, Baumeister (1991) contends that people need to understand their lives, that they make sense (have meaning). As such, he suggests 4 reasons why people seek meaning

1) They have a need for their lives to have a purpose (to have goals). 2) Having meaning gives a sense of control & autonomy. 3) It helps people define legitimate actions versus those which are not (justifying actions to construct/identify values, morals, & ethics to guide their behavior). 4) It helps people value themselves & fosters self-worth.

At Germany's Max Plank Institute, those in the Berlin Wisdom Project have suggested 5 criteria for a wise person. These include:

1) a deep fund of factual knowledge about life, human nature, & relationships with others; 2) well-developed procedural knowledge about how to deal with life & its conflicts; 3) the ability to consider life's challenges from multiple perspectives; 4) the ability to work toward decisions that balance one's own & others' interests; & 5) understanding that true certainty is impossible for life's ill-defined problems & coming to peaceful terms with uncertainty

In Arnett's sample, age & role transitions (like marriage or parenthood) were not seen as significant markers on their own. The two most definitive markers they cited for adulthood were:

1) accepting responsibility for consequences of one's own actions, & 2) making independent decisions. The third most important to them was achieving financial independence

Atchley (1976) might have argued that they were not only different pathways, but there are also different stages of retirement. These include

1) honeymoon (focusing on pleasures of being free from demands), 2) disenchantment (with an emotional letdown facing realities), 3) reorientation (active trial & error looking to build a satisfactory life), 4) stability (finding a path that seems to work, as in achieving selective optimization with compensation), & 5) termination (end-of-life, with declining health requiring dependency for care),

Although there tends to be great variability in the dying trajectory, Teno et al. (2001) suggest 3 common ones:

1) normal functioning up until a steep decline with sudden death (such as by heart attack or accident); 2) the person has advanced warning of terminal illness & there is a steady loss of functioning; 3) steady declines that are broken by sharp drops in functioning.

When it comes to age-graded changes, there are 3 kinds:

1) physical & 2) cognitive changes attributable to aging, & 3) shifts in the comparative importance of different life tasks that seem to happen with age

From King & Kitchener (2002), their suggestions are for those working with emerging adults to help promote reflective thinking. They include

1) showing respect for how they think (which creates a supportive environment for exploration), 2) providing opportunities to collect information on an issue, evaluate its quality, & draw conclusions about it, and 3) teaching them to use their metacognition, looking at their own assumptions that they use to make decisions.

According to Owsley et al., (2007), during middle adulthood, people need around ______________ more light to compensate for all of these changes

1/3

When you consider that most adults spend almost ________ of their waking hours during the week at work, vocational choices & work environment are extremely important

1/3

______________ of children adopted in the U.S. in 2001 were to single women

1/3

It has been suggested that amyloid precursor protein (APP) & other enzymes that operate on it seem to impact on plaque formation (Ballard et al., 2011). The inflammatory processes may even begin up to_______________ years before symptoms appear (Friedrich, 2013). One of the best pre-clinical signs of possible AD (Salmon & Bondi, 2009) is deficits in delayed recall (the ability to remember things after a period of time or distraction

10 or 20

Related inflammatory processes also appear to be important precursors of dementia. These inflammatory processes can start up to ______________ years before actual symptoms appear

10 to 20

As compared to children whose parents stay together, Hetherington et al. (1998) found ___________ of the former experienced these negative outcomes versus 20-25% of children of divorce

10%

There is a lot going on at this age & stage, with important issues to address. According to Erikson (1968), these include unifying an identity for themselves, deciding upon a career path, as well as fulfilling their capacity for intimacy. What they all have in common is the need for skills in problem-solving & decision-making. As such, they often need help from clinicians in developing these skills. Models are available to help with this process, such as that suggested by Nezu, Nezu, & Lombardo (2003). The general steps they suggest are

11) defining the problem; 2) setting realistic goals; 3) developing a variety of possible solutions; 4) assessing costs & benefits of each possible solution; 5) selecting & carrying out one alternative; and 6) reviewing the results afterwards.

Krivivkas & Lofquist, (2011) estimated that almost ___________ of gay couples & 27% of lesbian couples were raising children.

14%

_____________of gay couples and 27% of lesbian couples are raising children

14%

by 2008, 1 in every _____ Black males 18 & older was incarcerated.

15

The years from ________________ appear to be very important for wisdom acquisition

15 to 25

working memory stores information that we are thinking about or working with at the present moment. It has a limited capacity, so that only a restricted number of information units can be retained there at one time, and usually only for ____________ seconds, unless we actually keep working with them, that is, unless we make an effort to pay attention to the information

15 to 30

More proof of this possibility was shown by Hudspeth & Pribram (1992) in their EEGs on children & adults up to 21 years of age. They found increased maturation of electrical activity in the frontal cortex of ________________

17- to 21-year-olds

Arnett (2000, 2004, 2007) advocates that the time period roughly between ages ______________ be considered a distinct stage of life called emerging adulthood.

18 and 25

All organs & body systems are fully functioning in young adulthood. They have reached peak potential between the ages of _______________. This includes the circulatory, digestive, respiratory, & reproductive systems. Most people have also reached their full physical growth by age 18 to 20

18 and 30

During middle adulthood however, losses are more obvious, as we learned that the time of peak potential was between the ages of ______________

18 and 30

between___________, all our biological systems reach peak potential

18 and 30

Baltes et al. (2006) suggest that it was the influence of Darwinian theories that led to this focus. However, what became influential essays on development were emerging in German-speaking countries in the ____________ centuries. Their origins were more in philosophy & the humanities, with a focus on interest in maximizing human functioning. As such, childhood was not the only center of attention

18th & 19th

According to Carson & Sabol (2012), numbers of young men in U.S. prisons more than doubled from _________ & maintained a slow rise until 2009

1986 to 1995

So having allowed for extended periods of grieving with the diagnosis of complicated or abnormal grief, suddenly the DSM-V (2013) allowed for a diagnosis of depression after only_____________ weeks of bereavement

2

With respect to hearing, around__________ of older adults experience hearing loss (Lin et al., 2011). This can have a significant impact on quality of life. It can be a safety risk, but can also impact on self-esteem, with problems hearing others' speech socially isolating. Gordon-Salant (2005) notes that the isolation reduces seniors' social network, increases their feelings of loneliness & depression, & reduces their life satisfaction.

2/3

Very young first-time parents (under age ______________) are at higher risk than other age groups to feel the stress of parenting is more than it is satisfying. Because of their age, they have less education, & lower incomes than older parents. Furstenberg et al. (1987) note that this group is more likely to have children with developmental problems & is more likely to divorce.

20

Visual acuity, for example, reaches a maximum level at about age _____________, with little decline for most people until about age 40.

20

auditory acuity appears to peak before age ______________ and may show some declines soon after

20

vision is at its peak at about age _____________, but hearing seems to peak before age 20.

20

Statistics show that obesity (over 20% over ideal weight) & overweight (weight higher than ideal for height) are rampant in Canada (59%) & the U.S. (65%), with weight gain especially likely between ages _______________

20 & 40

Athanasou (2002) found in a study of over 1000 young adults in Australia that in the seven years after finishing their education, only ____________ felt they were even working in a field of their greatest interest.

20%

It appears that______________ of children whose parents divorce have one or more of these problematic outcomes, while about 10% of children of continuously married parents do

20% to 25%

Arnett (2000) had young people in the U.S. rate the importance of a variety of areas on defining adult status. These areas included: behavioral, biological, cognitive, emotional, & legal criteria, as well as responsibilities & role transitions. In addition, he asked participants whether they felt they had reached adulthood. most in their late teens & early twenties said both "yes & no". Those who saw themselves as adults increased with age to the point that in their late _________________, most saw themselves as adults.

20s & early 30s

Early findings, from cross-sectional studies (Schaie, 1994) showed that most intellectual skills declined fairly steadily after age ____

25

weight in young adulthood at age ________________is predictive of weight in middle adulthood

25

Males are much more prone to suicide than females. White males show a steady rise in suicide rates through much of adulthood, with the sharpest rise after age 65. But for Black males the peak suicide rate occurs much earlier, between ______________

25 and 34

White males' rates of suicide steadily rise through adulthood, rising most sharply after age 65. The peak age for Black males, however, is ages _________________. In explanation for this, Arnett & Brody note "there are uniquely formidable challenges to forming a Black male identity" (in the U.S.), with the stress obviously becoming unbearable for some during early adulthood

25 to 34

Despite expectations of sadness & the "empty nest", Lewis & Lin (1996) found that only about____________ felt unhappy

25%

Lewis and Lin (1996) report that although parents often anticipate that the transition will be difficult for them, only about ____________ feel very unhappy.

25%

after completing the puberty rites that induct boys into the adult ranks of some societies, young males in about _______ of cultures pass through a period of youth. For females its_____

25%, 20%

Tucker-Drob (2011) notes, speed of information-processing may begin to slow as early as age ___________ declining quite rapidly after age 40. This results in taking in information & responding to it slower with age. Similarly, around age 40 inhibitory mechanisms decline so that older adults tend to be more easily distracted by irrelevant stimulation

30,

Cones (the color receptor cells) also decline, because it is the rods that secrete substances that allow cones to survive (Bonnel, Mohand-Said, & Sahel, 2003). This affects color discrimination with a gradual decline beginning in the _______.

30s

declines in hearing or auditory sensitivity begin in the _____________

30s

McCoy (2005) have noted that reduced sensory capacities are associated with impaired cognition. For example, Lindenberger & Baltes (1997) found that whereas 11% of individual differences in young adults scores on cognitive measures was attributable to sensory impairment, for older adults it accounted for _________________

31%.

The World Health Organization estimates that ____________million people around the world were living with dementia in 2010 and rates are predicted to double every 20 years

35.6

According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1998), in 1997 ____________of divorces were due to financial problems while 80% were due to "irreconcilable differences"

4.2%

Inhibitory mechanisms show decrements by about age ___________, so that in some tasks, older adults are more easily distracted by irrelevant stimulation than younger adults

40

Most people feel like they are still at or near their peak until they are ______________or older, but in their 40s & 50s they are more aware of their physical declines

40

Visual acuity declines with age but is maintained at near peak levels until about age ____________ and then noticeably wanes

40

With respect to vision, the lens loses flexibility, the cornea flattens, & the muscle that allows the lens to change shape (accommodate) weakens. Visual acuity is maintained at near-peak until around age ____

40

common estimates based census data in the United States are that __________ of first marriages and up to 60% of remarriages end in divorce

40 to 50%

Skin wrinkling & sagging is due to changes in the layers of the skin. The skin becomes less taut as elastin (a substance found in the dermis or middle layer of the skin) becomes more brittle, losing its elasticity. Sagging begins for areas of the body containing fat (like the arms, legs, torso, & breasts) usually by the__________________

40s or 50s

After divorce, _______________ of women tend to experience a reduction in their standard of living. Every year, around 1 million children's parents divorce & they experience that reduced standard of living firsthand

45%

Women typically experience a ________ drop in standard of living following a divorce

45%

Herek (2006) reported that 40-70% of gay men & _____________ of lesbian women were in committed relationships, many for at least a decade

45-80%

In both nonindustrial and industrial societies around the world, children are expected to begin to work by the time they are ______________ years old

5 or 6

no marriage escapes conflict. Approximately half of all divorces occur within the first ____ years of marriage

7

An advanced directive allows the patient to have control over their healthcare, their deaths, what happens to their bodies & possessions after they've died. According to the Pew Research Center (2009), more than ____________ of older adults have written some type of advanced directive & most times, they are the ones to have initiated the conversation about it with their families.

50%

Cherlin (1981) in fact found that around ____________ of marriages end in divorce in the first 7 years of marriage

50%

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2010), almost half of the employed labor force are women, with _________________ of executive, administrative & managerial positions filled by women in 2006

51%

Half of all MDs are now earned by women, as well as the majority of veterinary degrees. Women constitute nearly half of the employed labor force, and in 2006, women filled about __________________of executive, administrative, and managerial positions in the United States, more than doubling their representation in these kinds of jobs in 30 years

51%

Some cognitive abilities start to decline early, but many actually seem to improve with age & when they do decline, it is to a much lesser extent after around age _______________

55 to 60.

In contrast, single mothers who were the sole support for their children for 10 years or more throughout their lives were______________ more likely to live in poverty between the ages of 65 to 75, no matter their current marital status

55%

In one study, single mothers who were the sole support for their children for a period of 10 years or more during their lifetimes were ______________ more likely to live in poverty at ages 65 to 75, regardless of their current marital status (

55%

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2014) has indicated that it is not unusual for people to make as many as ____ job changes by age 27. They also noted in 2015 that between the ages of 18 & 21, the average young adult has been through 4 jobs, three between ages 26 & 30, as well as two between ages 31 and 35. Guo (2012) has even found that the median length of time 25- to 35-year-olds spent in one position was slightly over 3 years

6

As Baltes indicates, reductions in fluid resources tend to be balanced or outweighed by continual & steady increases in crystallized resources. Losses in fluid intelligence may be enough to impact on overall decline in intellectual functioning after age ______.

60

It is only after about age ____ that losses in fluid intelligence may be great enough to contribute to overall declines in intellectual functioning

60

A century ago, fewer than 5% of young adults attended college in the United States; today, more than ____________ do

60%

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type, accounting for _____________ of all cases

60%

Most of the research on cognitive development at this age is with college students (who represent more than ______________ of the population, according to Arnett (2000)). Although they appear to be the majority, there is a sizeable percentage who go directly from high school to the work world about whom we know relatively little by comparison.

60%

Over _____________ same-sex, cohabiting couples were reported on the 2010 U.S. Census

600,000

The 2010 U.S. census reported over ____________ same-sex, cohabiting couples

600,000

in 1950, most mothers of children under age 6 were full-time homemakers (88%). In 2009, more than _______________ of U.S. mothers of preschoolers were employed, and the percentage of employed mothers continues to rise

63%

As much as sensory deficits are a huge issue, so is the pain, stiffness, & swelling of joints & their surrounding tissues (also called arthritis). Although there are more than 100 different types of arthritis, osteoarthritis is the most common, with about 50% of women & 40% of men experiencing it after age ___

65

He found that ______________ of the time, arguments are about a pre-existing problem that continued for a long time. As he calls them, "perpetual problems" (which are to do with personalities) can be expressed in behaviors or ways of approaching issues

69%

from 1900 to 1975, in Western societies the average lifespan increased from 45 to ___________ years of age. In the U.S. in 2008, life expectancy for males was 76 & for females 78. Although there were racial differences, according to Harper, Rushani, & Kaufman (2012), these have been narrowing. As of 2012, the National Center for Health Statistics showed that the longest life expectancies were for Hispanic females (age 83) & Hispanic males (age 78) as compared to others.

75

Lachman (2004) notes that while most people's parents are both still living when they enter midlife, by its end, _____________ have lost both parents & many have helped in their caregiving. This tends to be a duty taken on more by women, although many men do, as well.

77%

There was a shift toward peers as a safe haven between the ages of _________________,

8 to 14

: Only 4.2% of all divorces were attributed to financial problems, whereas ____________ were attributed to irreconcilable differences

80%

close to _____________of the U.S. population live beyond age 65. Of this group, more than 75% will struggle with heart disease, cancer, stroke, lung disease, or dementia during their last 12 months of life (Lynn, 2000). Despite these statistics, elderly individuals report less anxiety about death and are more realistic about its inevitability than are middle-aged adults

80%

researchers found around 50% consistency in twins' personality traits that were measured over 10 years. __________ of that stability or similarity was attributable to genetics/heredity.

80%

Johnson & Troll (1994) found in their study of______________-year-olds that 59% of men & 42% of women had a friend die in the past year.

85

In the United States, the percentage of high school students who say they plan to earn a bachelor's degree has skyrocketed in the past half century. By 2004, _______________percent of high school graduates aspired to do so

89

Measuring adult attachment is done via the____________________, with 18 open-ended questions followed by prompts. Main & Goldwyn (1984) developed it with questions aimed at memories of relationships with both parents, memories of stressful experiences (like separations, losses, harsh discipline or abuse), interpretations of parents' behaviors, & evaluations of the effects of these events on later development.

AAI (Adult Attachment Inventory)

In Crowell's Employment Experience Interview, an adult who might be judged "secure" on the employment interview could be "insecure" on the ______________

AAI.

Marriage stats

According to the U.S. Bureau of Census (2012), 58% of the American population were married in 2010, which is down from 62% in 1990. 25% of U.S. households were single-person & co-habitation was rising. Despite the fact that more people are living alone or co-habiting, it is estimated (Whitehead & Poponoe, 2003) that 90% of the population will have been married at least once.

Prevalence of Depression

According to the WHO (2004), it is suggested that by 2020, depression will be the most costly disease in the world. In the U.S. alone, Kessler et al. (2003) suggest that the lifetime prevalence is 16.6% (somewhere between 32 & 35 million adults). For those (6.6% of the sample in the National Comorbidity Study) who suffered from MDD, 97% noted significant problems with social relationships & work. the research suggests 4% of children suffer from it, rising to 5-15% adolescents.

filtering process

According to this theory, people initially select potential dates on the basis of physical attractiveness and personality characteristics from a pool of available, eligible candidates

You may recall that the primary instrument used to measure the attachment representations of adults vis-à-vis their early caregivers is the _______________developed by Main and Goldwyn

Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)

life expectancy stats

Advances in economics, nutrition, general knowledge, technology, and medicine have compensated for the weakening of the biological supports for life. As a result, from 1900 to 1995, the average life span increased in Western societies from about 45 years to around 75 years! For the U.S. population, life expectancy at birth increased to 76 (males) and 78 (females) by 2008. Some racial disparities continue to exist, for example between Whites and African- Americans, but the gap has narrowed for the first time in many years (Harper, Rushani, & Kaufman, 2012). Hispanic males (78) and females (83) showed the longest life expectancies compared to other groups (National Center for Health Statistics, 2012).

Yip, Seaton, & Sellers (2006) found more _________________young adults had achieved identity status than other adolescents, more than 50% still had identity issues in the college age group. They explained that the college experience tends to "intensify the process of developing a racial &/or ethnic identity".

African American

________________ patients were more likely than White patients to want all life-sustaining treatments available. They were also less likely to use hospice facilities or to have prepared advanced directives. This is explained by Wicher & Meeker (2012) as perhaps due to African American cultural & religious perspectives on death

African American

_________________patients were more likely than their White counterparts to want all available life-sustaining treatments. They were also less likely to utilize hospice services or to have prepared advanced directives

African American

racial crossover effect

African American adolescents engage in less substance use than White adolescents. But the reverse is true in adulthood, when African Americans use substances more than Whites

timing of marker events

An example of this is the delay in marital age, with the median age in 1976 of 22 to 23. It had risen to 27 by 2006 (Arnett, 2010), a change of 4 years in only 30 years. However, other marker events are happening earlier, like sexual activity.

Three Attachment Prototypes in Peer/romantic Tradition

Avoidant Anxious-ambivalent Secure

___________________is important in many ways. It provides us with a "sense of identity in narrative form" (Fitzgerald, 1999, p. 143). It also is a source of information about social interactions that have worked and that have not worked for us in the past. When we draw on autobiographical memory to tell stories about ourselves to others, it helps us reveal and share ourselves, get closer to others, create impressions, even teach lessons

Autobiographical memory

_____________people tend to give in when it comes to try to solve interpersonal problems, while avoidant people tend to be more uncompromising.

Anxious

____________________(as in facial features showing age) seems to be a significant factor in activating these stereotypes. More specifically, the older people appear facially, the greater the tendency for people to describe them to fit a negative stereotype

Appearance

The maintenance stage (around ages 45 to 64) (Super)

At this stage, the individual is making modifications to improve the work situation & often attains greater seniority & status, which is called consolidation. If consolidation isn't achieved, there is increasing frustration at/with work.

__________ has also been shown to predict transmission of attachment classifications between generations

Attachment theory

African American students are more likely to choose premed if they attend a traditionally _______________ college

Black

reorganization

Bowlby believed that bereaved individuals do not decathect, or detach, from their lost loved ones. Instead, they discover ways to hold on to the memory of the deceased and integrate that memory into their current life and new attachments. They heal, in part, by drawing comfort from the sense of the deceased person's presence

males drink more than females, as do ___________ more than other ethnic groups, with Hispanics a close second (LaBrie, 2012). Additionally, those in sexual minorities (lesbian, gay, & bisexual) tended to be at higher risk for alcohol abuse than heterosexuals (especially girls), even as teens (Dermody et al., 2013). Their risk also increases relative to heterosexuals into young adulthood.

Caucasians

andropause

Changes in the production of testosterone

With respect to the virtue of filial piety, Chappell & Funk (2012) compared Caucasian-Canadian, Chinese-Canadian, & Hong-Kong Chinese caregivers. Across all cultures, children cared for parents' basic needs, but both _______________groups also tended to provide greater emotional support.

Chinese

For the ______________ the funeral is the transition from family member to ancestor, a benevolent spirit who looks out for the family from the spirit world. There are elaborate traditional rituals with funeral processions & brass bands. It was the chance to tell the world about the accomplishments of the deceased.

Chinese,

Members of ________________communities may actively strive to protect their loved ones from knowledge of the full extent of their illness because it is deemed impolite, cruel, or deleterious to health

Chinese, Pakistani, and Hispanic

________________ between personality characteristics and the skills and qualities required for a job is part of what makes work satisfying

Congruence

these individuals, over time, function with the goal of avoiding emotional thoughts and other reminders of unpleasant emotional experiences, such as parental unavailability (Fraley, Davis, & Shaver, 1998). This motivated avoidance may lead to less cognitive elaboration of attachment themes and reduction of behaviors that would encourage intimacy, such as sharing intimate conversation, mutual gazing, cuddling, and so on.

Dismissing (insecure) individuals

The avoidant (Bartholomew) category is subdivided into two, based on reports of felt distress.

Dismissing and fearful

Openness to experience

Creative, artistic, curious, insightful, original, wide-ranging interests, positive orientation to learning

_______________, as well, affects how grieving is expressed, whether emotionally or physically (Kleinman & Kleinman, 1985).

Culture

Divorce rates

Current estimates are that 40-50% of 1st marriages & 60% of remarriages will end in divorce

Baltes et al. (2006) speculate that when developmental psychology became a specialty in the United States around 1900, the strong influence of ______________ theories, which describe growth as a process of maturation, may have helped establish childhood as the primary focus of attention

Darwinian

Depression

Depressive symptoms (sad mood) versus depressive syndrome (sad mood plus anxiety) versus depressive disorder have been suggested as delineations (Rutter, Tizard, & Whitmore, 1970). We know it is classified as a mood disorder with various presentations (unipolar, bipolar, dysthymic, cyclothymic). According to the APA (2013), at least 5 symptoms have to have been present for at least 2 weeks, be clinically significant, and impair normal functioning for diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder. Symptoms include: sad affect, anhedonia (inability to feel pleasure), fluctuating weight &/or sleep, psychomotor changes (retardation), fatigue, cognitive impairments, feelings of guilt or worthlessness, & suicidal thoughts or acts

The establishment stage (around ages 25 to 44) (Super):

During this time-frame, experiences at work allow for experimentation in matching vocational self-concept & job setting. In the process, there can be reevaluations & confirmation, but it eventually ends up in stabilization.

________________ cultures take a more expansive view, incorporating both cognition and affect into their understanding of wisdom.

Eastern

From his perspective, young adults tended to be driven by intimacy needs, whereas middle adults are driven by generativity needs (suggesting a developmental trend here).

Erikson

When it comes to career counseling, the relationship of career to self-development is often an important focus (McAuliffe, 1993). He has developed a developmentally-oriented career counseling system following an ______________. His central question is: "Who am I becoming & how shall I express this emerging self?", helping some reframe it as something they decide upon for themselves, independent of expectations of others.

Eriksonian philosophy

The best supported trait theory of personality was developed by McCrae & Costa (2008). They assumed that traits are biologically based, inherent tendencies that consistently influence thoughts, feelings, & behaviors all through life. They developed the Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality, with the following traits

Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism/Emotional Stability, & Openness to Experience/Intellect

hyperactivating

Feature of the preoccupied attachment style These individuals provide very long, incoherent, egocentric responses that shift from topic to topic. They perform in ways that suggest they are overwhelmed by the emotional memories elicited by the interview questions and are sidetracked from the task of responding succinctly. Such speakers often sound angry, sad, or fearful, as if they have never resolved the painful problems of their childhood. Parents may be remembered as intrusive or egocentric. Their transcripts paint a picture of substantial enmeshment or preoccupation with parents, registered by angry, accusatory language or by conflicted descriptions that connote ambivalence and confusion about early relationships.

Among the continuing declines of old age are two that are common and often especially debilitating.

First are increasing sensory deficits. A second important decline in older adults is the onset of pain, stiffness, and swelling of joints and surrounding tissues that we call arthritis.

Adult attachments, however, do differ from childhood attachments in the following three ways.

First, the attachments adults have with adults are structured more symmetrically than are parent-child bonds. Both partners mutually provide and receive caregiving, whereas the parent is the unilateral source of caregiving for the child. Second, adults rely more than children do on "felt security" rather than on the actual physical presence of the attachment figure (Sroufe & Waters, 1977). Longer periods of separation can be tolerated by adolescents and adults because they understand that attachment figures will be dependable and available when they need contact. Third, adult attachments typically involve a sexual partner or peer rather than a parent figure

Why were women leaders more effective than men? eagly and Johannesen-Schmidt (2001) offer two explanations.

First, women probably have to meet a higher standard to be successful managers. . Second, the behaviors that are especially effective for leaders—for example, individualized consideration, rewarding positive performance—"may involve being attentive, considerate, and nurturing"

There are a few states that are like ______________ where adoption is forbidden based on sexual orientation

Florida

There are 3 differences between the two attachments

For adults, it is a mutual, reciprocal giving & taking. For infants/children & caregivers, it is unidirectional (in terms of meeting their needs) According to Sroufe & Waters (1977), whereas children need the actual physical presence of their attachment figure, adults can accept "felt security" with longer periods of physical separation. Adult attachments tend to be with a sexual partner, rather than a parental figure.

Insecure (Unresolved):

For these people, their interviews show considerable lapses in logical thinking, especially when talking about loss or other distressing memories. Hesse & Main (1999) explain these sudden shifts as temporary changes in consciousness, perhaps due to unintegrated fear. They may also be dually classified as dismissive or preoccupied.

Krendl, Richeson, Kelley, and Heatherton (2008) used functional brain imaging techniques to demonstrate that creating a threat by calling attention to a gender stereotype literally changed how women's brains functioned as they solved math problems.

For women, performance on the math problems declined somewhat, and the parts of the cortex that they recruited to solve problems were different before and after the threat induction. Beforehand, they used neural networks that are typically associated with math learning, but afterward they showed more activation of neural regions associated with social and emotional processing

grief work

Freud believed that individuals who lose a loved one (or object) must withdraw their emotional attachments or energy (or libido) and detach (or decathect) from the lost object. Loss causes great pain, and bereaved people, Freud believed, inevitably need to struggle with the process of letting go. As manifestations of their mourning, they may lose interest in the world, prefer to isolate themselves from others, dwell on thoughts of the deceased, and suffer from depression

four main types of dementia

Frontotemporal dementia (deterioration primarily in frontal and temporal lobes), vascular dementia (related to problems with blood flow to the brain) dementia with Lewy bodies (or protein build-up) Alzheimer's disease (AD)

________________ is a motive or need that can be filled through one's vocation or avocations, through child rearing, or through community service. It includes productivity and creativity

Generativity

As we have seen, the study of development in North America has tended to focus on childhood & adolescence (with the exception of Erikson). However, this was not the case in _______________, where they were studying the whole lifespan

Germany & Belgium

_______________ is about adding more to what we already have (be it skills, characteristics, understanding, etc.).

Growth

there is the ______________ & its connection to the stress response. Graham et al. (1999) suggest that early exposure to adversity can change the development of the systems involved so that children are so sensitized that further stress activates the pathways related to depression.

HPA Axis

Example of Multiplicity (Prelegitimate)

He takes all sort of stuff that, that isn't directly connected with what he's talking about . . . so you get just a sort of huge amorphous mass of junk thrown at you which doesn't really mean much until you actually have some sort of foundation in what the man is talking about.

"enterprising" individual

He too is likely to be sociable, but more domineering, energetic, ambitious, talkative, and attention getting. He is also likely to be more effective in vocational tasks that involve maneuvering others to achieve goals, such as reaching a certain level of sales, or more efficiently delivering services as a salesperson, for instance, or an executive (Holland)

Reliable data has shown that for certain historically disadvantaged groups, especially African Americans, the health disparities are stark. ________________occur at much higher rates for African Americans than for all other major racial/ethnic groups

Heart disease, diabetes, strokes, hypertension, and obesity

Avoidant.

I am somewhat uncomfortable being close to others; I find it difficult to trust them completely, difficult to allow myself to depend on them. I am nervous when anyone gets too close, and often, love partners want me to be more intimate than I feel comfortable being.

Secure.

I find it relatively easy to get close to others and am comfortable depending on them. I don't often worry about being abandoned or about someone getting too close to me.

Anxious-ambivalent.

I find that others are reluctant to get as close as I would like. I often worry that my partner doesn't really love me or won't want to stay with me. I want to get very close to my partner, and this sometimes scares people away.

Level of job entry contributes more to career advancement than either_____________

IQ or job skills.

role buffering:

If one role is a source of psychological stress or failure experiences, success and satisfaction in another role may compensate. For example, when women interrupt their careers to take on full-time parenting, they may in midlife restart their careers or start new ones, especially after their children reach adolescence

ill-defined or ill-structured.

In young adulthood the protections of childhood rapidly recede and the individual is faced with taking responsibility for her own decisions. The problems she must solve—such as how to maintain good health, what career path to choose, whom to vote for, or whether to marry—usually do not have preestablished answers.

How can we protect ourselves and our clients from making poor decisions based on "the person who" fallacy and the vividness effect?

Increased metacognitive awareness—that is, awareness of one's own thinking—seems to be the key

Research relates this attachment style to rejection or trauma early in life, leading to a repressive personality style. As to whether they cope by hiding their distress or have adapted by suppressing it, Fraley, Davis, & Shaver (1998) have found that over time these individuals have worked towards avoiding emotional thoughts & memories of distressing experiences. By active avoidance, they may have lost the details that would explain their attachment-related experiences better, in the process possibly inadvertently discouraging intimacy

Insecure (Dismissing)

Self-reported emotions & facial expressions tend to be discordant with descriptions of childhood experiences. The language used in their interviews displays run-on sentences, distinctive use of words, & past/present tenses intermingled, suggesting that past problems continue into the present for them.

Insecure (Preoccupied)

For Erikson (e.g., 1950/1963), both __________ are arenas for expressing and developing the self, dominating the concerns of adults in their young and middle years.

Intimacy (love) and generativity (work)

Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)

It is composed of a series of 18 open-ended questions with follow-up prompts that are transcribed verbatim by a trained interviewer. The questions concern memories of relationships with mother and father, recollections of stressful events such as separations, loss, harsh discipline, or abuse, interpretations of parental behaviors, and evaluation of the effects of these early events on the interviewee's later development.

dual-process model

It presents a coaction between stressors & coping strategies in a flexible, fluctuating framework Its underlying assumption is that people who have been bereaved engage in both approach & avoidance coping mechanisms at the same time, "oscillating" through the course of grieving

The American Youth Policy Forum also examined programs begun in the U.S. over the past 20 years. They found some that actually helped both young men & women transition to postsecondary education or quality employment, which helped them & their communities. Examples of these are________________

Job Corps (public-private funding), & Strive (privately funded) out of Harlem, New York.

In some_____________American cultures, there has historically been an acceptance of long-term consensual unions even though the couples never marry

Latin

Perry suggested that when learning about & training in a new discipline (a new context), there is a progressive stage-like growth pattern. Indeed, Stoltenberg & Delworth (1987) developed such a model of stages in counselor development (interestingly, it seems to follow Perry's model quite closely).

Level 1 counselors could be described as dualists (supervisors being the authorities that know the "right" way to understand cases, fitting clients into categories & relying on stereotypical strategies). Because of their own elevated anxiety levels, they tend to over-read or see too much pathology in clients At Level 2, there is more focus on the client, but still alternating between reliance on supervisors & autonomy/self-reliance. From greater experience with difficult cases, there may be less optimism for change. Like Perry's multiplists, their now greater exposure to different theories & therapies can undermine confidence in any. Although they have developed greater skill, they have less confidence in their ability to help. Level 3 is marked by independence & autonomy, as well as comfort with different opinions (relativism!). Self-reflection comes naturally, as does an acceptance of ambiguity. Assessments of clients are more objective & they offer a wider variety of creative solutions tailored to the client with a constantly updated knowledge base. However, note that despite autonomy, Level 3 counselors wisely seek consultation when needed, are open to alternative theories/diagnoses & treatment approaches (not rigid in 1 therapeutic strategy), & make referrals when appropriate.

Death among the __________ is marked by a funeral fire, which is kept burning for approximately one week. The body of a deceased male is prepared by the men of the same clan and lies in state for 4 days, while that of a deceased woman lies in state for 3. After the burial, animals are slaughtered at the site of the funeral fire. Their numbers and kind depend upon the socioeconomic status of the deceased. relatives and neighbors might contribute some animals for slaughter, knowing that the same will be done for them in their time of bereavement.

Luo

For the _____________, who live in the Western part of Kenya near Lake Victoria, like the Chinese they believe that death transforms a person from an earthly family member into a spiritual one. A funeral fire is kept burning for about a week. For a deceased male, his body is prepared by men of the same clan & lies in state for 4 days, while for women it is 3 days. After the burial, animals are slaughtered at the funeral fire, with the number & kind of animals depending upon the deceased's SES. While mourning, the deceased's sons stay together around the fire while their wives stay together in the house of the deceased, to avoid any sexual contact. Their belief is that any sexual relations will lead to the death of their own sons. For the widow, she is inherited by the brother of the dead man, which transfers her care to another relative who benefits from the additional laborer

Luo

Researchers noted that the ____________take great pride and satisfaction in their culture and its long history, possibly overriding the importance of excessive material goods in their prescription for happiness

Maasai

Owsley (2011) also explains that cells in the retina & optical nerve are lost with aging. _______________ is the loss of cells in the center of the retina, which eventually causes blurring & loss of central vision (Chakravarthy, Evans, & Rosenfield, 2010). It is also the leading cause of blindness

Macular degeneration

_______________ is managing to maintain functioning despite challenges or recovery from some loss

Maintenance/Resilience

Individuals with a mastery orientation

Move forward optimistically even when they fail. They assume that they can succeed with further effort. They construe failure as a challenge rather than as an obstacle

_____________, or the extent to which a person experiences nervousness, fear, anger, sadness, contempt, and guilt, is a part of the _____________

Negative affectivity, behavioral-inhibition system

These unplanned events, like age, life stage, & history can even influence stable personality traits (often out of necessity).

Nonnormative Changes

_______________ individuals in religious societies tend to report the least SWB, especially in terms of social support and positive affect.

Nonreligious

There is evidence that many interacting variables in one's development affect the feelings of industry or positive self-efficacy or mastery orientation that people carry into adulthood. Such variables ultimately influence the likelihood of longterm achievement. These variables include

Parenting styles teacher expectations stimulation and opportunities for personal challenge in one's home environment security of attachments gender and cultural stereotypes

________________ fathers in particular are more involved in childcare than younger fathers, & they are less physical with their young children (less rough-and-tumble) in favor of more intellectually-stimulating activities

Older

Conscientiousness

Organized, planful, reliable, responsible, careful, efficient, self-controlled

Extraversion

Outgoing, active, assertive, energetic, talkative, enthusiastic

Hesse (2008) used Grice's (1975) analyses

People were assigned one of 4 attachment styles. These included secure & 3 categories of insecure (dismissing, preoccupied, or unresolved).

reorganizational stage

People's responsibilities usually narrow in early old age as their children grow up and retirement becomes an option when flexibility in problem solving is needed to create a satisfying, meaningful environment for the rest of life, but the focus tends to narrow again to a changed set of personal goals and needs. Practical concerns, such as planning and managing one's finances without an income from work, require applying one's knowledge in new ways.

_________________ loss is a critical predictor of distress following traumatic events, such as those due to natural disasters

Resource

self-determination theory,

Ryan and Deci have also argued that self-realization is at the core of eudaemonic well-being. They suggest that life satisfaction is derived from the fulfillment of fundamental psychological needs for autonomy (feeling that one's behaviors are self-endorsed), competence (expressing one's talents and skills), and relatedness (opportunities to feel cared for and valued by others

retention, staying in college long enough to graduate, is related to ________________

SES

Diener, Tay, and Oishi (2013) showed that actual household income level (not national GDP) was related to all dimensions of _____________

SWB.

It is important to note here that the_______________ countries in general seem to display higher SWB ("happiness") a phenomenon many attribute to the many social programs available to people at all levels. (Interestingly, they also pay extremely high taxes that maintain these initiatives.) It has been suggested that this contributes to the overall higher levels of SWB.

Scandinavian

_____________________ tend to experience more positive and less negative emotion have more harmonious interactions with their partners, and report greater satisfaction in their relationships than those who are insecure. They also report more trust, commitment, and interdependence.

Secure individuals

_________________ awareness is helpful in dealing with negative outcomes from these possible pitfalls. In other words, helping clients see that personal experience or testimonials may not always generalize, no matter how vivid they are can have the effect of taking other information into account

Self-reflection & metacognitive

Traits Associated with Stereotypes of older Adults

Severely impaired-Slow-thinking, incompetent, feeble, inarticulate, incoherent, senile Despondent-Depressed, sad, hopeless, afraid, neglected, lonely Shrew/curmudgeon -Complaining, ill-tempered, demanding, stubborn, bitter, prejudiced Recluse- Quiet, timid, naïve Golden ager - Active, capable, sociable, independent, happy, interesting Perfect grandparent - Loving, supportive, understanding, wise, generous, kind John Wayne conservative -Patriotic, conservative, determined, proud, religious, nostalgic

Gilligan

She discussed a phenomenon called "late adolescent regression," wherein about one third of Kohlberg's samples actually regressed to lower levels on his scoring criteria.

"the person who" fallacy.

She is refuting a well- documented finding, like the correlation between regular exercise and well-being (both physical and emotional), by calling on knowledge of a person who is an exception

example of ill-defined

Should a talented athlete stay in college or accept an attractive job offer? Should a young woman pursue a high- powered career that will leave little room in her life for marriage and child rearing

When it comes to the history-graded (cohort) effects we discussed, the role of culture has been largely ignored. ______________aren't time-limited, nor do they impact on everyone in the same way. Structural aspects of society also impact on developmental change.

Sociocultural effects

Fowler (1981) developed a 6-stage model in the development of faith

Stage 1 (0 to 6 years): Intuitive-projective; Stage 2 (ages 7 -12): Mythic-literal (God as a father); Stage 3 (ages 13-20): Synthetic-conventional (faith conformist); Stage 4 (21-30): Individuative-reflective (critical thinking); Stage 5 (31-60): Conjunctive (postformal thinking, appreciating the unknowable); & Stage 6 (over 60): Universalizing (transcendence

Steinhauser et al (2000) found many common elements in examining the relative importance of factors in a good death in her survey of 2000 seriously ill patients, physicians, recently bereaved family member, & other care providers. She found certain aspects to be extremely important:

Symptom management & care (freedom from pain & anxiety, freedom from shortness of breath, being touched, kept clean). Certain practical details (having financial affairs in order, knowing what to expect about one's condition). Patient-professional relationship quality (having caring, trustworthy providers who listen). Specific psychological issues (maintaining dignity, not dying alone, having the opportunity to resolve unfinished business & being able to say good-bye). Concern about being a burden to their families was expressed by all. Being able to help others was considered important to the quality of their end-of-life (generativity).

Of particular significance are studies that implicate stress in telomere shortening. ______________are the protective ends of chromosomes that are shortened by physiological and psychological stress as well as age

Telomeres

Neuroticism

Tense, touchy, self-pitying, unstable mood, anxious, self-conscious

The children of preoccupied adults often have ________________

anxious-ambivalent attachments.

Denmark's poorest citizens were much more satisfied than their low-income peers in the United States, a phenomenon the researchers called "___________________."

The Danish Effect

the _______________ pairing happens quite a lot.

anxious-avoidant

Insecure (Dismissing):

The discourse of people in this category tends to lack detail & coherence. Parents tend to be described in an unrealistically positive light without any supporting evidence. If anything, the details they do present often contradict their glowing presentations of their parents. There is an avoidance or minimization of attachment-related issues & a tendency to minimize the importance of close relationships. If asked about non-emotion-related topics, their explanations are detailed & coherent, but once anything attachment-related is discussed, they retreat to minimal detail. Their explanation for this is inability to remember.

five criteria for a wise person.

The first is a deep fund of factual knowledge about life, human nature, and relationships with others. The second involves well-developed procedural knowledge about how to deal with life and its conflicts. The ability to consider life's challenges from multiple perspectives and to work toward decisions that balance one's own and others' interests are the third and fourth criteria. Finally, understanding that true certainty is impossible for life's ill-defined problems and coming to peaceful terms with uncertainty is the fifth criterion in this typology of wisdom.

the young people who build our homes, drive our buses, repair our automobiles, fix our televisions, maintain and serve our offices, schools and hospitals, and keep the production lines of our mills and factories moving. To a great extent, they determine how well the American family, economy and democracy function

The forgotten half

shock

The grieving person may experience numbness or feelings of unreality. Emotions may be blunted, and some individuals may even appear unaffected by the loss. Others may display emotional outbursts or may experience dizziness or other physical symptoms. The sense of disbelief eventually subsides when the reality of loss sets in

Position 5: Contextual Relativism

The individual can no longer accept the fiction that everyone's ideas are as good as everyone else's. Although she respects the rights of others to hold diverse views, the student at this stage possesses sufficient detachment to "stand back" on her own and consider ideas and values more objectively than before. In a very real way, the student develops the habit of thinking that relies on some standard of evidence that is appropriate to the domain in question. Students' new analytic abilities allow them to appreciate the merits of diverse perspectives and to find convincing elements in multiple points of view. Thinking relativistically, or thinking about knowledge in context, becomes more habitual also represents a watershed stage for religious belief, the point of demarcation between belief and the possibility of faith. No longer can an individual's religious belief rest on blind adherence to authority. Real faith, Perry purports, has been tested and affirmed in the context of a relativistic world. This implies that those who hold viewpoints other than one's own may be wrong, but no more wrong than oneself, given that the student now rejects the idea of absolute truth.

the American paradox

The materialistic goals that motivate many Americans (and Europeans and Japanese, to name a few other national groups for whom we have data) do not appear to bring happiness, and they seem to have some toxic side effects.

"hedonic treadmill"

The point here is that in the drive for material gain, people rapidly get used to or habituated to each level they achieve, so they can't be satisfied

stability

The retiree finds a functional path that seems to work. Life span theorists would say that selective optimization with compensation is achieved.

recency

The strength of a memory declines the more time has passed since the memory was formed. That is, we are more likely to remember something that has happened to us recently than something that happened in the more distant past.

Secure (Autonomous):

Their stories are orderly & consistent, with just enough detail without too much information. Experiences are described logically & rationally, with an ability to integrate information & summarize answers, while maintaining reciprocity. They demonstrate better perspective-taking skills & present as less egocentric than insecure individuals. While acknowledging the importance of their attachment-related experiences, the stories they presented fit with their overall schema. As Roisman, Tsai, & Chiang (2004) noted, there was consistency between what they were saying & the emotions they expressed.

The goal here is for all generations in a family to work towards 2 goals together.

These are tolerance of independence & maintenance of connections.

Nonnormative Changes

These cannot be anticipated or predicted, but can have a profound impact on development. They could include such crises as accidents, incarceration, traumatic illnesses, or the untimely death of a loved one. They could also include fortuitous events like winning a lottery (notice how it's harder to think of a lot of such fortuitous events?)

history-graded changes

These include events that we share with our whole cohort, like living through the Great Depression or the Iraq War

Insecure (Preoccupied):

These individuals are not reciprocal in their interactions with interviewers. Their stories are very long, incoherent, egocentric, switching from topic to topic. Their actions suggest that they are overwhelmed by the emotions elicited with the interview. Their responses are often angry, fearful, or sad, suggesting no resolution of childhood traumas. Their descriptions of parents tend to be as intrusive or egocentric

preoccupied (insecure), typically

These individuals provide very long, incoherent, egocentric responses that shift from topic to topic. They perform in ways that suggest they are overwhelmed by the emotional memories elicited by the interview questions and are sidetracked from the task of responding succinctly. Such speakers often sound angry, sad, or fearful, as if they have never resolved the painful problems of their childhood. Parents may be remembered as intrusive or egocentric. Their transcripts paint a picture of substantial enmeshment or preoccupation with parents, registered by angry, accusatory language or by conflicted descriptions that connote ambivalence and confusion about early relationships. This feature of the preoccupied attachment style has been referred to as "hyperactivating," and there is emerging evidence that individuals with hyperactivating responses to the AAI are more likely than others to show heart rate increases in situations that arouse the attachment system (Roisman, 2007). Both their facial expressions and self-reported emotions during the AAI are often inconsistent with the childhood memories they describe. For example, distressed facial expression might be combined with their description of a positive experience (e.g., Roisman et al., 2004). Linguistic features of their transcripts include run-on sentences, idiosyncratic uses of words, and juxtaposition of past and present tense, as though early problems continue to persist in the present. The children of preoccupied adults often have anxious-ambivalent attachments.

behavioral-inhibition system

This circuit is related to withdrawal and avoidance behaviors shaped through evolution to help people keep out of harm's way.

negative affect reciprocity

This construct refers to the likelihood that negative emotions in one partner will follow from the other partner's negativity. You may think of it as the likelihood that partners will bring out the worst in each other

IPT therapy

This form of therapy is relatively brief (up to 20 sessions). Through the supportive treatment alliance with the patient, the therapist assesses symptoms & makes the diagnosis, relates one of the 4 areas to the individual's depressive symptoms, & assigns the patient a temporary "sick role" status. This frees them from unmanageable responsibilities during the proscribed time-frame, legitimizes their need for support, & focuses them on recovery. The intermediate phase of therapy has the therapist taking a more directive role in helping patients make real changes in their relationships & redefine their roles interpersonally. The final phase acknowledges the loss of termination, but refocuses on therapeutic goals attained towards a better social environment in life moving forward.

The exploratory stage (adolescence up to around age 24 of young adulthood) (Super):

This involves some narrowing-down but not finalization of career choices. There are 2 parts to this stage: crystallization (when there is a gradual identification of more specific vocational preferences, called specification) &then implementation with education completed & entering into full-time employment

selection

This is a process of narrowing our goals and limiting the domains in which we expend effort. For example, at 20, Len selected a career, limiting the possible directions his life could take but also enabling him to achieve high levels of expertise and productivity by focusing his training and practice on career-related skills. At 62, Len selected family life instead of career. Because he felt his stamina waning somewhat, and despite the many satisfactions he still gained from his work, he decided to retire earlier than originally planned so that he could give more energy to developing relationships with his young grandchildren

post-traumatic growth.

This is defined as "positive psychological change experienced as a result of the struggle with highly challenging life circumstances" People who evidence post-traumatic growth, following experiences like bereavement, accident, illness, and so on, are marked by demonstrable improvements in psychological functioning that exceed pretraumatic event levels. Some of these gains include an altered set of priorities about life, a greater appreciation for one's life, closer and more positive relationships with others, improved sense of life's possibilities, and heightened spirituality

The decline stage (soon before & after age 65) (Super)

This is marked by a winding-down of the career, planning for retirement & much less importance of career advancement & consolidation.

kinkeeper (Sinardet & Mortelmans, 2009)

This is the person who keeps the extended family's generations in contact with one another.

autobiographical memory.

This is the remembered self, "representations of who we have been at various points in the past" (Fitzgerald, 1999, p. 143). It draws from several long-term memory systems (see Chapter 6 for an introduction to these systems

More Funeral Rituals in Different Cultures: the Gay Community in San Francisco

This relatively new culture has developed its own way of dealing with bereavement as a way of dealing with the tragic increase in HIV/AIDS-related deaths in their community. As many community members died in hospice or home settings, their dying often became a type of vigil. During this time, family & friends would visit, keeping the dying person as comfortable as possible while saying good-bye. After death, rituals like bathing & dressing the body honor the wishes of the deceased & allow the bereaved to feel connected to their loved one. Photos might be placed around the bedside, & valued objects or items of significance are placed near the body. Funeral services may combine aspects of formal religious rites along with those that signify some personal meaning to the deceased. Examples might include planting trees in his memory, burning incense, or playing music as part of the service.

homeostatic steady state (von Bertalanffy, 1968).

This steady state is maintained over time by the couple's unique balance of positive and negative elements in areas of interactive behavior, perception, and physiology. Behavior refers here to a couple's interactions and accompanying affect; perception refers to self-perceptions and attributions directed to partners; and physiology refers to the autonomic, endocrine, and immune system functioning of the partner

In their guide for caregivers, Delehanty & Ginzler (2005) repeat the message given when we are taught airline safety instructions "put on your own mask first, then assist others." In other words, caregivers need to take care of themselves before (or at least as) they take care of others. "______________" are seen as critical, on a daily or at least weekly basis for respite. This requires access to outside resources like adult day care programs, professional in-home aides, or regular substitutes from family & friends. Time for socializing is critical, in order to avoid isolation.

Timeouts

whereas younger adults would do better at video games requiring quick response times, older adults do better at memory games like________________

Trivial Pursuit & Jeopardy.

experience- sampling method (ESM).

Typically, those who use this methodology give participants beepers that are programmed to beep at various points during the day. The beep alerts participants to record what they are doing and how they are feeling at that moment.

There is a disturbing trend for young males when it comes to arrest & imprisonment for minor crimes like drug possession. This has climbed perilously since the early '70's (especially for males) so that now the ______________ far exceeds any other country in the world for incarceration rates

U.S.

Agreeableness

Warm, sympathetic, generous, forgiving, kind, affectionate, compliant

growth

We grow when we add new characteristics, understandings, skills, and so on to our behavioral repertoire. So, for example, an adult might grow by becoming more expert at some task at work, or she might acquire a more balanced and thus empathic perspective on her relationship with her parents.

____________cultural views tend to emphasize the cognitive aspects of wisdom, such as breadth of knowledge and ability to analyze

Western

compensation

When a loss of some kind prevents the use of one means to an end, we can compensate by finding another means. For example, by age 76, as Len's eyesight began to fail, chauffeuring his grandchildren was no longer possible. He now entertains the youngest ones at his home most of the time, planning special events such as "video marathons" and backyard camping "trips.

"hedonic treadmill" (Brickman & Campbell, 1971)

When people are driven to strive for material gain, they are often quickly habituated to each new level of wealth and thus can't be satisfied

Cannot Classify:

When the interviews cannot be classified into any category (only a small number), this is where they go.

divorced children

When they get older, they may have more problems establishing & maintaining intimate relationships in adolescence & adulthood. They tend to initiate sexual activity earlier, & have a greater likelihood of having children out of wedlock dropping out of school, difficulty finding & maintaining employment, use of illegal drugs, & other delinquent behaviors are more often seen in children of divorce. When they reach adulthood, they may find it harder to stay married (partly from early child-bearing, another by-product of divorce & partly because their interactions involve more negative exchanges like criticism & contempt).

vividness effect

When we are trying to make decisions, some salient or vivid facts are likely to attract our attention regardless of their actual value as evidence

physical change in older age

With the immune system becoming less effective over time, which increases vulnerability to infections & cancer. At the same time, cardiovascular, respiratory, & organ systems' level of functioning declines. Chronic illness increases dramatically, as does the requisite need for careful health maintenance.

_____________ shows some modest declines with slower processing speed making it harder to keep as much information in the mind at the same time

Working memory

Dollahite (1998) explains that religion also entails an affiliation with "_____________" that supports the search for the sacred & encourages morality.

a covenant faith community

The family life cycle

a normative, stagelike sequence of traditional family development in intact marriages

According to Gavrin & Chapman (1995),

a person who is dying tends to show irregular breathing, produces less urine, & may have both cool hands & a warm trunk. Nearing death, she or he will lose interest & the ability to eat, drink, & talk. Their breathing will be difficult & they may experience dry mouth & problems swallowing. With fluids accumulating in the abdomen & extremities, bloating may occur. In addition, Field & Cassel (1997) note the frequency of psychological symptoms like anxiety, depression, confusion, inability to recognize family members, & dementia.

There are 2 aspects to the vocational self-concept (Super):

a person's view of his or her personal psychological characteristics, & how the person assesses her or his life circumstances (like the restrictions or opportunities that economic conditions create, family & friendship network

"global meaning,"

a sense of what the universe and human existence is about, or what is universally true

modal personal orientation (Holland)

a typical or preferred approach they use to deal with social & environmental tasks

Symptoms of demetia

absentmindedness: forgetting where you recently put something or forgetting something that happened in the last few days or the last few hours. Difficulties with decision making, word-finding, regulating moods, or completing complex tasks might be present.

postskeptical rationalism (chandler)

absolute knowledge doesn't exist, but instead there have to be good reasons to choose one belief/course of action over another while still acknowledging that there are other plausible alternatives

Care burden can impact on both the caregiver & the patient. When it comes to caring for people with dementia, the caregiver's quality of life declines, while both mental & physical health are also in jeopardy. Sometimes, it contributes to ______________ of patients, or poor standards of care

abuse or neglect

renunciation

accepting the natural order of life & death, accepting that death is a part of life. He believed that if elders didn't fear death, they passed on that courage & wisdom to the next generation in a circular rather a linear view of the life cycle.

_____________ are the leading cause up to age 45. At age 45, heart disease & cancer become the leading causes of death, followed close behind by cerebrovascular diseases (most commonly a stroke or mini-stroke) & chronic respiratory illness (like asthma, COPD, & lung cancer). As the data from the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics (2010) shows, the risk for all of these diseases rises steadily & perilously with age.

accidents

sociologists defined marker events (like finishing school, entering the workforce, moving from the family home, getting married, becoming a parent) & their timing as their criteria for _______________. Indeed, Rinduss (1991) described that the majority of Americans achieved these between ages 18 to 24 during the middle of last century

achieving adulthood

So having now surpassed the acquisition stage of childhood & adolescence, young adults enter the _____________which requires applying intellect to achieving long-term goals with careful attention to consequences of the process

achieving stage (Schaie)

According to Schaie, we can think of the child and adolescent years as a time when the individual is sheltered from much of life's responsibilities. Schaie calls this the _____________ of cognitive development

acquisition stage

It is seen as using knowledge & skills to adapt to new demands at different times. He defines childhood & adolescence as a time when young people are shielded from most of the responsibilities of life. As such, Schaie calls this the ______________ of cognitive development

acquisition stage

Couples' satisfaction declined shortly after the marriage, reached a low point when children were _____________, and recovered initial levels of satisfaction when children were launched

adolescents

Lee (1973) who examined what he called "love styles", which are consistent individual differences seen in how adults approach romantic relationships. He suggests there are 6 styles:

agape (altruistic love), eros (which is love looking for a particular ideal "physical type), ludus ("playful", uninvolved & often short-lived), mania (obsessive, jealous, emotionally intense), pragma (where practical consideration help decide on a suitable mate), & storge (slowly-developing feelings & companion ship with the expectation for the long-term).

Even though we've learned that personality traits tend to be relatively stable, there are still many changes that occur requiring adaptation. Some of these may be due to

age (age-graded), like physical changes that happen with time. historical circumstances (history-graded changes), like living through the Second World War. Others may be unique to a person's cultural group. Yet others are more specific to an individual's experience (nonnormative changes), like surviving a plane crash or winning the lottery.

Some changes may be strongly age determined or _______________, such as physical changes that come more or less inevitably with time.

age graded

sources of change

age graded history graded nonnormative change

The dual-hemispheric compensation seems to work at up to moderate levels of task difficulty, but Reuter-Lorenz & Cappell (2008) suggest that eventually when the demands (like higher task difficulty) exceed capacity (like using both sides of the brain), a resource ceiling is reached. When this occurs, the result is ___________________

age-related cognitive decline

Generativity is further expanded upon by McAdams (2006), in suggesting that it has both ________________

agency & communion

McAdams (2006; Mansfield & McAdams, 1996) explains generativity as constituting both ________________.

agency and communion

The prediction of outcomes based on group characteristics is often called _________________

aggregate or actuarial prediction"

The most prominent risk factor for osteoarthritis is _______________

aging

Sexual minority individuals appear to be at particular risk.

alcohol abuse

When it comes to opposites attracting, well research actually shows that the more partners are _______________, the more they report being satisfied with & staying in the relationship

alike

Kitchener's Theory stage 1-3

all include the belief in certainties & using personal justifications/relying on authorities for guidance. They also tend to use personal experience(s) to justify "rightness". (If you look at Table 11.1 on page 421 of your text, you'll notice how well these 3 stages fit with Perry's strict dualism & prelegitimate multiplicity with their reliance on authorities & right versus wrong).

Martin (2000) suggests that if the caregiver's self-worth is tied to "_________________", he or she may benefit emotionally. In fact, in Asian cultures, children have been taught to care for aging parents out of respect & gratitude (Wang, 2004). Independent of culture however, children tend to care for their parents in old age

an ethic of responsibility & care

Amyloid precursor protein (APP)

and several enzymes that operate on it appear to play an initial role in development of plaque formation

Avoidant individuals tend to be more uncompromising, whereas ___________________individuals tend to give in.

anxious

Highly __________________ partners are more controlling and intrusive in their caregiving than secure partners, and they are more likely to view sexual relations as a way of avoiding rejection and strengthening their attachment

anxious

highly ________________ people are more likely to say that their relationships lack trust.

anxious

time highly ______________ people tend to report that their relationships are lacking in trust.

anxious

Couples composed of____________men & ________females seem most susceptible to dissolution

anxious , avoidant

Insecure (Preoccupied) Individuals in this category tend to have _________________ attachments to their children

anxious-ambivalent

What is far more likely is the complementary pairing of avoidant with anxious mates, and several studies have found a preponderance of ________________ matches among insecure individuals

anxious-ambivalent

Twenge (2000)

aptly demonstrated how both the sociocultural & historical contexts can influence personality development of cohorts. In reviewing published reports of childhood anxiety from 1952 to 1993, she wanted to see whether the levels had changed over time. What she found was that the average American child in the 1980s scored higher than children who were psychiatric patients in the 1950s. She was able to find this was related to both the breakdown in social connections & increases in physical & psychological threats. It had nothing to do with the economy, but it was the fewer & weaker bonds, coupled with growing threats that was heightening their sense of vulnerability

The reciprocal interaction of many biological and environmental factors forms an ever-changing "______________" or scaffolding that supports the development of behavioral and mental functioning

architecture

Kitchener early stages (1 through 3)

are characterized by a belief in the existence of certainties and the use of personal justification ("This is just the way it is") or reliance on authorities for guidance. Individuals in the early stages also tend to use personal observation as evidence of the rightness of their judgments

Representations

are developed over time & are types of schemas or systems of schemas used to interact with the world. Essentially, these are the foundations of crystallized intelligence

Dualists

are more likely to focus on memorization of factual information

Diatheses

are premorbid conditions or predispositions that render individuals vulnerable to some disorder under certain circumstances. Individual vulnerability or diatheses may be genetically based (e.g., inherited traits) or acquired through learning (as in the case of self-defeating cognitions or early attachments). These underlying vulnerabilities may come to light only if individuals experience a sufficient number, type, or intensity of stressful experience to trigger the manifestation of disorder. According to this model, people of all ages with multiple or severe underlying vulnerabilities require less situational stress to trigger a maladaptive outcome.

Advance directives or living wills

are statements, typically in writing, that describe a person's wishes regarding medical treatment in the event of incurable illness.

Representations

are the kinds of schemas or sytems of schemas one develops over time to interact with the world can involve declarative (language or world history) or procedural (playing chess or driving a car) knowledge. are the foundation of crystallized intelligence.

Superathletes

are those whose performance of a skill seems to match their full potential

palliative care and the ability to prepare for death

are two of the most consistently wished-for aspects of end-of-life care reported by patients and families

globalization

as "a process by which cultures influence one another & become more alike through trade, immigration, & the exchange of information & ideas"

Depression

as a reaction to impending death is characterized by sadness and feelings of hopelessness. Kubler-Ross distinguished between reactive depression, or depression that results from loss of functioning or other problems associated with the disease process, and preparatory depression, which is related to prospective loss and separation.

the life-course perspective (Elder & Shanahan, 2006)

assert that development is influenced by the intersection of chronological age (life time), family roles (family time), & membership in a birth cohort (historical time).

Among helping professionals, ___________ has been used as a framework for explaining conflict resolution in interpersonal relationships , family dysfunction , and psychopathology , and it provides a basis for therapeutic interventions

attachment theory

Yet another risk factor is separation from the noncustodial parent, which changes the quality of the relationship between him/her & the child(ren). They spend less time together & that parent is often fearful of enforcing controls in case there is even greater alienation. However, DeGarmo (2010) has found that if the noncustodial parent maintains an _______________style of parenting, this provides a protective factor (especially when the parent & child are of the same gender).

authoritative

gay and lesbian parents are somewhat more likely to report using strategies consistent with an __________ parenting style (high levels of warmth and control).

authoritative

life structure

being defined as a pattern of the relationships between the person & the outside world. He suggested that at any one time, usually only one or two are defining components for the self (these being marriage-family &/or occupational).

divorcing or divorced parents tend o display less _____________(less sensitive & responsive to needs, less likely to control & monitor). In essence, this is the perfect storm: children are more distressed & insecure while parents are themselves highly stressed. It is the parents' emotional distress that puts children at risk by affecting the quality of their parent-child interactions.

authoritative parenting

Western research (Eagly, Makhijani,, & Klonsky (1992) found that women who behaved ______________ got lower ratings than men.

autocratically

basic elements of psychological well-being:

autonomy, personal growth, self-acceptance, life purpose, mastery, & positive relatedness

They list six fundamental elements of psychological well-being:

autonomy, personal growth, self-acceptance, life purpose, mastery, and positive relatedness

What is suggested is that people who are dismissive tend to ___________when it comes to dealing with problems, but those who are preoccupied display ______________

avoid partners , emotional overinvolvement

Some suggest that Bartholomew & Horowitz's format impedes seeing the real continuity between childhood & adulthood. Others have also found that attachment scales really are measuring two continuous dimensions:

avoidance & anxiety

It may be convenient to use a typology, but a number of studies suggest that attachment scales are really measuring two continuous dimensions:

avoidance and anxiety

Adults classified as dismissive tend to have children who are in the ________________ attachment category

avoidant

As Mikulincer & Shaver (2007) explain it, partners that are highly_____________provide less physical comfort to partners, with less sensitive & nurturing care, they also engage in sex less frequently

avoidant

Fraley & Shaver (1999) explain it as people who display more of an ___________ attachment pattern, they can deactivate their emotional systems more readily. In contrast, those with an ambivalent attachment pattern may have more difficulty suppressing their emotions

avoidant

Highly ________________ partners report weaker interdependence and less commitment

avoidant

Highly ______________partners tend to provide less physical comfort to their partners and their care tends to be less sensitive and nurturing. With primary romantic partners they engage in sex less frequently than secure people, even though they might be more inclined than others to have casual, uncommitted sex

avoidant

______________ partners remained the most emotionally distant, but neither did they show anger, distress, or more negative views of their partners.

avoidant

people who are highly ______________ report less commitment & weaker interdependence

avoidant

The least relationship satisfaction is seen in couples with an _____________male & an _________ female (Kirkpatrick & Davis, 1994). Still, their relationships seem to be as stable as other combinations. It has been suggested that what makes these relationships so stable is that the women (fearing abandonment) do whatever it takes to keep the relationship going.

avoidant , anxious

The lowest levels of satisfaction are usually reported by couples composed of_________________

avoidant men and anxious women

As already suggested, the first measure of adult romantic attachment was developed by Hazan & Shaver (1987). They simply asked participants to identify which of 3 statements explained their personal approach to & beliefs about romantic relationships. The 3 represented different classifications:

avoidant, anxious-ambivalent, & secure.

Kandler et al. (2010) further clarify that personality stability is influenced by _____________of environments, as well as the environments, themselves. They assert that people are motivated to maintain a stable personality in the development & maintenance of a consistent sense of self.

behavior & choice

Strategies/methodologies used include behavioral (to improve communication & problem-solving skills), cognitive (to change negative thoughts), affective or emotion-focused (to teach partners to own & express their feelings more effectively), & intrapsychic models (to relate current problems to histories of early attachment). Of these, ___________________(Johnson et al., 1999) have empirically demonstrated support.

behavioral marital therapy & emotionally focused couples therapy

Further to this, there is increasingly more research evidence in developmental psychobiology that suggests systems of positive approach, fear, irritability or anger, effortful control, & reactive orienting are ______________

brain-mediated

Looking at it in a different way, asking adults to describe their flashback memories, almost all of it comes from that _____________ (Fitzgerald, 1988). Flashback memories are recollections that are particularly vivid & personally relevant. It would seem that when people talk about intense & important memories, they resort to experiences from young adulthood, even in their old age.

bump era

Middle childhood seems to be a relative period of ______________ for most families, as children are more able to think logically, to take others' perspectives, & to keep themselves safe for the most part

calm

Gottman's His core strategies include:

calm down, speak nondefensively, validate, overlearning, & paying attention to the little things.

reorientation

can be a time of active trial and error. The retiree seeks solutions for the problems that retirement presents and tries strategies for building a satisfactory life

The first stage of Dementia (the prodromal period)

can last for 1 to 2 years, with symptoms like memory loss not yet approaching a clinical threshold, but still impaired relative to age. Initially, it can appear to be absentmindedness. Other symptoms, like problems making decisions, problems with word-finding, with mood dysregulation, or inability to complete complex tasks may also be in evidence. Although some medications are being tested to reduce symptoms at this stage, Cheng et al. (2012) note that daily exercise & cognitive stimulation have been shown to have the greatest benefit.

in some states a gay or lesbian adult can adopt or raise a biological child, but her or his partner _____________ be a legal co-parent.

can't

Normal aging does not cause dementia. However, the frequency of illnesses & conditions that can lead to dementia do increase with age. These include

cardiovascular problems that interfere with blood supply to the brain & can include cerebrovascular accidents (or strokes). This happens when an artery to the brain is either clogged or bursts. Even one stroke can contribute to the onset of dementia. However, what is more common is a series of mini-strokes (multi-infarct dementia) gradually causing enough damage to lead to dementia.

Family members provide the care for frail elderly family members (mostly one person) for around 80% of them (Martin, 2000). Although there are rewards for those family members, there are also psychological, physical, occupational, social, & financial costs that are called the _________________.

care burden

For approximately 80% of the frail elderly, family members provide the care that is needed, and often one person bears most of the responsibility (Martin, 2000). For these primary caregivers, there may be rewards, but there often are costs as well—psychological, physical, occupational, social and financial—that together are described as the _____________

care burden.

Palliative

care involves caregivers from a number of disciplines, as it comprehensively addresses pain management, emotional & spiritual care, & psychological support for both the caregivers & survivors according to Billings (1998). (Its focus is on relief of pain without treating or attempting to cure the reason for or cause

people had very poor knowledge of end-of-life options, even for those who had signed advanced directives or had been ill themselves. The only ones who seemed to have more knowledge were those who had_______________

cared for dying loved ones.

In one's mid-20s, ______________is a key focus of self-development. In this phase of life, in addition to ongoing intimacy concerns, making a commitment to work that brings personal satisfaction, regardless of its other rewards, rather than just having a job, becomes important. The most positive development for this period is that such a commitment emerges as an important part of one's identity

career consolidation (vs. self-absorption) (Vaillant)

Vaillant (1977) suggested 2 other adult life stages:

career consolidation versus self-absorption in the mid-20s (with commitment to work bringing satisfaction other than just having a job & commitment becoming an important part of one's identity), & keeper of meaning versus rigidity (in late middle adulthood, where beyond making a productive contribution at work, people seek ways to make their work or contributions meaningful).

Those students who are __________________ tend to decide on an occupation first and then select a major, whereas students more focused on self-development tend to select a major first and then consider possible occupational choices

career oriented

pair-bonds in adults provide an effective way to integrate three of the basic systems:

caregiving, attachment (felt security), and sexual mating

Simpson & Rholes (2010) suggest that adult pair-bonds allow for integration of 3 basic systems. These include ______________

caregiving, attachment, & sexual mating

With respect to vision, many develop ___________ (a clouding of the lens that results in blurred, foggy vision). According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology (2011), more than half of adults have cataracts by age 80

cataracts

If children are "__________", this has been shown to be especially harmful (Hetherington et al., 1998). Davies & Woitach (2008) have found that parental conflict has direct consequences, resulting in greater anger, sadness, fear, & insecurity in children. Further, Crockenberg & Langrock (2001) find that these emotions are related to later behavior problems

caught in the crossfire

physical influences for dementia

cerebrovascular accidents, or strokes, in which an artery serving the brain is either clogged or bursts. A single stroke can lead to acute onset of dementia. More typically, many minor strokes (multi-infarct dementia) can gradually do sufficient damage to cause dementia. Hypertension (high blood pressure), or hypertension combined with diabetes, increases the risk of this type of dementia

For Kitchener, different stages of thinking can be differentiated on the basis of three dimensions:

certainty of knowledge, processes used to acquire knowledge, and the kind of evidence used to justify one's judgments

At older ages, the process of forming new representations is more _____________ despite the retention of previously learned representational systems

challenging

Escape

characterizes a movement back to relativism when the demands of commitment prove too taxing.

Around the middle of the 20th century, some American developmentalists began to shift their attention from the growth that characterizes childhood to the declines of aging, and developmental psychology was soon represented by two somewhat independent groups, the __________________

child developmentalists and the gerontologists

Growth is seen more in______________& less in old age

childhood

Several prospective studies of young couples' marriages have found much higher rates of divorce among __________ couples than among those with children

childless

adults' attachment representations predict the quality of their attachments to their_______________

children

Denmark is a high-income country that has consistently ranked near the top on cognitive and affective measures of SWB and has been called "_______________"

chronically happy

When the partners' commitment has some legal status, via ______________, relationships with extended family seem to be more supportive

civil unions or marriage

For women, their menstrual cycle begins to shorten & become more erratic by the late 30s. What is known as ____________ (gradually reduced reproductive ability that ends in menopause

climacteric

Avoidant partners, who are fearful or dismissing of intimacy, expect partners to _____________and overwhelm them with their demandingness

cling

avoidant (either fearing or dismissing intimacy needs) would expect people to be______________

clingy & overwhelmingly demanding

although both older & younger mothers meet their infants' needs & form positive emotional bonds, Bornstein et al. (2010) found that older mothers had more basic knowledge about children & parenting. They also provide more _____________ stimulation for their infants (Bornstein et al., 2006).

cognitive

Age-Graded Changes

cognitive physical life task

Treatments for Depression

cognitive behavioral (CBT), interpersonal (IPT), mindfulness-based cognitive therapies (MBCT) & pharmacological interventions

You might remember our discussion about how people improve in _______________ complexity from young through middle adulthood. That is the ability to be aware of their emotions, integrate positive & negative feelings about an issue, & regulate intense emotions to make logical decisions about complicated issues (Labouvie-Vief, 2003, 2015). This would appear to fit with these findings very well

cognitive-affective

History-graded events, also called ________________, provide a context for development and also influence it directly

cohort effects

Perry constructed a sequence of nine "positions," or stages, ranging from extreme dualistic thinking to high levels of personally_______________ beliefs

committed

Cohen and his colleagues found that people who tended to have a positive emotional style were significantly more likely, compared to those with a negative emotional style, to be resistant to the __________

common cold

Behaviors involving giving, offering, and contributing are aspects of ______________

communion.

marker events for adulthood (examples)

completing formal education, entering the adult workforce, leaving the family home, getting married, and becoming a parent

if the circumstances surrounding the death have been especially traumatic. Such findings have led to criteria for use in the diagnosis of ________________that allow for longer periods of normal grieving

complicated or abnormal grief

Following attachment theory, when there is _______________, stress would result & that would activate the attachment system with its working models & styles of emotional regulation.

conflict

Probably the most common myth is that people need to actively _____________ the pain in order to heal. The assumption here is that by avoiding the sadness, emotional problems will result. As Stroebe (1992) notes, directives from grief work explicitly state that people need to confront & "work through" their feelings in order to recover

confront

, in studying children of Asian & Latin immigrant families, Fuligni (2007) found young adults' concerns that were specific to their cultures. It comes as no surprise that there was a stronger sense of "family obligation" for the children of immigrants as compared to children of European Americans (from what we've learned before). There was the expectation that they assist & support their families & a belief that their family's wishes should be considered in decision-making. However, although these values were strongest in immigrant children, they found that these kinds of values increased in young adulthood for all ethnic groups (including European Americans). What this suggests is that while autonomy is important after adolescence, so is the importance of____________

connection.

Hampson (2008) also found that high levels of _____________ in childhood was predictive of well-being in adulthood. Her explanation for this was that these people may be drawn to environments that fit their personality traits, like safe work & leisure environments, that also elicit positive reactions from others which will help maintain the traits & behaviors.

conscientiousness

This physiological phenomenon suggests that dismissive interviewees are effortfully engaged in diversionary tactics (either idealizing parents or restricting memory) to deal with the anxiety generated by the topics. This feature of the dismissive attachment style has been referred to as "________________" (see Roisman, 2007). Yet, the physiological data suggest that the emotional distress of the early attachment system may never be fully deactivated, but rather just kept at bay

deactivating

More recently however, U.S. culture is gradually changing from denial or sanitizing death to one that supports_____________. Thanks to Elisabeth Kubler-Ross (1969) & those like her, the attention has been focused on the needs & concerns of the dying & the bereaved

death with dignity

The highest level of distress at follow-up interviews was demonstrated by the group who struggled continually to make sense of the inexplicable. Certain contextual circumstances may make it more difficult for people to find meaning or benefits from the deaths of loved ones. Among these kinds of deaths are those that occur suddenly

deaths of children (Nolen- Hoeksema & Larson, 1999); deaths due to intentional, malicious causes such as homicide (Murphy, 1997); and deaths due to the negligence of others, such as those involving motor vehicle accidents

. Gradually, the reality of loss is accepted. From Freud's perspective, successful resolution involves ____________, or detaching emotionally, from the former relationship and reinvesting psychic energy into the formation of new attachments.

decathecting

neuroticism, openness, and extraversion tend to ____________ somewhat throughout early and middle adulthood

decline

andropause

decline in testosterone

psychological well-being

defining it as "the striving for the realization of one's true potential

The inability to remember things after an intervening distraction or period of time (either several minutes or longer), called ______________, is considered one of the best preclinical signs of approaching AD

delayed recall

Elisabeth Kubler-Ross (Kubler-Ross, 1969), a Swiss-born psychiatrist, began to study the ways that people who were dying faced death. she described responses to death that appeared to characterize the process:

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.

Duggal et al. (2001) found 19% of at-risk low SES children (who they had followed from birth to age 17.5) demonstrated clinical depression in childhood & 18% in adolescence. They found 2 pathways

depression exhibited in childhood was predicted best by accumulated adverse family circumstances & characteristics. For them, the combination of numbers & types of stressors on mothers, insensitive & emotionally unsupportive parenting, maternal depression, & abuse was found to "interfere with responsiveness to developmental needs, increasing the probability of depressive symptoms". However for adolescent-onset depression, the best predictors were maternal depression & lack of early supportive care (not the accumulation of factors that impacted on childhood onset). When it came to gender differences, they manifested differently. Maternal depression when children were 7 or 8 was more predictive for females. In males, it was unsupportive early infant & early childhood care that predicted adolescent depression. According to the researchers, "for males, it seems to be what the caretaker did rather than who the caretaker was during childhood that is most relevant to depressive symptomatology in adolescence".

Other than financially, children of divorce experience increased emotional & behavioral problems like___________________

depression, underachievement, & antisocial behavior

Terminal drop and terminal decline

describe the phenomena of deteriorating cognitive ability as adults approach the end of their lives. In the months and years prior to death, individuals may show a substantial decline in intellectual functioning as indicated by scores on intelligence tests

Kindling-sensitization

describes a process of progressive illness severity or illness incidence that results from gradual increases in sensitivity to stressful triggers. This psychological model has been useful in conceptualizing mechanisms involved in drug tolerance, epilepsy, and affective disorders

eudaemonic well-being

describes feeling a sense of purpose, growth, and mastery.

Generativity has been described as having several components (e.g., McAdams, 2006; Stewart & Vandewater, 1998). As we saw in Chapter 12, two primary components are _______________(Stewart & Vandewater). Desire refers to wanting to be creative, productive, or giving, and accomplishment means actually feeling that you are creative, productive, or giving. Generative desire is more characteristic of young adults, but generative accomplishment is more typical of middle adults.

desire and accomplishment

Research by Reitzes & Mutran (2004)

did find it to be a dynamic process, with satisfaction high during what would be the honeymoon phase (6 months after retirement), a decline after a year (the disenchantment phase), & increased satisfaction after 2 years (the reorientation & stability phases).

Backing up here a little, according to King & Kitchener (2004), young people entering college display what they call _______________ in that they see knowledge as facts that are true across people & contexts so that learning is simply acquiring & assessing facts. Their reasoning is such that there is a right & wrong with nothing in-between. Their problem is that they can't seem to accept that differing arguments can all have evidence supporting them

dualistic reasoning

_____________ were more likely to study by memorizing facts.

dualists

Schultz & Curnow (1988) note that skills requiring muscle strength, flexibility, speed of movement & response seem to peak at an _____________. Those that depend on control, arm-hand steadiness, precision, & stamina seem to peak later. More specifically, for skills that require more cognitive factors like strategy, knowledge & use, they will be the last to peak.

earlier age

Remarriage (with reduced quality of parenting) is also a risk factor, with adjustment problems tending to increase for children. To compound matters, often in response to the parents' higher stress levels, the step-parents take over disciplinary authority too _____________, before sufficient positive bonds have been built

early

Skills that are based on muscle strength, flexibility, and speed of movement and response tend to peak ____________

early

Conscientiousness and agreeableness tend to increase somewhat throughout _______________

early and middle adulthood

Dollar, & Cipriano, 2010). As children develop and experience age-related changes, their temperamental characteristics become increasingly more differentiated and integrated into more mature self-systems. So, for example,

early manifestations of positive approach, such as smiling and laughing, may be translated into more mature forms, such as social extraversion

Levinson's Theory: proposed 3 adult stages/eras:

early, late, middle adulthood, each beginning with a 5-year transition period. Each also has a smaller mid-era transition during which time the person reexamines the effectiveness of their life structure to achieve their goals. After that, the structure may be altered

Levinson identified three major adult stages, or eras:______________. Each of these eras begins with a 5-year transitional period and is marked by a smaller mid-era transition, when the life structure's effectiveness for serving the person's goals is reexamined and may be altered

early, middle, and late adulthood

Another course of Alzheimer's is ____________, which begins in the 40s or 50s & results in death after around 5 years. It has a highly genetic contribution.

early-onset

Despite adverse childhood experiences, people were able to demonstrate secure attachment styles due to an ability to reflect on them while acknowledging their parents' stressors that lead to them. These people were described as ________________, having come to terms with their past. This can be accomplished with the help of a secure significant other

earned secure

Some individuals do come from circumstances of early adversity but describe their painful backgrounds truthfully and believably, while acknowledging the stressors their own parents faced. This ability to reflect on a difficult past realistically, yet with a certain level of generosity toward parents, results in a special classification called __________________

earned secure.

Aggregating the life stories of Resilient women, the authors identified four pathways to wellness following the experience of adversity. Their life stories reflected a diversity of experiences in the following major areas:

educational level of parents; alcoholism in the home as a child; marriage or cohabitation with an alcoholic as an adult; being a single parent; upward or downward mobility at work; and comparisons with parents and siblings with regard to education, finances, and occupation

lesbian couples, are more likely to endorse equal power in their relationships, and they tend to be more _____________ in the way they divide household chores, decision making, and child rearing duties

egalitarian

By old age, establishing ______________becomes life's task. Ideally, a process of life review helps the elderly adult to develop a sense that her own life is "something that had to be," that she has lived a life that has order, meaning, and dignity

ego integrity (vs. despair)

After age 30, ______________ gradually becomes more brittle, reducing skin elasticity. Areas of the body containing fat, such as the arms, legs, torso, and breasts, usually begin to sag by the 40s and 50s.

elastin

Once people reach old age, the realities of loss & death are unavoidable, even with all of the advances in medicine & technology that have improved quality of life & extended age limits. Still, Gesser, Wong, & Reker (1988) found that the ____________ report less anxiety about death & are more realistic about its imminence than middle-aged adults.

elderly

regulation of loss is seen mostly in the____________

elderly

Dismissive people tend to show increased _______________(i.e., increased skin conductance), which is associated with effortful emotional inhibition

electrodermal reactivity

for Erikson, the ________________school years are a crucial time for establishing a strong sense of industry.

elementary

Even college attendance itself seems to have negative effects on young people's health, with Keup & Stolzenberg (2004) finding that over the course of the 1st year of college, students' __________________were all shown to decline significantly. At the same time, significant increases in alcohol & marijuana use, & sex with multiple partners was in evidence for teens between high school & the end of 1st year college

emotional well-being, physical health & health habits

Jewish funerals

emphasize not only honoring the deceased, but also giving the bereaved time & freedom to grieve. From the moment of death, the body is never left alone until burial. There is no visitation by friends of the body before the service. A funeral traditionally takes place within a day of death, but accommodations may be made for practicalities

Those who study postformal reasoning are essentially looking at what is called_________________, which is the ways that people understand how they came to ideas, beliefs, & conclusions. It is a type of advanced metacognition (which we have already discussed in depth). The point here is that as youth mature, they are more likely to compare their reasoning with others & when theirs falls short, they find a better explanation & adjust accordingly. This is all about the recognition that solutions to problems depend upon the problem-solver (essentially a very advanced level of applied perspective-taking).

epistemic cognition

The climacteric is largely a function of a reduction in circulating _____________, a form of the primary female hormone, and ______, produced by the ovaries

estradiol, estrogen

The reduction in ____________ in particular triggers other hormones to be released which impact on the body's temperature control mechanisms (resulting in nightsweats & hot flashes), as well as resulting in fatigue, insomnia & headaches

estrogen

personal expressiveness has been called

eudaemonic well-being

Diener & Seligman (2002) found in their research that all of their happiest people had "______________" social relationships

excellent

_______________, largely controlled via frontal lobe funtioning, are areas that generally show earliest age-related declines

executive functions

Because of the potential greater impact of one's actions, adults have to become more flexible in how they think, acquire more knowledge & expertise, & use these more extensively. If, during this phase, people become supervisors in any capacity, the responsible stage becomes the _______________ (which requires learning about more complex relationships, multiple perspectives, commitment, & conflict resolution).

executive stage (Schaie)

A "positive" form of physical stress is ____________, which helps reduce psychological stress & promote overall health. Similarly, "stress" in the form of reducing caloric intake (which is important due to reduced activity, to prevent obesity), & cognitive stimulation has been shown to have a positive impact on reducing age-related deterioration

exercise

what social role theory argues is that it is not real differences but the impact they have on people's _____________ of their own & others' behavior & how people interpret it that matters.

expectations

Baltes & Kunzmann (2003) define wisdom as "_______________". Further, they suggest that it is characterized by emotional maturity & the ability to show insight & apply it to problems. As such, most people think that wisdom comes with age.

expertise in the conduct & meanings of life

For some elements, very much so, as Weiss, Bates, & Luciano (2008) how shown both _____________to be highly correlated with measures of subjective well-being. In fact, they are more closely related than external factors like wealth.

extraversion & neuroticism

when Rothbart et al. (2000) looked for relationships between young adults' temperaments & their Big Five personality traits, they found relationships between _____________________, & between orienting sensitivity & openness to experience.

extraversion & positive approach, effortful attention & conscientiousness, irritability or anger & neuroticism

Similarly when we look at the Big Five, both ______________ are correlated with generativity

extraversion (agentic) & agreeableness (particularly altruism, communal)

When Rothbart and her associates (2000) correlated young adults' temperaments with their Big 5 personality traits, they found evidence for relationships between

extraversion and positive approach, between effortful attention and conscientiousness, between irritability or anger and neuroticism, and between orienting sensitivity and openness to experience

post-traumatic growth is related to certain personality traits, notably

extroversion and openness to experience, and to a lesser extent, dispositional optimism

few emerging adults ______________ to "grow up." By age 30 nearly all are stably employed, and three quarters are married and have a child.

fail

The children of the immigrant families had a stronger sense of "________________" than European American offspring

family obligation

in Western cultures, research has found more traditional _________________actually experience more distress than mothers, as their adult children's autonomy removes them from the decision-making role & the family structure changes.

fathers

According to some existential therapists, _______________is the ultimate source of anxiety and the foundation of most depression and alienation

fear of death

optimization

finding ways to enhance the achievement of remaining goals or finding environments that are enhancing. Len, for example, traded in his sporty two-door coupe for a larger sedan so that he could take the grandchildren on excursions to movies or museums. He also moved from a small apartment in the city to a place in the suburbs, closer to his children with amenities such as a yard where he could entertain his family.

"interrupted career pattern,"

first establishing a career, then marrying and becoming a full-time homemaker, and then shifting back to a career when home responsibilities were less pressing

Arnett's respondents indicated that the two most important qualifications for adulthood are

first, accepting responsibility for the consequences of one's actions and second, making independent decisions. Becoming financially independent, a traditional marker event, was third.

happiness was related to the __________ between personal style & work, but it was also related to its fit with outside/leisure activities. (By the way, people were also happier when their skill-sets fit with opportunities to use them.) What is suggested is that a good fit between personal style & at least one of the 2 can help compensate for the other (i.e. If work isn't satisfying, outside/leisure activities can fill that void & vice versa).

fit

. Imagine a situation in which you look up and dial a 10-digit phone number, and then you immediately attempt to redial the number. Suppose that at age 30, you could remember about 6 of the digits when you redialed. At age 50, given the same kind of memory task, you would probably remember only 5 of the digits. Clearly, what we are describing here are not catastrophic losses. The modest change is more a nuisance factor than anything else. Most people, by about age 50, notice that they have a little more difficulty than they used to recalling the name of a new acquaintance or solving a complex problem that requires attending to several pieces of information at once. Declines in ______________ seem to make the difference

fluid intelligence

Davidson, 2008, p. 163). Two general families of meditation practice include ___________ (practice in stabilizing attention, noticing distractions, shifting attention, etc.) and ___________ (nonreactive meta-awareness of experience) to which compassion or kindness practices are sometimes added

focus, open- monitoring

peer/romantic partner tradition

focuses on the peer attachments of adults. Questions about how early attachments impact the quality of romantic and friendship relationships in adulthood form the core of inquiry from this angle

Perry's Theory of Intellectual & Cognitive

focuses specifically on college students' intellectual & cognitive development. He used many of Piaget's ideas in his development of a stage-based theory. The theory explains typical intellectual & ethical progression for students in higher education. More specifically, he looks at changes over time in the structure of their knowledge (or the expectations & assumptions they have about the world).

Putting this altogether, what has been suggested is that what is truly important is living a life that meets both ________________needs. In other words, the source of well-being is meeting basic psychological needs.

fundamental & universal

As an infant, you were capable of hearing and producing all of the kinds of sound distinctions that are used across all human languages. But as you learned your native language, you became less adept at discriminating and producing sounds that were not part of that language. If you were introduced to a second language after the preschool years, you probably had trouble producing sounds that were not part of your native tongue, and so you probably speak the second language with a "_____________

foreign accent

Gestorf et al. (2008)

found that there is a terminal decline in well-being due to health decline, as well as cognitive & physical deficits. Despite this, older people still tend to report high levels of well-being.

Membership in a ________________is linked to greater tendencies to select business or prelaw as a major

fraternity or sorority

According to Sternberg, when intimacy is present in a relationship without the other elements, a state of liking exists, which is similar to _______________

friendship.

establishment stage ( Super)

from about 25 to 44, work experiences provide the laboratory within which the matching of vocational self-concept and job settings is tried out, sometimes reevaluated, sometimes confirmed, and eventually stabilized (stabilization)

Hudspeth and Pribram (1992) measured brain activity in children and adults up to 21 years old (using electroencephalography, or EEG, technologies), and they were astonished to find accelerated maturing of electrical activity in the ___________ of the 17- to 21-year-olds

frontal cortex

Avoiding conflict is neither possible nor helpful, as not all negative emotion is bad for relationships. As Gottman (1994) points out, if anger is a justifiable reaction to the other's behavior or is part of the airing of grievances, it can be constructive. What is important is distinguishing between ____________________

functional & dysfunctional negativity.

menopause

generally begins in the 40s, continuing on for at least a decade (Foxcroft, 2009). It is the reduction in circulation of estradiol & estrogen (female hormones produced in the ovaries) that triggers this

Secondary control

generally refers to our attempts to modify our expectations in the face of things we can't change. We are using secondary control strategies when, for example, we change our aspirations and goals because we cannot do everything we used to do or when we minimize the importance of specific needs after failing to achieve some end

generativity is the main developmental task of middle adulthood. At this stage, ________________ (feeling that one is creative, productive, or giving) is the most important component.

generative accomplishment

When it comes to child-rearing, although parents experience more stress than non-parents, according to Marks, Bumpass, & Jun (2003), they tend to view their role as a ____________________. As both children & parents grow, so does the nature & quality of the parenting experience change considerably

generative process

In two cohorts of women who were studied longitudinally, such desires were strong through early adulthood, peaking in the early 30s and then declining.

generativity

achieving _________ is central to their belief in the meaningfulness of their lives.

generativity

middle adults to be especially driven by needs for ______________

generativity

people who rate high on ____________ are found to be more likely to use authoritative, child-centered parenting styles; are more actively involved in political, religious, and social reform activities; and report higher levels of self-esteem and happiness than people who score low on generativity

generativity

In middle adulthood, ______________ becomes most important, giving one's own life purpose by producing and building for the next generation, through work, community service, or child rearing.

generativity (vs. stagnation)

Stewart and Vandewater (1998) examined two broad features of ____________________—and found that the desire for generativity is quite strong even in early adulthood and actually declines through middle and late adulthood

generativity— desire and accomplishment

Although this has been researched for years, no one yet knows the causes of depression. Its heterogeneity & complexity are no help. However, there are variables related to risk. These include: ___________________________

genetic/familial predispositions, early adverse life experiences, hormonal changes in puberty, cognitive & motivational differences like attributional & coping style, number & intensity of stressors, & absence of protective factors like social support

In terms of gender, both girls & boys are negatively affected, but some ______________enjoy the challenge of greater responsibility (more so in mothers' homes). This is not true for boys, although they seem to adjust better to mothers' remarriages while girls don't do as well living in stepfamilies.

girls

some ______________ show remarkable resilience, rising to the challenge of increased responsibility, especially in a mother-headed household. Boys are less likely to do so. Yet boys adjust better to a mother's remarriage, apparently benefiting from a stepfather in the home, whereas girls tend not to adjust well to living in step families

girls

A general sense of self-efficacy (Bandura, 1989), optimism (Schier & Carver, 1985), self-esteem (Rosenberg, 1979), personal control over important goals (Seligman, 1975), and social support (Sarason & Sarason, 1985) are among the characteristics that are associated with _______________

greater physical and emotional health and well-being.

Four interpersonal situations are its targets:

grief (loss of significant other), role disputes (conflicts with significant others), life changes/role transitions, & significant interpersonal deficits (a default category).

Freud's (1917/1957) theorizing about grief and mourning was very influential in shaping the legacy that came to be known as ________________

grief work

approach tendencies are what have been defined as _____________(confronting the painful reality of death, expressing sadness, gradual desensitization to reminders of loss). They contend that people can only endure these actions for so long, as they are loss-focused & can lead to rumination as well as excessive distress.

grief work

As Baltes (1997) suggests, lifespan developmental theory sees development as adaptation to the changing influences in life. As such, ________________

growth, maintenance, & regulation of loss

According to life span developmental theory, all three adaptive processes—________________—are part of development from infancy through old age.

growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss

"retreaters"

had given up finding a satisfactory lifestyle & became depressed.

Extroverts, who tend to focus interest on things outside the self, are _____________than introverts, who focus more attention on their own interior experience

happier

The last stage dementia (5th year & on)

has Alzheimer's patients bed-ridden, often mute, & needing full-time care & supervision. Eventually, death is the outcome

"abnormal grief"

has been accepted in clinical practice (Rando, 1993). As Wright (1983) explains, there is an assumption that people should display great distress after loss & if they don't, that is abnormal (often called the "requirement of mourning").

Wisdom

has been called "expertise in the fundamental pragmatics of life. . Wise people recognize and deal with the dialectics inherent in human existence (e.g., good and bad, strength and weakness, self-interest and altruism) in a balanced way. They often help guide others to do the same. "Mastery of such dialectics in the sense of wisdom does not mean that a decision for either one or the other side is taken but rather that both sides are essential for grasping human existence. Wisdom embraces these contradictions of life and draws insights from them. It further develops heuristics about when and under which circumstances to focus on which side of each of these opposites

preoccupied (Bartholomew & Horowitz)

have positive working models of others but negative ones for themselves. They tend to believe that others don't value them as much as they value others. As such, they tend to be more emotionally demanding, anxious about being accepted by others, afraid of & looking for cues of rejection, & are overly preoccupied by relationships

postformal ( fifth stage)

he problem solver is said to coordinate contradictory formal operational approaches to the same problem can both understand the logic of each of the contradictory perspectives and integrate those perspectives into a larger whole. Although she will likely make a commitment to one of these for her purposes, she recognizes that more than one can be valid incorporates formal thinking and goes beyond it. The assumption is that one could not be a postformal thinker without going through Piaget's four stages of thought development

Wrosch and Schultz (2008) found that the use of such ______________strategies was directly related to health maintenance versus decline

health management control

These losses tend to be greater in men than in women. Some suggest it may occur twice as quickly for men as compared to women

hearing

In the United States, accidents are the leading cause of death in adults up to age 45. But at 45,_______________ take over as the leading causes of death, followed by cerebrovascular diseases and chronic respiratory illness

heart disease and cancer

hen older adults think about emotion arousing experiences in their lives, they show less ____________reactivity than younger adults, especially for negative emotions like anger and fear

heart rate

Waterman (1993), for example, argued that people need to express their "true selves." If their activities are congruent with their own deeply held values and are fully engaged, then people can achieve a state of "personal expressiveness," meaning that they feel intensely alive and authentic. Waterman devised measures of personal expressiveness and found that they correlated highly with traditional measures of subjective well-being. But subjective well-being, with its emphasis on happiness and positive emotion (what has also been called ____________)

hedonic well-being

positive emotion has also been called _______________

hedonic well-being

Individuals with a ____________, however, often begin to denigrate their abilities when they encounter failure and typically stop applying themselves or trying to improve their performance.

helpless pattern

praising the whole person for success ("You're a smart girl" or "You're a good boy") tends to foster ______________, apparently because it focuses attention on entity explanations rather than process or incremental explanations of performance.

helplessness

Sullivan (1953) & Meyer (1957) developed the theoretical underpinnings for the interpersonal approach, with a focus on the __________________ versus causes in the distant past. Unlike CBT, it doesn't concentrate on exploring & changing irrational, distorted thought processes. Instead, the perspective is that interpersonal relationships are the cause. In other words, mood & life situations are related. Disturbing life events either trigger or follow from the onset of the mood disorder

here-and-now

Cox et al. (2010) found that those high in extraversion, agreeableness, & conscientiousness as well as low in neuroticism tend to report ____________levels of well-being.

higher

Hinduism, christianity, Buddhism, and Islam, adherents tended to report ______________ SWB in each of its three dimensions compared to nonreligious counterparts.

higher

The most important predictor of level of job entry is _____________

highest educational degree attained.

Taking all of the research into account, Neimeyer (2000) came to the conclusion that using grief-focused interventions for people who aren't___________ distressed can actually risk harming them.

highly

If we follow the sociological definition, it is taking longer to reach adulthood today than in the past. Some of the reasons for this include the need for a more________________________ (Warner et al., 1998). It is suggested that all of these reasons strongly affect the timing of life (or marker) events.

highly educated workforce & higher costs of education (Jacobs & Stoner-Eby, 1998), the struggle to achieve steady employment & earn enough to support children (Halperin, 1998), & the availability of contraception & prevalence of early, nonmarital sexual activity

Research suggests that although attachment styles can change in a relationship, it isn't_______________

highly probable.

dual-process model proposed by Stroebe and Schut (1999)

his conceptualization depicts an interplay of stressors and coping strategies within a flexible, oscillating framework. Specifically, the authors propose that bereaved individuals simultaneously engage in two kinds of coping mechanisms, approach and avoidance, that wax and wane over the course of grieving

preoccupied (Bartholomew)

hold positive models of others but negative models of themselves. Others are viewed as not valuing the preoccupied person as much as he values them. Preoccupied attachment is marked by emotional demandingness, anxiety about gaining acceptance from others, fear of and hypervigilance to cues of rejection, and excessive preoccupation with relationships

Diamond (1986) explains that these are then sorted or filtered out via _____________ (similarity to one's religion, SES, race, education, etc.,) & compatibility of personality. The final step in this filtering process is engagement or cohabitation as a trial period.

homogomy

stages of retirement.

honeymoon disenchantment reorientation

In Insecure (Preoccupied), Either significant enmeshment or preoccupation with parents is shown in angry, accusatory language or confusing explanations that suggest confusion & ambivalence about their early childhood relationships. This has been labeled as "_____________", with concomitant increases in heart rate at situations arousing the attachment system (Roisman, 2007).

hyperactivating

we talked about research with the AAI in that dismissive & preoccupied individuals display _____________ & characteristic changes in response to situations that engage the attachment system

idiosyncratic

when young people come to young adulthood, they are not so protected & have to take responsibility for decisions they make. There are no set answers for the most part. Many call these______________ problems because the "right" answer may depend upon the situation & the perspective of the problem-solver. Often, attempts to solve these problems are without all the information that would help.

ill-defined or ill-structured

Flashbulb memories

in these studies are defined as recollections that are especially vivid and personally relevant. It appears that when people talk about memories that are intense and important to them, they draw very heavily on experiences from young adulthood, even in their old age

postskeptical rationalism

in which we abandon the empty quest for absolute knowledge in favor of what amounts to a search for arguably good reasons for choosing one belief or course of action over another . . . an endorsement of the possibility and practicality of making rational commitments in the face of the clear knowledge that other defensible alternatives to one's views continue to exist.

Intimacy

includes elements of love that promote connection and closeness,

intimacy

includes feelings of attachment or emotional closeness

preoccupied people may show _______________, associated with higher behavioral activation

increased heart rate

Dweck emphasizes the importance of our theories of intelligence or ability in influencing how we deal with failure. She has found that mastery-oriented people are likely to be _____________, seeing intelligence as a dynamic and malleable quality that can be increased by hard work and instruction

incremental theorists

There is consensus among many researchers that a broad psychological shift toward increasing ________________ characterizes the subjective experience of what it means to be an adult, at least for members of the American majority culture

independence and autonomy

self-esteem figures more prominently in the overall satisfaction of people from cultures that privilege ________________

individualism

Dismissing (Bartholomew)

individuals are characterized by a positive model of the self but a negative model of the other. Denying the need for close relationships permits these adults to maintain a sense of superiority while devaluing the importance of others to their well-being. Self-sufficiency is preferred, and anxiety about attachment relationships is inhibited

In most ______________ societies today, children's work begins in school, where they are expected to achieve competence in basic skills, such as reading and arithmetic, that will serve them in nearly any adult work they might take on.

industrial

Erikson argued that these early work experiences can provide a child with a feeling of _________________, which is both a belief in his ability to master the skills and tools needed to be productive and a sense of "the pleasure of work completion by steady attention and persevering diligence

industry

Love that includes passion without intimacy or commitment is called ________________.

infatuation

The amyloid plaques promote the formation of the tangles, which are twisted bundles of threads of tau (a protein) that are formed when neurons collapse (Perl, 2010). Even though healthy brains have some tangles, the combination of ________________, & progressive loss of neurons is what is characteristic of Alzheimer's

inflammation, proliferation of plaques & tangles

Another example of continuity was that of the 8% of children who were classified as _____________ At age 21 they were more likely than those from other groups to have suffered from depression. Their childhood inhibition was expressed in shyness, fearfulness, lack of assertiveness & connectedness to social supports as adults

inhibited.

Reduced ______________ (with greater "mental clutter") can also interfere with thoughts & plans

inhibitory control

Positions 7, 8, and 9: Commitment and Resolve

initial commitment), 8 (multiple commitments), and 9 (resolve) together. Taken as a group, they suggest a flowering of the commitments anticipated in Positions 5 and 6. Changes in thinking are more qualitative than structural. According to Perry, 75% of students in the study had a level of commitment at Positions 7 or 8 at graduation. Despite its place at the end of the line, Position 9 does not imply a static resolution of existential conflict. On the contrary, it characterizes a state of courageous resolve to continue the work of reflecting on one's commitments throughout adulthood

Individuals with a dismissive style tend to have ______________attachments with their own children

insecure, avoidant

Perry's The first five positions of the theory emphasize _____________

intellectual development

When it comes to research on it, operationalizing the concepts is difficult because the first 5 stages deal with ___________ while the last 4 deal with _____________

intellectual development, moral & identity development. ( Perry)

There are real similarities that are shared, however. For romantic partners, these include

intelligence, personality style, attractiveness, & educational aspirations (Markey & Markey, 2007), as well as health behaviors like smoking & risk-taking tendencies

Americans reasoned more wisely about _______________ conflict whereas Japanese elderly were wiser with regard to interpersonal conflict

inter-group

As far as the elderly were concerned, elderly Americans reasoned more wisely with respect to _____________ conflict, but elderly Japanese were wiser when it came to interpersonal conflict.

inter-group

When it came to memory failure, it was perceived as due to something external & transient for younger adults, but due to something___________________& stable for older adults (like having a poor memory).

internal

when we look at anger expressed in the workplace, Brescsoll & Uhlmann (2008) found people tended to attribute women's anger to ______________ characteristics, whereas men's expressed anger was viewed as due to external circumstances. These types of stereotypes impact on expectancies between the sexes

internal

Brescoll and Uhlmann (2008) report that in simulated job interviews, when women professionals expressed anger their reactions were attributed to _______________ (e.g., "She's an angry person" or "She is out of control"), but when males expressed anger their reactions were attributed to external circumstances.

internal characteristics

A student's "________________"—a feeling that the institution and its representatives believe in and will support the student's ability to succeed

internal sense of validation

women tend to be more "____________," putting more time and effort into the quality of the social interaction.

interpersonal

the AAI uniquely taps into_______________

interpersonal representations.

Earlier research in artificial conditions suggested that men in leadership roles tended to be more "task oriented" & women tended to be more "______________" oriented

interpersonally

Whereas Erikson and Vaillant suggest that certain life tasks occur in relatively predictable sequence (e.g., first ______________needs are greater, then generativity needs),

intimacy

young adults to be especially driven by needs for ____________

intimacy

Hendrick & Hendrick (2004) have found that it is the ______________ that make relationships last, not the passion. This pattern of intimacy & commitment increasing while passion fades has been found true for heterosexual, same-sex, married, & unmarried couples, alike

intimacy & commitment

For Erikson, ______________ were ways to express & develop the self, with both being foci of young & middle adulthood. He saw both as being necessary to achieve an adult identity

intimacy (love) & generativity (work)

The marital trajectory seems to be affected by

intrapersonal (traits, expectations), interpersonal (problem-solving skills), situational (life stresses, environmental conditions), and developmental (transitions, role change) factors

Position 2: Multiplicity (Prelegitimate)

is characterized by the student's first encounters with multiplicity, that is, multiple ideas, answers to life's questions, or points of view. Students now find themselves face-to-face with uncertainty when exposed to a mass of theories, social experiences, and information. Their confusion is exacerbated because they lack the structure to accommodate the sheer volume of ideas. Despite their confusion, however, individuals at this stage maintain the belief that some "authority" possesses the ultimate truth or right answers. It is just up to the individual to find it. It is not uncommon, according to Perry, for students to sort through and organize confusing or contradictory information by creating mental dichotomies. For example, they may distinguish between "factual" courses, such as those in the sciences, and "vague" courses, such as those in the humanities. Students who pursue fields that are relatively clear-cut, at least at the early stages of study, may experience confusion when they later have to confront the multiplicity inherent in advanced levels of study. (Remember our examples of multiple truth systems in advanced sciences.)

Agency

is explained as a "powerful extension of the self", which "involves generating, creating, and producing things, ideas, people, events...". This depends upon one's self-knowledge, their sense of identity, & the chance to work on what matches interests, values, & skills. As noted, these are all important parts of successful career planning.

racial crossover effect .

is found in that whereas African American teens are involved in less substance use than White teens, when it comes to adulthood the reverse is found. Adult African Americans tend to use substances more than White American adults

Alcohol consumption

is greater for males than females, and it is greater for Caucasians than for other ethnic or racial groups, although Hispanics run a close second to Caucasians

Minority stress

is high levels of stress experienced by members of a stigmatized group. Interpersonal prejudice & discrimination are the main causes, but so are poor social support & lower economic status

A social type ___________________

is likely to be sociable, friendly, cooperative, kind, tactful, and understanding and is often a good match to occupations that involve working with others to educate, to cure, or to enlighten them—such as counseling or social work (Holland)

Vocational self-concept (Super)

is part of one's total identity. It includes ideas about which qualities of the self would (or would not) provide a match to the requirements of an occupation is a function of two things: first, a person's view of his personal or psychological characteristics, and second, how he assesses his life circumstances, such as the limits or opportunities created by economic conditions; by his socioeconomic status; by his family, friendship network, and community; and so on.

postformal or fifth-stage

is predicated on the idea that people begin to recognize that logical solutions to problems can depend upon the perspective of the problem-solver. It takes the recognition that most problems have multiple causes & solutions, some solutions are better choices than others, & all problems have an element of uncertainty.

Position 1: Strict Dualism

is really a downward extrapolation of higher stages, given that virtually no one enters college at this level. Strict dualistic thinking implies a rigid adherence to authoritarian views, a childlike division between in-group (the group that includes me, my family, and authorities who have the "right" idea) and out-group (the group that is "wrong" or has no legitimate authority). Individuals in this stage simply never think to question their belief that authority embodies rightness. Because most adolescents have struggled with parents over autonomy issues and have experienced peers and teachers who, at the very least, have exposed them to various viewpoints, it is unlikely that many students would enter college with this extremely simplistic view of the world

fifth stage (postformal) of logical thought

is said to evolve as people begin to recognize that logical solutions to problems can come out differently depending on the perspective of the problem solver.

Life satisfaction

is seen as the cognitive aspect of happiness, while positive/negative moods are the emotional parts.

Communion

is shown in people's caring for the next generation, even if it means sacrificing their own well-being for the good of the next generations. This is demonstrated in giving, offering, & contributing

Selection

is the narrowing of goals & limiting where one expends effort. This is something people naturally do at all ages, changing the direction & efforts people choose to put their energy into (like work versus family or vice versa).

Crystallized intelligence

is the pragmatics (Baltes et al., 2006), which are the accumulation of skills & information acquired through life. Your text likens it to "software", also known as declarative or procedural knowledge. It is less likely to decline with age & for some, it actually increases with old age.

bargaining

is to try to postpone the inevitable by making promises, usually to a higher power. Sometimes individuals will try to delay death until some memorable event, such as an anniversary or a child's marriage, takes place. The individual may offer some prize, such as "a life dedicated to God," if the chance to live longer is granted

cannot classify

is used when protocols do not meet the criteria for other categories. Only a very small number of cases fall into this classification. Data on AAI classifications and psychopathology demonstrate that psychiatric disorders are clearly associated with insecure status and that, in particular, unresolved status is the clearest predictor of emotional disturbance

Jewish law

is very sensitive to the emotional pain of the bereaved, it has structured rituals to explicitly provide them comfort. During the service, an emotional eulogy encourages mourners to vent their feelings by crying. During the recitation of the Kaddish (ritual prayer for the dead), there is similar encouragement. Flowers are not a part of funerals because they signify happiness During the mourning period (called Aninut), the focus is on caring for & supporting the bereaved. According to Jewish law, mourners are exempt from normal religious obligations like religious studies. Outward displays of anger & sadness are promoted by customs like Kreiah (ritual tearing of garments) & breaking a shard on the lintel of the house of the deceased. Mirrors in the house are also covered. As the family sits Shiva (a 7-day mourning period), visitors come to console the bereaved, with emotional comfort & social support seen as important to help people move beyond the pain of their loss to acceptance. After the official 12-month grieving period is completed, the Kaddish is again recited & any excessive outward expressions of mourning are expected to end

job crafting

it has been proposed that if employees can be actively involved in improving the fit by shaping their jobs, this might certainly lead to greater job satisfaction These include choices of kinds of tasks or projects they are involved in, through negotiation with employers to modify what their job entails, by being proactive in seeking feedback, & by modifying elements of their jobs that involve relationships, among others

By_______________ and early adulthood, romantic partners may satisfy all the needs of the attachment system

late adolescence

Abilities that are heavily dependent on control, arm-hand steadiness, precision, and stamina tend to peak ______________

later.

With the "______________" of children & the empty-nest, couples need to re-evaluate & re-negotiate their relationship. Their adult children, themselves will have to balance their own attachments to their family of origin with those they establish outside of the family. Their parents, in turn need to come to accept these extrafamilial attachments, their careers & other personal choices.

launching

same-sex couples (especially________________couples) tend to promote equal power in relationships & divide household duties, child-rearing, & decision-making more equally.

lesbian

Another large longitudinal study of adolescents and young adults found that even as teens,______________youth, especially girls, were at higher risk of alcohol abuse than heterosexuals

lesbian, gay and bisexual

Avoidant males experience _____________distress when their relationships end than others, but that is not the case for avoidant females.

less

Children's exposure to marital conflict both during the marriage & after divorce has an impact, as well. Interestingly (& not surprisingly), if children were exposed to chronic marital conflict, they will often do better with parents' divorce if they are then exposed to ____________ conflict afterwards & their parents are less distressed

less

Crystallized intelligence is _____________ likely than fluid intelligence to show declines with age and, for some individuals, can increase even into old age

less

Despite greater equity, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2011), women earn _____________ than men

less

Indirect consequences of parental conflict include parents' tendency to interact with children ___________effectively, as well as behaving more negatively & less sensitively towards them than other parents (Cox, Paley, & Harter, 2001). Sadly, this is even seen in infants who experience frequent parental conflict, as they display less secure attachments & poorer emotional regulation

less

with gay men_____________likely to maintain exclusivity to their primary partner & male couples more likely to agree to non-exclusivity than lesbian or male-female couples

less

the experience of a ____________ college education accelerates the growth process, particularly in a society that values pluralism, because students are invariably confronted with diversity of thought, values, and beliefs.

liberal arts

It appears that fluctuations in the family____________ did not predict changes in marital satisfaction but were an artifact of the cross-sectional design

life cycle

Stressors have been divided into two varieties

life events, daily hassles

In Levinson's account (e.g., Levinson, 1986; Levinson & Levinson, 1996; Levinson, Darrow, Klein, Levinson, & McKee, 1978), a person's life has structure at any given time. One's ____________ is a pattern of relationships between the self and the external world, such as relationships to one's "spouse, lover, family, occupation, religion, leisure, and so on" (Levinson, 1986). There may be many components to the life structure, but Levinson found that at any one time there are usually only one or two really significant, defining components for the self, usually marriage-family and/or occupational components

life structure

Depression often coexists with other disorders, such as a_______________ in children

nxiety & impulse-control disorders (ADHD)

We can't think that dementia is characteristic of most elderly. In fact, some suspect that the formation of the plaques & tangles happens in varying degrees for all of us. It has been demonstrated that some environments provide some form of protection from the development of dementia (as in______________________

lifelong education & intellectual stimulation

occur to some extent in all of us. Some environments seem to enhance or reduce AD rates. For example,__________________seem to decrease the risk

lifelong education and intellectual stimulation

The longitudinal research demonstrates that many skills (____________________) improve during these years. In addition, Schaie (1994) has shown that the greatest improvement is in knowledge acquisition or breadth (like understanding verbal meanings)

like spatial orientation ability & inductive reasoning

Social role theory,

like that of Eagly and her colleagues, paints a complex picture of what contributes to leadership development and success for women and men in today's world (e.g., Eagly, 2007). When an individual fills a role, like a leadership role, the role itself influences their behavior

Hesse (2008) used Grice's (1975) analyses of_____________mechanisms to score the interviews. The criteria include truthfulness as shown by evidence, succinctness, relevance to the topic, clarity, & organization of responses. The coder's assessment of the person's early attachment quality was another criterion, as well as the interviewee's language used during interview (angry, passive, derogatory, etc.).

linguistic & conversational

Despite these changes, and despite a general slowing of sexual response times, sexual functioning and sexual pleasure seem to be affected very ______________for most women

little

Those studies that have investigated the existence of stages in bereavement find _____________ evidence to support the belief that people grieve in a linear, predictable fashion

little

many researchers have found ____________ evidence of widespread midlife distress, although they have found indications of shifting concerns at midlife

little

Depressive symptoms in late life are different from those that younger people are likely to report. The elderly are more likely to report_______________ as well as somatic symptoms. Pain, insomnia, and loss of appetite are common. Older individuals are less likely than younger adults to report guilt, self-deprecation, dysphoric mood, or suicidal ideation

loss of interest, hopelessness, and helplessness

Gottman (1993, 1999) has developed a unique approach to examining marital dynamics. His "_____________" studies couples interacting with each other so as to understand what makes marriages succeed or fail. In so doing, he is attempting to build a theory about marital stability & dissolution that can be applied clinically

love lab

Sternberg (2006) elaborated on his initial theory, suggesting people have "_____________" or implicit narratives for love that lead to their mate selection & unfolding of their relationships. If people have similar scripts or love stories have the best chance of being compatible. Each script also focuses on certain elements & is heavily influenced by cultural values.

love stories

One interesting research finding is that, in addition to age and culture, training and experience in occupations that involve _______________ life's problems seem to promote wisdom

managing and reviewing

In the past, sociologists have emphasized the achievement and timing of ________________ as criteria for adulthood

marker events

Research has even documented that_____________partners tend to live longer

married

Praising process ("You found a good way to do it") fosters a __________________

mastery orientation

Schommer (1990) has shown that if students believe learning should be rapid, extended concentration is useless, & memorizing facts is sufficient for learning, they perform poorly on ______________, even if they were highly confident of their ability. By contrast, those who do better tend to disagree that knowledge is certain & that simplistic answers are sufficient as explanations

mastery tests

even in these positions, there are still some gender traditions that linger. For instance, women are under-represented in fields that are _______________ (like chemistry, computer science, economics, engineering, math, & physics), according to Ceci & Williams (2010). By contrast, they continue to be over-represented in care-giving fields like child care, education, nursing, & social work

math-intensive

in South Africa, males consider a woman's ________________to keep house as a more important factor. Similarly, Buss (1989) notes that Chinese women view emotional stability & desire for a family as more important factors when it comes to mate selection.

maturity & ability

Despite greater social acceptance of alternative family styles, researchers have discovered that good marriages or primary relationships confer a number of physical and psychological benefits that other states may not provide (e.g., Diener, Tamir, & Scollon, 2006; Lucas, 2007). For example, married people report generally higher levels of happiness than unmarried people (Hoppmann, Gerstorf, Willis, & Schaie, 2011). They have lower rates of______________than their unmarried counterparts

mental illness, drug and alcohol abuse, and physical illness

Part of what people may learn as they confront adult problems and responsibilities is the limits of their own problem-solving abilities. That is, they may grow in _________________understanding, recognizing that in some circumstances logical thinking will lead to a clear solution but that in other circumstances they must make decisions based in part on values, needs, and goals

metacognitive

Research with teens & young adults has shown the negative impact of binge drinking on memory development & learning ability (Ballie; 2001). Luckily, some research suggests that longitudinally, problem drinking & drug use during the young adult period tended to decline by the ______________ (Johnston et al., 2009). The researchers found that the reasons for drinking changed from having a good time with friends to relaxing/relieving tension by closer to 30. Interestingly, the study also found that those in college abused substances more than peers not in college.

mid-20's

Independent of these age-related diseases, other age-related deficits like loss of visual acuity, loss of sensitivity to peripheral movement, greater need for recovery time after exposure to glare, & reduced night vision all impact on driving safety. However, according to the U.S. Bureau of the Census (2012), until people are in their ____________, this doesn't impact significantly on accident rates

mid-70s

They suggest that crystallized intelligence, as represented by measures of verbal ability and factual knowledge, does not decline until the ___________, and the declines are modest thereafter

mid-70s

The full flower of postformal thinking may not be realized until _________ adulthood or even later, but the experiences of young adulthood contribute to the reconstruction of logical thinking.

middle

Allemand, Zimprich, & Hendriks (2008) have found that conscientiousness & agreeableness appear to increase to a certain extent during early & _______________

middle adulthood

Erikson described generativity as most influential in ______________, but some recent work indicates that young adults are also influenced by generativity as they plan and launch their work lives.

middle adulthood

Establishing generativity is the primary developmental task of _____________ according to Erikson

middle adulthood

In the expectable rhythm of life, most people begin to take the prospect of their own mortality more seriously during _________________

middle adulthood

As children move into ______________, the family waters are often somewhat becalmed. If there is a honeymoon period between parents and children, this is it

middle childhood

Chiriboga (1997) suggests that the stress is higher for ____________than older adults

middle-aged

Schaie's description of environmental pressures clearly is focused on typical ______________ experiences in Western cultures.

middle-class

At the same time that their children reach adolescence, parents are often coming into their 40s & 50s, a time when they are dealing with their own developmental issues (like physical aging, & maybe a "______________"). Indeed, Sternberg & Silk (2002) note the interaction of adolescent development & parental midlife distress. The arguments about day-to-day matters & de-idealization of parents also contribute to parents' lesser well-being. Much research suggests that this is the time when marital & life satisfaction is at its lowest.

midlife review

Teasdale and colleagues (Teasdale et al., 2000; Teasdale et al., 2002) view _______________as the main ingredient in therapeutic change in cognitive behavioral therapy because of its capacity to short circuit negative thought cycling, to liberate us from the tyranny of the mental rules we establish for ourselves and others, and to allow for dispassionate observation of thinking.

mindfulness

What are the protections against encroaching stress sensitivity due to temperament, stressful life events, or age? In general, cultivating _________________ are increasingly viewed as antidotes to stress and health-compromising emotions like anger and hostility

mindfulness and positive emotions

Perry's last four pertain to

moral and identity development

, Halm et al. (2006) found that even those caregivers who report strong feelings of mastery, they may even experience __________care giving burden than others because they may tend to work harder

more

Previously, work had indicated that those whose incomes increased over time did not experience_____________ happiness than people whose incomes failed to increase

more

on the average, gay couples have ___________ sex than heterosexual couples, who have more frequent sex than lesbian couples

more frequent

Second stage of dementia middle stage (from the 2nd to 4th or 5th year

more general confusion may be in evidence. People might have problems remembering even very recent events, may wander away from home & get lost, as well as unable to make meals or perform self-care. At this stage, people may become quite upset about memory loss, maybe even paranoid if they can't remember where they've put things or what they've done. Some may even blame others for these errors, others may become hostile in reaction to their confusion & frustration

immunosuppression

more likely to get sick because of break down in immune system due to increased stress and cortisol levels

The Forgotten Half

name given to just under ½ of the young adult population who didn't go to college in 1988 by the Wm. T. Grant Foundation Commission on Work, Family, & Citizenship. As they noted, these are the people who "determine how well the American family, economy, & democracy function

sandwich generation

namely that group of individuals described in Chapter 13 who have caregiving responsibilities for generations both younger and older than themselves.

Social role theory predicts that how a woman or a man will behave in a managerial or other leadership position is largely constrained by the ________________ of the position

nature

The most accurate predictor of divorce was high levels of _____________ (which is the likelihood that one partner's negative emotions will follow from the other's negativity). This is explained by a combination of the influence of biases in information processing (like seeing the other's qualities as negative), elevated physiological arousal (interpreting anger or arousal), negative behavioral interactions (like being critical or defensive), & not responding to the partner's attempts to get attention

negative affect reciprocity

This is accomplished through the combined influences of information processing biases (e.g., seeing the other's qualities as negative), heightened physiological arousal (e.g., interpreting arousal as anger), negative behavioral interactions (e.g., being critical and defensive), and failing to respond to a partner's bids for attention.

negative affect reciprocity

What turns out to predict marital dissolution best? A high level of_____________is a distinguishing feature

negative affect reciprocity

Extraverts (outside-focused) are found to be happier than introverts (inward-focused). Neuroticism is _____________correlated with happiness.

negatively

When it comes to sensitivity to pain (__________________), this may increase with age. This seems to be related to stress & systematic inflammatory processes (with stress amplifying reactivity of the limbic & sympathetic nervous systems). Vieck (2006) suggests a cascade effect where pain-sensitive neurons receive pain signals & amplify them, with the heightened pain experience being supported by chemicals involved in a chronic inflammatory response (which is initiated & driven by chronic stress).

nocioception

Crisis-level distress seems most likely to occur as a function of major life events, like financial problems or job loss, which can happen at any time. Individuals who score high on the personality trait of _______________are particularly likely to suffer acute distress

neuroticism

Hill et al. (2012) found that those who are high in conscientiousness tend to complete college. They also found that those high in __________ are more likely to divorce.

neuroticism

One particularly robust finding from many investigations of marriages is that ______________ is moderately related to lower levels of marital satisfaction and higher levels of relationship dissolution

neuroticism

Soto and Luhmann (2013) found that income had a more powerful influence on SWB for individuals high in _____________ than it did for their more extroverted and less anxious peers.

neuroticism

high________________ is related to greater social comparison

neuroticism

The Five Factor Model (Big 5), as they are called, represent the most basic dimensions of personality:

neuroticism (N), extraversion (E), openness (O), agreeableness (A), and conscientiousness (C).

they found that _________________ seem to decline relatively

neuroticism, openness, & extraversion

As opposed to seeing young adulthood as a time of achieving postformal thinking, Schaie (1977/1978; Schaie & Willis, 2000) instead focuses on how intellectual functioning is determined by __________. Environmental pressures people face at different times of life are what impact on the stages of cognitive development

new roles, needs, & responsibilities

According to Buckley & Owsley (2003), adults' _____________ vision declines twice as fast as their daytime vision.

night

As a disease, arthritis has ___________ cure & can only be managed. Rest & pain relief are used to manage it, but maintaining some activity is important to keep up flexibility & range of motion. For some, injection of a synthetic substance to provide a cushion can improve movement in targeted joints, while hip- & knee-replacement surgeries are becoming increasingly more common

no

Gay men are less likely to restrict sex to their primary partner than lesbian or heterosexual women or heterosexual men, and male couples are more likely to openly agree to be ______________ than female couples or male-female couples

non-exclusive

In _____________ societies, they work alongside adults, caring for younger children, doing household tasks, helping with farm animals, working in the fields, or hunting. They are expected both to contribute to the productive efforts of the community and to learn the skills they will need as full-fledged adults.

nonindustrial

Just as history-graded changes can significantly affect the development of a whole cohort, individual lives are also changed by unexpected events. These events are called _________________, "bolt from the blue" experiences that we don't anticipate, yet that can have powerful developmental effects. Crises such as traumatic illnesses, accidents, imprisonment, the untimely death of a loved one, or even positive events such as winning a lottery can be considered nonnormative. They create new sets of circumstances for people, and these have the potential to alter developmental trajectorie

nonnormative events

They also found that in economically advantaged countries where security is high, organized religion was rated as less important to overall happiness. Those who are _______________ in such societies tend to report higher SWB

nonreligious

The problem here is the differentiation between ______________ (also called chronic, unresolved, pathological), with the conclusion to view it as depression needing medication

normal & complicated grieving

there is a body of work that examines the outcomes of a person's attachment to his primary caregiver in infancy, once the person becomes an adult. This has been referred to as the __________________

nuclear family tradition

Resources can include ______________. When stressed, people seek to minimize the cost to their net resource capacity. Individuals also seek to increase their resources during nonstressful times, to accumulate a reserve

objects (material possessions like a home or car), conditions (marriage, job status), personal characteristics (self-esteem, hope), or energies (time)

Compensation

occurs when a loss prevents the use of one means to an end, so that people compensate by finding another means. ("When things don't work the way they used to, I look for other ways to achieve them.")

Retreat

occurs when individuals revert to dualistic thinking in times of stress in order to seek the intellectual security of absolute right or wrong, a position that is unavailable at the level of committed relativism.

disenchantment

occurs when people begin to experience an emotional "letdown" as they face the day-to-day realities of retirement, such as separation from work colleagues, uncertainties about how to feel competent and in control, a sense of diminished generativity and meaningfulness, new tensions that may arise with one's partner, financial concerns, and perhaps, boredom

Absence of grieving,

on the other end of the continuum, was viewed by Bowlby and others (Deutch, 1937; Parkes, 1965) as a maladaptive defense against the trauma of loss. In this response, characteristic of a highly avoidant attachment pattern, bereaved individuals suppress grief and try to exclude frightening and painful feelings from consciousness. Despite the lack of consistency in empirical support, the concept of abnormal grief has been accepted in clinical practice (Rando, 1993). It is widely assumed that people should demonstrate great distress after a loss and that failure to do so is abnormal, a condition often called the "requirement of mourning

Herr, Cramer, & Niles (2003) demonstrated that most students change majors at least __________ in college, but these tend to be within related disciplines

once

Also, older adults are more likely to involve both sides of the brain in performing a task when younger adults may only use _____________ side

one

Mid-20th century, some developmentalists in the U.S. became interested in the decline that happens with aging, so then there were 2 divergent areas:

one focusing on child development & the other on gerontology

responsible stage of middle adulthood

one must learn to use her problem-solving skills not only to achieve her own goals but also to help coordinate her needs with those of others for whom she is responsible at home, at work, and in the community

reorganizational stage of one's elder years

one's focus narrows again to reaching personal, practical, day-to-day goals as an adult devotes her thinking skills to managing her losses

Life span developmental theory provides such an organizational framework. It can be construed as a kind of macrotheory under whose umbrella all the processes of _____________, or the development of organisms,

ontogeny

Lifespan developmental theory bridges the gap, describing ______________ (or growth) throughout the life cycle

ontogeny

example of "the person who" fallacy

ou are concerned that her sedentary lifestyle is contributing both to her depression and to other health problems. When you introduce the idea, however, she counters, "That won't help. I have a neighbor who has run 20 miles a week for all the years I've known her, but she had to be hospitalized last year because she was suicidal."

McCrae et al. (1999) f

ound highly consistent trends among German, Italian, Portuguese, Croatian, and Korean groups. Despite their differing historical experiences and cultural contexts, older individuals across cultures were slightly higher in agreeableness and conscientiousness and somewhat lower in extraversion and openness to experience than younger adults. The authors suggest that these trends are universal and maturity-dependent. In other words, "persons grow and change, but they do so on the foundation of enduring dispositions"

Subjective well-being (SWB) is frequently used synonymously with happiness, possibly because its dimensions have been well-studied. The most commonly used measurements of SWB incorporate three separable factors:

overall life satisfaction, frequency of positive and of negative moods

called subjective well-being is often used interchangeably with happiness, because it has received a lot of study. As such, the 3 factors commonly measured for SWB are:

overall life satisfaction, frequency of positive moods, & frequency of negative moods

older people are sometimes prone to making "_______________" to relative strangers about illnesses, loss of a loved one, and other personal problems (e.g., Coupland, Coupland, Giles, Henwood, & Wiemann, 1988). For the elderly, self-disclosures may serve self- presentational goals, such as indicating resilience, but for younger listeners they tend to strengthen stereotypes of the elderly as weak or lonely

painful self-disclosures

hospice movement, which serves people suffering from terminal illness, is a good example of a ____________, patient-centered approach.

palliative

Much research has gone on to show that ________________ are 2 of the most important elements for end-of-life that patients & families both report

palliative care (or comfort care) & the ability to prepare for death

There is no question that serious adversities in childhood are related to depression later in life. These would include ____________________, which are seen as contributing significantly to psychopathology

parental loss, family disruption, neglectful/abusive parenting

Several studies have implicated the transition to _____________as the culprit in the loss of marital satisfaction

parenthood

Some (Belsky & Kelly, 1994) suggest that it is the transition to _______________ which causes the loss of marital satisfaction

parenting

Sternberg (1986) suggested that ___________________ are all involved in forming a relationship. (We'll talk more about this later.)

passion (erotic attraction or feelings), intimacy (which promotes connection & closeness), commitment (the decision to continue a relationship)

Sternberg's (1986) triangular theory of love, showing 8 kinds of love), it has 3 elements: _________________

passion, intimacy, & commitment

With respect to end-of-life, the best combination of our well-practiced communication skills is to be _______________, blending empathic listening with providing information in order to offer the greatest support.

patient-centered

Age stereotyping can also affect the quality of social interactions, as people often talk to older people __________________. This is evidenced in simpler vocabulary & sentence structure, slower pace, more careful articulation, overly familiar or overbearing tone, as well as content that is disapproving, controlling, or superficial

patronizingly

Chinese value _______________, Western cultures seem to put a greater value on positive experiences that elicit excitement & elation

peace of mind

Chinese, for example, prize ______________(peaceful, calm) over the kinds of positive experience (elated, excited) valued in Western cultures

peace of mind

Individual factors that seemed to impact on successful adjustment included

pension eligibility, high self-esteem, & positive friend identity (or how they viewed themselves in the role of a friend

reintegrative stage

people move further into their elder years they need less and less to acquire new domains of knowledge or to figure out new ways of applying what they know, and many are motivated to conserve physical and psychological energy elderly people are often unwilling to waste time on tasks that are meaningless to them, and their cognitive efforts are aimed more and more at solving immediate, practical problems that seem critically important to their daily functioning

executive stage

people who take on supervisory functions at work and in the community, the extended impact of one's problem solving is even greater than for others requiring that one focus heavily on learning about complex relationships, multiple perspectives, commitment, and conflict resolution. Such individuals must sharpen skills in integrating and hierarchically organizing such relationships

, Arnett (2000, 2004, 2007) has suggested a new way of looking at it. Not only does he consider timing of marker events, but he includes __________________of what makes them adults in his conceptualization. How he looked at it was that if people's own judgment of adult status used different criteria than marker events, there might be more consistency found between cultures or within the same culture.

people's own notions

It is the ______________ (believing they are similar) that has been shown to predict attraction to both potential & current partners (Taylor et al., 2011). Interestingly, it has been shown to be more important to selection than real similarities

perceived similarity

McCrae & Costa (2006) suggest that experience rarely causes large changes in personality but rather, it is ____________ that influences choices & experiences. As Soto (2015) explains it, based on their personalities, people choose behaviors, contexts, lifestyles & mates, & the outcomes of these choices & experiences would then strengthen & stabilize these traits.

personality

Overall, their life satisfaction had less to do with life circumstances & most to do with _____________(with quality of sleep a big factor in quality of satisfaction & overall enjoyment of life).

personality & mental health

one reason for the ready availability of testimonials is, of course, the ________________. People sometimes improve with attention or in the course of time, no matter what the medical or psychological intervention

placebo effect

Clausen (1993) found that _______________, which is a trait characteristic of people who are highly dependable & self-reliant, shows consistency through adulthood

planful competence

Yet another possible explanation for continuity is that certain kinds of personality styles show more consistency than others.

planful competence, a trait found in people who are highly dependable and self-reliant, tends to be consistent across adulthood. Similarly, Hampson (2008) reports that high levels of conscientiousness in childhood tend to predict well-being in adulthood, and she speculates that conscientious individuals may ". . . gravitate to niches that are compatible with their attributes, including relatively safe environments for work and leisure. . . and are likely to evoke positive reactions in other people, which will serve over time to sustain these traits and related behaviors"

In all forms of AD, extensive brain changes include the formation of ____________, clumps of insoluble protein that are damaging to neurons, and _______, twisted filaments of another protein, which may interfere with communication between neurons and even cause cell death

plaques, tangles

Overall, Gottman found that it didn't matter the type of conflict styles couples exhibited, it was the amount of overall _______________ in the relationships (as in humor, interest, affection, validation) & their ability to soothe hurt or angry feelings. No matter their conflict style, it was the ratio of 5 to 1 (positivity to negativity) that made all the difference.

positivity

conservation of resources (COR) theory

posits that the primary stress trigger is loss, either through a primary loss event (bereavement, injury), transitions that involve loss (children leaving home, retirement), threats to aspects of the self (demotion, lack of acknowledgment for accomplishments), or challenges that incorporate some aspects of loss (job promotion that involves a move to a new location).

Beyond formal operations, some have continued on with Piaget's conceptions, taking them a step further. The suggestion is of _______________ thinking (Arlin, 1984). Some of these even suggest substages

postformal or fifth-stage

In using ___________________, the problem-solver has to be able to reconcile conflicting approaches to the same problem simultaneously. Each is logically consistent & provides a valid solution. The logic of each makes sense & each is incorporated into the bigger picture. Even if one is chosen as the solution, there is recognition that others can be equally valid.

postformal or fifth-stage thinking

Several scheme attempt to describe the cognitive shifts that might occur in the adult years. Among these theories are those that propose a stage of adult cognitive thought that has variously been called ____________, implying an extension of Piaget's sequence of stages

postformal or fifth-stage thinking

If we follow Sinnott, whatever "truth" or theory that is decided upon becomes your "true description of the world". However, you have reached ______________ if you are aware of the inherent contradictions between the various theories & that each could as likely be "true" (or valid).

postformal thought

What Sinnott describes as postformal thought is what Chandler (1987; Chandler et al., 1990) describes as ______________

postskeptical rationalism

Salthouse (2009) questioned the findings with regards to age changes in cognition found using longitudinal studies with a reanalysis of the results statistically removing "_______________". What he found was the same results that were seen in the cross-sectional studies of gradual decline.

practice effects

Differences in age for peak performance are due to a number of factors, which would include __________________

practice, experience, knowledge, training, & biological capacity.

Labouvie-Vief (1980, 2006), who sees the change from adolescence to adulthood involving transformation from hypothetical thought to _____________ (which uses logic to deal with everyday problems). It requires being able to accept inconsistency, contradiction, & ambiguity, as well as flexibility. Similarly, she notes that through this stage, young adults develop ____________________(which is the ability to be aware of one's emotions, integrate both positive & negative feelings about an issue, & then be able to regulate any intense emotions to be able to make logical decisions). In fact, developmental research indicates that young adults are far better than adolescents at making rational decisions & are less inclined to let emotional thinking influence them

pragmatic thought, cognitive-affective flexibility

EFs involve activation of the ____________, and they affect strategic planning and problem solving, creative thinking, maintaining attention on what is important in a situation, adapting to changing circumstances, avoiding impulsive actions, and so on. EFs show some declines in middle adulthood. These declines are related to changes in fluid intelligence, especially changes in processing speed and ability to gate out irrelevant stimuli

prefrontal cortex

In brain imaging studies, older adults frequently show underactivation of some brain sites and overactivation of other sites, especially the _____________, relative to younger adults.

prefrontal lobes

students attending private universities are more likely to choose _______________majors than students attending public 4-year colleges

premed

Auditory sensitivity begins to decline in the 30s. Age-related hearing loss (_____________, or "old hearing") begins in response to high-frequency/high-pitched sounds

presbycusis

Sapolsky (2004)

presents an interesting hypothesis that the ability to recover from stress differentiates who becomes depressed when stressed & those who don't. Evidence shows a gene variant that limits how effective a neurotransmitter system is to recover may determine who is at risk. As such, medications like the SSRIs help in the recovery of neurotransmitter systems, which may explain how for some patients it helps with symptom reduction

Heckhausen (1999) maintains that whatever challenges are faced in meeting needs, people use 2 broad types of strategies to control their destinies. These are __________________

primary & secondary control strategies.

When our control efforts are attempts to affect the immediate environment beyond ourselves, we are exerting _____________. The growth of competencies of all kinds serves primary control functions and contributes to feelings of mastery and self-esteem. When we choose to develop some competencies and not others (that is, when we engage in selection, such as choosing a career) we are using a primary control strategy. When new retirees freely choose and plan their retirements, they are using primary control strategies

primary control

Several theorists argue that whatever challenges we face in meeting our needs, there are two broad types of strategies that people use to control their destinies.

primary control secondary control

unresolved (insecure)

produce transcripts characterized by marked lapses in logical thinking, particularly when these individuals discuss loss or other traumatic memories. One example of a lapse in reasoning might be an interviewee's mention of a deceased parent as still living. Hesse and Main (1999b) have suggested that these abrupt shifts may be related to temporary changes in consciousness, possibly due to the arousal of unintegrated fear. Individuals in this category may also receive a secondary classification of dismissive or preoccupied. The children of unresolved individuals show a higher frequency of disorganized attachment patterns than other children.

generativity included both _________________

productivity & creativity

social exchange and behavioral theories

proposes that increasing problems and mounting conflicts gradually escalate to overwhelm the originally positive perceptions spouses held for each other. Over time, couples who experience chronic conflict and who fail to negotiate it adequately may "fall out of love" with each other once they perceive that the costs of the relationship outweigh its benefits.

Protest

protest, follows. Bereaved individuals may experience periods of obsessive yearning or searching for the lost loved one as well as bouts of restlessness or irritability

Autonomous (secure) adults

provide a transcript that is coherent and collaborative. They answer questions with enough detail to provide sufficient evidence without giving excessive information. For example, incidents of caregiver insensitivity are described matter-of-factly, without embellishment or defensiveness. Secure adults also demonstrate the ability to integrate and monitor their thinking, summarize answers, and return the conversation to the interviewer. They seem to be less egocentric in their presentation than insecure individuals, and they demonstrate good perspective-taking skills. Secure individuals acknowledge the importance of attachment-related experiences in their development. Their memories of the parenting they received match up with the specific instances they present to the interviewer as illustrations. The emotions they express, both verbally and facially, are consistent with the content of their remarks

Erikson's ideas about one's sense of industry are similar to what Bandura and his colleagues have called_______________beliefs

self-efficacy

Erikson purposefully incorporated the _______________ view, that quality of life is continually impacted by & impacts on social relationships. We know that positive relationships are an integral part of overall well-being. Simply put, they are a protective factor such that caring for others in life always has a positive return, but particularly in old age & end-of-life.

psychosocial

Rothbart and her colleagues (Rothbart, Ahadi, & Evans, 2000) call adult personality an outcome of temperament because it arises from constitutionally based differences in systems such as_________________

reactivity (excitability, responsivity) and self-regulation (modulation of activity).

Bonanno & Keltner (1997)

provide evidence that minimizing the expression of negative emotions can provide some benefit to the bereaved. In their study of people who had lost their spouses, the bereaved who displayed high levels of emotional distress at 6 months post-loss continued to have poorer outcomes after 2 years. In comparison, those who had lower levels of distress reported better health & lower levels of grief after the same 2 years. In a similar vein, Bonanno et al. (1999) found that some level of detachment was in fact predictive of positive outcomes & wasn't related to adjustment problems

Dismissing (insecure) individuals

provide transcripts that are characterized by markedly low levels of detail and coherence. They are likely to describe parents as very positive or idealized; however, they do not support their evaluations with any specific evidence. Whatever details these dismissive respondents offer may actually contradict their generally favorable presentation of parental behavior. They tend to minimize or avoid discussion of attachment-related issues and downplay the importance of close relationships. When discussing nonemotional topics, dismissing individuals generate coherent and comprehensive records and can talk at some length. Responses to attachment themes, in contrast, lack elaboration. Failure to remember is often cited as a reason for the impoverished answers

Hospice care

provides the palliative, patient-centered approach, with a place to find peace & comfort at end-of-life. When the physician & patient believe that an illness is terminal & there is no cure or treatment possible, that is often the choice that is made. The hospice philosophy is that it is important for patients to have as much information about their condition as possible so that they have some control over their care. As such, it is about managing symptoms & pain using palliative (pain-reducing) medication.

The researchers examined their theory by asking children ages 6 to 17 questions addressing their 4 attachment needs. The results consistently demonstrated a shift away from parents to peers, with most approaching peers as opposed to parents ________________).

proximity maintenance

In early childhood, attachment behavior— which includes __________________—is the most important behavioral system because it serves the ultimate goal of survival

proximity maintenance, separation distress, and treatment of the caregiver as both a safe haven and a secure base

Beginning in infancy, we know that the attachment system has 4 functions:

proximity maintenance, separation distress, secure base, & safe haven.

infancy, as we have stated, all four functions of the attachment system (________________________) depend on the presence of an attachment figure, and infant behavior toward the caregiver clearly is adapted to meet these goals.

proximity maintenance, separation distress, secure base, safe haven

When security is threatened, the attachment system is triggered, and_______________ behaviors increase

proximity-seeking

According to Staudinger (1999), wisdom is more than cognitive skills, as it requires expertise in the "_______________", which includes motivation, emotional regulation, other-directed versus self-directed orientation, tolerance for ambiguity, & insight

psychological art of life

graduate students in ______________, a discipline that emphasizes statistical reasoning, show higher levels of proficiency on such tasks than do graduate students in chemistry, medicine, or law.

psychology

to the surprise of many researchers. Measures of brain growth (utilizing magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI, procedures) indicate that a resurgent growth of synapses (synaptogenesis) occurs around _____________ in some parts of the brain, followed by a long period of pruning, which continues into the adult years

puberty

Ryff & Keyes (1995) compared 6 dimensions of well-being assessed with interviews of young, middle-aged, & old adults. The old adults scored higher than the other 2 on a measurement of positive relationships. With respect to environmental mastery & autonomy, they scored as high as the middle-aged & higher than the young adults. For self-acceptance, they scored as well as the other 2. The 2 areas that they scored lower on relative to the others were: ___________________

purpose in life & personal growth.

Older adults did score lower than the younger groups on two dimensions of well-being:

purpose in life and personal growth

Like Piaget, their developmental stages (or substages) are __________ different. Also like Piaget, they focus on the ___________ of different restructuring of thought. So, accommodation happens to thinking when confronted with what can't be assimilated.

qualitatively, constructivism

Research has shown that other aspects (____________) correlate with job satisfaction & engagement in work

quality of supervision, participation in decision-making, interaction with others on the job, geographic location, personal health, amount of pay

Several studies have documented the fact that avoidant-avoidant and anxious-anxious pairings are ________________

rare

pairings of two avoidant or two anxious people had been found to be extremely ____________

rare

Because both are viewed as having a biological basis, researchers have been looking for connections between the 2. An example of this is Rothbart, Ahadi, & Evans (2000), who suggest that adult personality is an outcome of temperament. Their reasoning for this is that it comes from biologically-based differences in systems like _____________

reactivity (excitability, responsivity) & self-regulation (modulation of activity).

Anxious people (craving closeness but expecting rejection) could expect to be______________

rejected & believe their needs for intimacy will not be met

6 suggested categories of personality types (or modal orientations). These include:

realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, & conventional.

There are two very salient characteristics of self-memories for adults of all ages.

recency "the bump" or the "reminiscence bump."

When it comes to self-memories, there are 2 important aspects:_______________________No matter what the age, more memories of the self from the young adult stage are produced from this time than would be predicted on the basis of recency.

recency (as in a memory's strength declines the longer time passed since it was formed) & "the bump" (or "reminiscent bump").

One important thing to remember here is that the______________suggests that healthy older people have their recent past available to them, even despite some declines in their learning efficiency.

recency effect

Elderly people actually do remember their more ________________better than earlier experiences, although the stories that they tell about themselves are often well-rehearsed experiences from the distant past.

recent experiences

in analyzing the themes of their life stories, they found those high on generativity told stories with "_______________" (progress from bad events to positive outcomes), whereas those low on generativity told stories with "contamination sequences" (progress from good experiences to bad outcomes).

redemption themes

Anxious partners, who crave closeness, may expect ___________and believe that their needs for intimacy will go unmet

rejection

Changes that accompany this reduction include thinning & coarsening of pubic hair, thinning & wrinkling of the labia, as well as changes in the vagina's chemistry that can lead to dryness & more frequent vaginal infections.

reduction in circulation of estradiol & estrogen (female hormones produced in the ovaries) ( menopause)

The terms terminal drop & terminal decline

refer to the deterioration in cognitive ability for adults approaching the end of their lives. Wilson et al. (2007) note that there is a substantial decline in intellectual functioning (as shown on intelligence tests) in the months & years before death

Temporizing

refers to delaying movement to the next stage.

Passion

refers to erotic attraction or feelings of being in love.

Intimacy

refers to feelings of attachment or emotional closeness. It characterizes one's willingness to trust another, to value her support, and to care about her well-being

Active euthanasia

refers to injection of a medication by someone else that causes immediate death

commitment

refers to making a decision to sustain a relationship with a loved one

Refusal of treatment

refers to patients' refusal of any food, water, or medical treatment that prolongs life

Kitchener (Kitchener & King, 1981; Kitchener et al., 1989) has developed a model to explain the development of ______________, which she defines as how people analyze aspects of a problem & justify their problem-solving. It is reasoning that brings together contradictions among perspectives.

reflective judgment

there are options for refusal of treatment (meaning ___________________).

refusing food, water, or medical treatment that would prolong life

Moving into the elder years, we reach the ______________, with less need to acquire new knowledge or apply what they know in new ways. For many, the motivation is to conserve their psychological & physical energy. The suggestion here is that they are less inclined to waste time or energy on what they see as meaningless to them, instead focusing efforts on immediate, practical problems related to their daily functioning

reintegrative stage (Schaie)

As we might have expected, Scharf et al. (2004) have found that attachment styles in romantic partners are predictive of ________________

relationship intimacy

all truth is_____________ but one truth may be more valid than another, depending upon the particular goals or context. (If you notice, this is remarkably similar to how "reflective practice" was defined way back in Chapter 1.)

relative

the ______________ stages are more successful in college. The reasons for this are that they study more constructively, paying attention to context, developing interpretations of information that are meaningful to them, as well as summarizing the main ideas

relativist

For Sinnott, the essence of postformal thought is that it is ___________: "Several truth systems exist describing the reality of the same event, and they appear to be logically equivalent"

relativistic

Sinnott's (1984, 1998) conception of postformal reasoning is that it is____________(meaning that with experience of hearing & experiencing multiple viewpoints, multiple arguments that contradict each other, they start to see that knowledge is relative, depending on the situation & the person who presents it). In so doing, their thinking becomes more flexible, realizing that there can be multiple truths, depending upon the context & the individual. There is a recognition that beliefs are subjective with multiple perspectives available on any issue, with each one being plausible

relativistic

The knower recognizes both the consistencies and the contradictions among the multiple systems of truth, or systems of formal operations, and depending on her goals and concerns, in many situations she will make a subjective commitment to one; in other situations, she may seek a compromise solution that integrates some of each perspective, but will not lose sight of the inherent contradictions.

relativistic (postformal thought)

Using slightly different conceptual frameworks, other researchers have demonstrated that effective problem solving is related to _______________ (Schommer, Crouse, & Rhodes, 1992) and that relativistic thinkers are more likely than dualistic thinkers to provide legitimate evidence to support their thinking and problem solving

relativistic thinking

Ryan (1984) found that ______________ were more successful in their college classes because they tended to use more constructivist approaches to studying course material

relativists

It is widely assumed that people should demonstrate great distress after a loss and that failure to do so is abnormal, a condition often called the

requirement of mourning

Kitchener later stages (5 through 7)

resemble Perry's contextual relativists in that they tend to make judgments based on a set of rules or logic in combination with personal reflection. For example, one reflective judgment problem concerned whether certain chemicals in foods, such as preservatives, are good or bad for us.

Burt & Paysnick (2012) found that people with ____________characteristics were more likely to be more stable & consistent through life.

resilient

Generally, people who possess ______________ characteristics tend to be more stable and consistent throughout life.

resilient

Once a person gets to middle adulthood, called the _______________, ill-defined/ill-structured problems still occur regularly, but now there are others who one is responsible for that have to be taken into account in problem-solving (spouse, children, coworkers, community members, depending upon the context).

responsible stage (Schaie)

Perry's is a theory of continual movement and transition. Students "_____________" for a time at each of the positions, but the dynamic clearly moves forward.

rest

Even if they make the decision to go to college, SES appears to have a negative impact on ____________(or the probability of staying in college long enough to graduate), according to the National Center for Education Statistics (2012).

retention

decline stage ( Super)

right before and after 65 for most people, the career winds down, with retirement planning and actual retirement taking precedence over career advancement and consolidation

Sources of burden of care include fatigue, uncertainty about the future, uncertainty about care procedures, discomfort with required tasks, etc. In addition, ______________ (the balance as a caregiver with other roles & responsibilities) is also a significant factor.

role strain

Nolen-Hoeksema & Larson (1999) followed bereaved individuals longitudinally for 18 months, finding at each interview point along the way that using _____________ to cope was in fact highly related to depression. In addition, those who used rumination had more problems trying to find meaning in the loss, even though they spent a lot of time trying.

rumination

people with modest but adequate incomes reported almost the _____________ levels of life satisfaction as the richest individuals (both between & within cultures & subcultures). Myers (2000) even found that people who have had a huge windfall (like winning the lottery) only become temporarily happier.

same

Women are much more likely to play these roles than men in most cultures, although many men take on some kinkeeping or caregiving responsibilities. These tasks can be particularly challenging if they coincide with the adolescence of one's children. People who carry these double responsibilities are described as being in the _______________

sandwich generation

What we do know is that intrapersonal (traits, expectations), interpersonal (problem-solving skills), situational (life stresses, environmental conditions), & developmental (transitions, role change) factors all affect marital ________________.

satisfaction

students at public institutions are more likely to choose ______________ as a career than students at private universities

school teaching

Schultz and Heckhausen indicate that our repertoire of both primary and secondary control strategies will increase with age until late midlife but that the sheer weight of late-life declines will make primary control decline as well, so that people are likely to use more ______________strategies in old age

secondary control

Applying attachment theory, it would make sense that some individuals may be more likely to pair up. For instance, research has shown that secure people (who aren't in desperate need of intimacy, but also don't avoid it) tend to pair up with other ______________ people

secure

Both secure& earned secure individuals tend to have ___________ attachments with their own children.

secure

In Bartholomew's typology, __________________ individuals have internalized a positive sense of themselves along with positive models of others. In general, they expect others to be available and supportive of their needs in close relationships. They are comfortable with emotional closeness but are also reasonably autonomous

secure

Research indicates that _____________individuals tend to be paired more often with other secure rather than insecure partners

secure

Greater self-disclosure characterizes the communication of ____________________ groups as compared to avoidant

secure and anxious

Bartholomew & Horowitz (1991) & Bartholomew & Shaver (1998) suggested a new framework with 4 categories across 2 dimensions (kind of like there were 2 dimensions of parenting style).

secure, preoccupied, fearful, dismissing

Bartholomew's typology: A four-category model of adult attachment categories.

secure, preoccupied, fearful, dismissing

generative accomplishment

seems to depend more upon how creative & productive a person feels. As such, creativity & productivity depend upon both how challenging the work is & the level of interest & expertise the person brings to it

In adapting or coping with loss, Baltes, Lindenberger, & Staudinger (2006) suggest 3 processes:

selection, optimization, & compensation

The three combined processes of successful development are called _______________

selective optimization with compensation (selection, optimization, compensation)

According to ________________, being able to meet our basic needs for autonomy, competence, & relatedness impacts greatly on a person's sense of well-being & life satisfaction

self-determination theory

For students who are career-oriented, they have already decided on a career & then choose a major that is compatible with it. By contrast, Goodson (1978) has found that for those who are interested in _______________, they choose a major first & then look at career possibilities.

self-development

Both secure & anxious groups tend to be more _______________as compared to those in the avoidant group

self-disclosing

The research seems to suggest that job crafting happens at all levels of employment, and is especially common in employees who have good ________________

self-esteem, feelings of self-efficacy, & good skills at self-regulation

________________is a critical element in career decision making

self-knowledge

Actually, Chandler et al. don't see postskeptical rationalism as an advancement over operational thought. Instead, they view it as resulting from _______________. This they define as greater metacognitive awareness which itself results from "an ongoing effort to reflect on the status of the general knowledge process", as well as an understanding of both its strengths & limits.

self-reflection

Levy (2003) found negative _______________ in the elderly impacted on their reduced cognitive performance, will-to-live, & cardiovascular functioning.

self-stereotyping

an older person's _______________, her store of factual information, seems to have a richer network of interrelationships as a result of her greater experience, allowing her to retrieve information through many more routes than a younger person can

semantic memory

when we remember that we know some fact we're using our________________ memory; and when we remember how to do something we depend on our ___________ memory

semantic, procedural

Sperm production doesn't seem to be affected, but by the 40s & 50s, ________________ fluid is reduced

seminal

Independent of any substance use, once people are physically mature with their growth & physical development at adult levels, ______________ begins. It is a pattern of gradual age-related decline in physical functioning (Cristofalo, Tresini, & Francis, 1999). Although aging begins at maturation, measurable age-related changes begin to be visible around age 30 (although most people don't notice it until they hit middle age).

senescence

By about age 30, as people enter middle adulthood, there begins a shift from adolescing, or growing up, to___________, or "growing down"

senescing

Obviously, physical changes are the ones most easily observed. Once people arrive at 30 & middle adulthood, there is a shift from adolescing (growing up) to ___________("growing down") according to Levinson (1986). Some of these are more overt (like hair loss or skin wrinkling), but most are more subtle (like decreased immunity or cardiovascular functioning

senescing

Fitzgerald (1999) suggests that autobiographical memory serves other functions, like a "_________________", as well as being a source of information about what social interactions have worked & which haven't (procedural). In sharing these memories, it allows people to get closer to others, create impressions, & teach lessons, as well.

sense of identity in narrative form

McAdams & Bowman (2001) also found that people higher on generativity tended to describe themselves as more "____________ to others' suffering at any age" & "guided by a clear & compelling ideology that remains relatively stable over time".

sensitized

women with outstanding math skills also tend to have outstanding ______________

verbal skills

Positive emotions

serve to undo or reverse the potentially harmful impact of negative emotions

Bowlby's description of the grieving process includes four phases.

shock protest despair reorganization

Kitchener middle stages (4 and 5)

similar to Perry's multiplists, perceive knowledge as uncertain. They believe in the supremacy of personal opinion and tend to make judgments based on idiosyncratic kinds of reasoning.

There do appear to be sex differences, with men tending to peak around a year later than women for many skills. Although there don't seem to be any definitive answers for why, it is suggested that for some women, there may be earlier _______________. Other explanations are that with women having smaller, more stream-lined bodies, there may be advantages for them when it comes to speed in activities like long-distance swimming.

skeletal-muscular maturation

Dozier & Kobak (1992) suggest however, that dismissive individuals do react strongly to emotional issues. They just don't display it verbally or outwardly, although the researchers' measurements of ________________ showed significant elevations when emotional issues about childhood were discussed.

skin conductance

, the process of attaching to a caregiver in infancy is considered_______________

species-typical.

One interesting set of studies by Piedmont and colleagues suggests that there may even be a sixth personality trait that specifically relates to spirituality or "_______________," which can be defined as the ability to view life from a perspective that transcends space and time and to achieve a sense of fundamental unity with nature

spiritual transcendence

Piedmont & Leach (2002) have even suggested a 6th personality trait (in addition to the Big Five) that relates to spirituality ("_______________"). This, they have defined as the ability to view life from a perspective transcending space & time & achieving a sense of fundamental unity with nature. After consulting with theological experts in multiple Eastern & Western faiths, they developed the "spiritual transcendence scale". The researchers found the inclusion of this score improved prediction of characteristics like interpersonal style over & above scores on the Big Five

spiritual transcendence

Longitudinal studies have found substantial ______________ in personality characteristics across the life span

stability

Much research has shown that longitudinally, there is much ___________ in personality characteristics throughout life. Personality is seen as a set of traits a lot like temperament in infants

stability

Perry proposed a ___________ theory that depicts the typical intellectual and ethical transitions experienced by students in higher education settings, from absolute adherence to authority to beliefs founded on personal commitment

stage-based

Position 4: Late Multiplicity

students at this stage now fully realize that even experts differ among themselves in regard to what is true. Students handle the realization in one of two ways. One response, identified as oppositional, is characterized by legitimizing multiplicity as one pole of a new kind of dualism. The right-wrong dualism of Position 1 moves to one end of a new continuum, with multiplicity on the other end. Individuals taking this view of the world succeed in maintaining a dualistic either-or structure in their thinking. In other words, either "authority is right" or "all opinions are equally right." The second alternative, called relative subordinate, is less oppositional. Students with this perspective begin to understand that some opinions are more legitimate than others, presaging the relativism of Position 5. The value of a perspective is now understood to be related to the supporting arguments and evidence for the position. However, the consideration of alternative points of view is still done primarily under the guidance of authority

where economic security is low, levels of religiosity tend to be high, adding to people's ________________ (SWB). In contrast, people who are nonreligious in religious societies experience the least SWB, with lesser social support & less positive affect

subjective well-being

SR Theory predicts that how people behave in leadership positions depends upon the nature of the position. Although there are certainly individual characteristics, the role has specific task requirements. How one behaves also depends upon whether it is towards _______________

subordinates or superiors

. Meaning was often derived from religious or spiritual beliefs, but for others it promoted doubts about faith as it shattered their view of a just world. People who didn't begin a search for meaning appeared to also be well-adjusted. Those who struggled to find meaning & couldn't find it ______________the most.

suffered

disillusionment model

suggests that when couples have overly romanticized & optimistic views of marriage & partners, they are set up for disappointment. Proponents of this model (Miller, 1997) note that when reality sets in, these fantasies cannot coexist. It is suggested that high divorce rates & cohabitation may be due to such high expectations for marriage

The study of individual differences in the timing of peak performance for physical skills is often studied using "______________" as an example (Tanaka & Seals, 2003). It has been found that best performance in most sports seems to occur during the young adult years but the average age of greatest skill differed between sports (depending upon the type of skill-set required).

super-athletes

There are also substantial differences among different physical skills in the timing of peak performance, which is usually assessed by looking at the records of "_______________

super-athletes

Men are more "_________________," focusing on doing whatever will get the job done

task oriented

An intelligent child with an easy______________ and good social relationships is likely to weather the storm of divorce,

temperament

For those who don't want to follow through these stages, Perry had answers for those, as well

temporizing (delaying moving to the next stage). For others he suggested retreat (when people revert to the dualistic thinking during stressful times to feel the security of absolute right or wrong). And for yet others, he suggested escape (which is a total regression back to relativism when demands of commitment are too much).

Perry also accounted for individuals who refrain from taking the intellectual challenge necessary for growth through these stages. Fallback positions include____________________

temporizing, retreat, and escape

intrapersonal models

that focus on the impact of personal history or temperament on relationship success or failure. For example, a person's tendency to make positive versus negative attributions about one's partner & expectations about the future of the relationship can have an impact on relationship quality over time (McNulty & Karney, 2004). How quickly individuals recover from conflict has also been shown to have an effect

Ironically, the materialistic goals that motivate many (not just Americans) not only don't appear to bring happiness, but have other negative side effects. Myers (2000) calls this "______________

the America paradox

North Americans, per capita income and standard of living rose steadily from the mid 1950s through the late 1990s, yet the percentage of people who claimed to be very happy remained level or declined slightly (see Figure 14.1). At the same time, rates of depression and other pathologies soared. Myers (2000) calls this inverse ratio of affluence to pathology "__________________."

the American paradox

super-athletes peak times

the average age at which Olympic swimmers win gold medals is 19; professional golfers typically do not achieve a Number 1 ranking until they have moved out of the young adult period, at age 34. For a professional baseball player, the average age for "most stolen bases" is 23, but the mean age for "peak batting average" is 28 and for "hitting the most doubles" is 32!

menopause

the cessation of menstruation, usually begins in the 40s and continues for at least 10 years

termination

the end-of-life transition, when the individual's health declines and she becomes dependent on others for her care.

Minority stress,

the experience of prejudice and discrimination due to membership in a stigmatized group

Training & experience in occupations that require managing & reviewing life's problems has been shown to promote wisdom. As Smith, Staudinger, & Baltes (1994) found, clinical psychologists receive higher scores on wisdom as compared to others with similar educational levels who don't focus on "_______________". Further, it was the clinical training that seemed to be the most important

the fundamental pragmatics of life

climacteric

the gradual reduction of reproductive ability

For Freud, love & work were ways to attain happiness, but he saw love as what could bring _________________

the greatest happiness & its loss the greatest unhappiness.

African Americans:

the incidence of diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, obesity, & strokes is much higher than for any other major ethnic/racial group

Position 3 Multiplicity (Subordinate), or Early Multiplicity

the individual grudgingly acknowledges the reality and legitimacy of multiple perspectives. For example, it becomes more difficult to deny that reasonable people can differ in their perspectives on life, and people who hold different views are not so easily dismissed as being wrong. Some of the students' beliefs in a just world (Lerner, 1980), beliefs that the world is fair and that people in it get what they deserve, are now reevaluated. Students realize that working hard on assignments or putting many hours into studying does not necessarily guarantee wished-for results. They may observe other students doing far less work than they do themselves and getting better grades. They may be distressed by their inability to understand "what the professors want." They are nudged toward the sometimes painful realization that even their professors and other authority figures around them don't have all the answers. They may also be distressed by the fact that their teachers continue to evaluate them, despite not having the "right" answers themselves

achieving stage of young adulthood

the individual must learn to use logical thinking skills to plan the achievement of long-term goals

Vaillant also described a stage that comes near the end of Erikson's generativity stage, in late middle adulthood. This he called _______________, when the adult expands her generative concerns beyond just making a productive contribution, in order to actually preserve something that is part of the culture. In this sense, adults seek ways to establish the meaningfulness of the work or contributions they have made. For example, Tien, a woman who worked as an aid at her children's day care center, might move on after her own children are grown to join a child care advocacy group in her community, hoping to ensure that future generations of children in her region will have access to the high-quality child care she was able to provide her own children

the keeper of meaning (vs. rigidity) stage

fearful attachment

the product of negative models of both self and others. For individuals with this style, attachments are desirable but seen as out of reach. Their desire for close relationships with others is thwarted by fear of rejection, and ultimately they withdraw. A high level of distress surrounds attachment themes.

Hurtado, Cuellar, & Guillermo-Wann (2011) suggest the importance of a student's sense that their college & representatives believe in & are supportive of their ability to succeed (their "internal sense of validation"). In their study of 4500 students from a wide range of 2- & 4-year colleges

the researchers found important elements that helped promote these feelings of validation. These included validation in the classroom (with instructors providing students with adequate feedback, encouraging questions & participation, valuing students' contributions in class, making themselves available to meet outside of class, demonstrating concern for students, & recognizing & adjusting to students' levels if understanding),as well as general interpersonal validation (by faculty & staff showing an interest in them, recognizing student achievements, believing in their potential, & encouraging students to get involved in campus activities). Sadly, minority students consistently reported considerably less of both forms of validation than White students.

psychoneuroimmunology

the study of the interactions between the central nervous system, the immune system and behavior

Having less estradiol eventually influences many other changes:

the thinning and coarsening of pubic hair, the thinning and wrinkling of the labia, and changes in vaginal chemistry that can cause dryness and a greater likelihood of vaginal infections

In San Francisco, there are 5 parts to the ceremony (which may incorporate Christian or Buddhist elements):

the visit (or viewing), the service (usually the day after the visit), the procession (consisting of a hearse, the funeral cortege & a band), the burial (with first male then female members of the funeral party tossing dirt, coins, flowers, or rice into the grave), the dinner (7 courses, with 7 the number for death in Chinese numerology).

Kitchener's Theory stage middle stages 4 & 5

there is acknowledgment of uncertainty, that knowledge has to be understood in context & can be justified by arguments within contexts. Personal opinion is seen as extremely important & judgments don't seem to follow any well-organized or systematic pattern. These stages seem to fit quite nicely in with Perry's multiplists

Kuhn (1991) makes a great point in suggesting that when it comes to a favorite theory, people tend to ____________, not about it. That is very limiting, as it doesn't allow one to consider all of the other possible options out there. The focus would tend to be on information that supports the theory while counterevidence would tend to be ignored.

think with it

regulation of loss

this form of adaptation involves reorganizing the way we behave. But unlike maintenance, regulation of loss involves adjusting our expectations and accepting a lower level of functioning. Suppose that a woman who prides herself on her ability to remember names, faces, and telephone numbers suffers a reduction in learning ability as she ages. She adapts by using strategies that include writing down essential information that she previously would have recalled. She accepts that she will never have the breadth of information available to her that she had before, but by using her new strategies she ensures that she will remember what is really necessary

Benefits of marriage

those who are married report higher levels of happiness, lower levels of mental & physical illness, as well as lower rates of substance abuse. Waite & Joyner (2001) also note that they report higher levels of sexual & emotional satisfaction. Friedman et al. (1995) has even found that those who are married live longer.

When it comes to midlife, challenges include "________________", with losses accumulating along with demands made by family & work

time left to live

When people reach middle adulthood, the prospect of their own death is taken seriously. The focus is more on "_______________". It really is quite the opposite of adolescence with its sense of immortality.

time left to live

socioemotional selectivity theory

to explain this motivation to derive meaning from life by cultivating emotionally close relationships & disengaging from those on the periphery.

all generations need to work toward two goals:

tolerance of independence and maintenance of connections

Further sorting or filtering out follows on the basis of homogomy, or similarity to oneself in religion, SES, race, education, and so on, as well as on personality compatibility (Diamond, 1986). A _________, such as an engagement or a period of cohabitation, represents the final step in the decision-making or filtering process.

trial period

clinicians and other helpers should avoid "_____________" clients on the basis of attachment categories that are fixed and orthogonal, a practice that can distort clinical judgment by acting as a cognitive bias or stereotype

typecasting

10% of the sample at age 3 were identified as _____________. At age 21 & then again at age 32, these now-adults were more likely than other groups to be aggressive, sensation-seeking, impulsive, prone to gamble & have troubles with the law.

undercontrolled

The continuity of temperament was examined with a study out of New Zealand involving children from ages 3 until they were 32 years of age (Caspi, 2000). Their temperaments were assessed at various times as they grew via parent report, clinical examiner ratings, as well as self-report. The researchers also gathered information on home environment, school, employment, & social history. Their results fit Chess & Thomas' (1972) typologies:

undercontrolled or difficult (impulsive, restless, negative), inhibited or slow-to-warm-up (introverted, fearful), & well-adjusted or easy.

McCrae et al. (1999) discovered consistent trends. Even with different historical experiences & cultural contexts, older people across all 5 tended to be slightly higher in agreeableness & conscientiousness, as well as exhibiting less extraversion & openness to experience than younger adults. Because of these findings, the researchers conclude that these trends are ___________ & maturity-dependent, suggesting enduring dispositions.

universal

Schlegel & Barry's study (actually compiled into a book) is an amazing, systematic examination of 186 non-Western cultures around the world in all geographic regions & cultural groups. They integrated psychology, sociology, primatology, & anthropology in an extensive literature review, definitively demonstrating how adolescence is socially differentiated worldwide. Their findings show how for boys, it is a ______________ & almost so for girls, but for boys it tends to be a longer & different process. In addition, they explore variations between cultures in adolescents' behaviors & adults' responses, which they note are impacted by the family structure, social organization, & type of economy

universal

Grief is a __________response to loss or separation. It can be expressed behaviorally with active distress, protest, or searching for a lost attachment figure (as applied to attachment theory). Emotionally, it can include hurt, anger, guilt, & confusion, among other feelings.

universal & natural

The incidence of psychiatric disorders is related to the insecure attachments, but the _____________ status is the most greatly predictive of emotional disturbance according to Doziere et al.

unresolved

Individuals in this category may also receive a secondary classification of dismissive or preoccupied

unresolved (insecure)

Why "the person who" fallacy works is because of what is known as the_____________. What this means is that information that attracts one's attention or relates to personal experience or describes personal accounts becomes the focus, regardless of how useful it is as evidence in judgment or decision-making

vividness effect

Part of the reason that "the person who" fallacy occurs is because of the_______________

vividness effect.

Rosenbaum & Becker (2011) note the need for access to better_______________, information & support to transition into post-secondary training resulting in technical certificates or associate degrees, as well as opportunities for hands-on work-based learning. Other suggestions are for employers to provide training & apprenticeship programs, expanding community colleges to include more technical training, & providing community-based resources for young adults to find information about paths leading them to specific occupations

vocational counseling

Holland, Super (1972, 1984, 1990) believes that satisfaction at work occurs when the work is well-matched to an individual's personal characteristics. The difference here is that his focus is more on describing developmental processes that determine the evolution of a _____________& factors that impact on job choices.

vocational self-concept

The forgotten half

was the name given by the William T. Grant Foundation Commission on Work, Family, and Citizenship (1988) to 18- to 24-year-olds who do not go to college

Abnormal grief

was viewed by Bowlby (1980) as grief that is either excessive and protracted or absent.

Position 6: Commitment Foreseen or Anticipation of Commitment

we hear echoes of Erikson's discussion of identity development (see Chapter 9). Thinking at this stage incorporates a measure of moral courage, as the individual begins to affirm what it is she believes in, all the while knowing that reason will never provide absolute proof that her ideas or perspectives are right or better than others. Commitments to a set of beliefs, to a field of study or career, to relationships, and so forth, like the constructed commitments we discussed in Chapter 9, can take place "after detachment, doubt, and awareness of alternatives have made the experience of choice a possibility" (Perry, 1970/1999, p. 151). This way of thinking incorporates not only respect for diverse ideas and understanding of their rationales but also emerging, personally chosen, preferences for worldviews. One

"For young people in developing countries, emerging adulthood exists only for the________________segment of society . . . however, as globalization proceeds . . . the emerging adulthood now normative in the middle class is likely to increase as the middle class expands"

wealthier

Arnett goes on to suggest that in developing countries, the opportunity for emerging adulthood currently only exists for those who are ______________, but with continued globalization, it will eventually expand to their emerging middle class.

wealthier

Resilient women

were defined as those who had experienced depression sometime during their lives but who had subsequently regained a high level of well-being

avoidant men

were less warm & supportive of their partners but the same did not hold true for avoidant women.

The "searchers"

were still trying to find a path that worked for them on a trial-and-error basis

achieving stage (Young adults)

when an individual must apply her intellectual skills to the achievement of long-term goals, carefully attending to the consequences of the problem-solving process previously acquired skills are being sharpened and honed on very different kinds of problems, such that the solution to one problem must be considered and adjusted relative to other life problems and goals. For example, an adult who is contemplating a divorce must contend with a number of issues: her future happiness, her economic status, and the well-being of her children, just to name a few.

launching period

when emerging adults begin to move away and become more self-sufficient

reintegrative stage

when their goals are primarily to conserve energy, and perhaps into a legacy-leaving stage, when they use their cognitive resources to help them leave behind a written or oral account of their experience or wisdom.

social exchange & behavioral theories

which suggest that increasing problems & growing conflicts gradually intensify to eventually supersede the initial positive views the couple held of each other. With chronic conflict, couples will "fall out of love" when they see that the costs outweigh the benefits of the relationship

maintenance hypothesis (Karney & Bradbury, 1997)

which suggests that couples will work hard to maintain favorable beliefs about each other, in spite of marriage's challenges. Since they both hold positive illusions that maintain the relationship, they may not want to let go of them to face

chronic grief,

which, like a preoccupied attachment, is marked by persistent yearning, anxiety, and unremitting distress. This type of mourning immobilizes bereaved individuals and prevents their return to normal functioning

"for males, it seems to be what the caretaker did rather than _____________the caretaker was during childhood that is most relevant to depressive symptomatology in adolescence".

who

dismissing people (Bartholomew & Horowitz)

who display a positive model of themselves & a negative one for others (so they deny relationship needs to sustain their sense of superiority, devaluing others as important for their well-being, preferring self-sufficiency. Anxiety about relationships is inhibited by them.)

"involved spectators"

who still have some involvement in their previous work but in a new role.

"continuers"

who use their work skills either part-time or in a different setting.

self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000),

with its proponents contending that self-realization is at the root of eudaemonic well-being. They explain that the fulfillment of basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, & relatedness determines life satisfaction

demand-withdraw pattern

with one withdrawing to escape the demands of the other, demands then escalating & reinforcing the withdrawal.

There have been differences over time in terms of the most popular majors & disciplines, as Astin (1993) found

with those in 1985 more likely to choose business, law, or medicine as careers as compared to 1968. By comparison, the group from 1968 were more likely to choose careers in teaching or scientific research. More recently, Murray (1996) found business, psychology, engineering, education, English literature & accounting were more popular in the 1990s. Skip to 2010 & the highest interest was shown in health-related careers like nursing & the biological sciences. Business is still the most popular major.

women ______________ high school degrees are more likely to divorce (60 % rate) than women with college degrees (33% rate)

without

Research also seems to show that ______________seem to see earning potential, intelligence, height, & moral character as more important. Their preference is for same-age or slightly older partners.

women

The conventional career pattern for ______________, however, involved entry into work as a stopgap after high school or college. Once married, women tended to shift to fulltime homemaking.

women

They are more likely to be widowed than men, and they are less likely to re-partner after either the death of a spouse or a divorce.

women

Until 1980, there were more men entering college than women & now ______________ outnumber men (according to the U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2012). They now also choose majors like business & premed that used to be male-dominated. They earn as many or more graduate degrees as men, with half of MDs & the majority of veterinary degrees earned by women.

women

We have to consider the fact that at every age, ______________ report less sexual activity than men.

women

When it comes to Asian countries, the responsibility to balance work & home falls on ______________ who have primary care of the home. Balancing work & family depends upon the individual. It is suggested that for many women, they were expected to limit their careers in favor of motherhood, which was the most important role

women

________________ overall are likely to be less satisfied with their marriages over time than men. Two thirds of divorces filed after age 40 are initiated by women

women

women and divorce

women tend to be less satisfied with their marriages than men over time. Hacker (2003) even found that 2/3 of divorces after age 40 were initiated by women. And SES is a moderator, as well, with women who don't have high school degrees more prone to divorce (60%) than women with college degrees (33%), according to Coontz (2005).

______________voices are therefore more difficult to hear in the later years than are men's, so that men are more likely to have difficulty hearing women than vice versa

women's

As Craik & Bialystok suggest, peak levels of control occur in ________________ & then gradually decline. These declines in aging impair access to pre-existing knowledge, ability to integrate new & existing information, as well as the ability to translate what one knows into adaptive responses.

young adulthood

For men, according to Kellett (2000), their sexual activity level in their older years is related to how high their sex drive was when they were _____________ & their general physical health

younger

Lie et al. (2013) have found that men seem to prefer a ________________partner, with greater value given to appearance & domestic skill.

younger

Schlegel & Barry (1991) note that in some societies where young males complete puberty rites, 25% of those cultures have them work through a period of _______________. In those cultures, males are seen as needing time to prepare for the responsibilities of marriage. For example, by serving as warriors during this time, boys get the opportunity to develop skills & accumulate goods to be able to afford a family. The authors note that in 20% of the cultures, girls go through the same period of youth.

youth

Older adults' neural processing of emotional information involves greater activation of the___________ when viewing positive images as compared to negative images, whereas no such difference occurs for younger adults

amygdala

Kunzmann and Baltes (2003) found that individuals scoring high on wisdom tend to prefer_______________conflict management, as opposed to dominance strategies

cooperative

Physician-assisted suicide

involves prescribing medicine that enables patients to take their own lives

Control

involves the ways one works with knowledge and includes attention, learning efficiency, flexibility of working memory, inhibitory control and processing speed

Anger

is a normal reaction to separation and loss. Anger may be directed toward God ("Why me?"), toward others ("Why didn't you do something to help me?"), or toward the disease itself, which is viewed as an enemy to be battled. Often this is a very difficult response for family members to tolerate from loved ones who are dying. Resentment or hostility toward family members or caregivers who are healthy may reflect the depth of the dying person's pain and cries out for caregivers' compassion. Anger can ebb and flow throughout the course of illness, depending upon the individual and the specific circumstances

Dementia

is a syndrome that affects multiple functional domains due to chronic and progressive disease processes in the brain. Cognitive and emotional skills like memory, judgement, language, self-regulation, and motivation are progressively diminished.

honeymoon

is a time when people focus on the pleasures of being free from the constraints of old schedules, dress codes, and other work demands

You probably recall that reserarchers make a distinction between fluid and crystallized intelligence as a way of describing two types of intellectual resources. In previous chapters we call these categories _________ (fluid) and ___________ (crystallized)

mechanics, pragmatics

Shortness of telomeres is associated with earlier mortality (Lin, Epel, & Blackburn, 2011) but some shortening may be reversed with effective stress management strategies such as ____________

mindfulness meditation

Old adults scored higher on a measure of_________________ than both younger groups.

positive relationships

Another way to think about this distinction is to consider fluid intelligence as the _______ of the cognitive system and crystallized intelligence as the _________of that processing

processing efficiency, product

dementia progresses in stages

prodromal period, lasting for a year or two, when symptoms (e.g., memory loss) do not reach a clinical threshold but are more impaired than what would be normal for that age. In its early stages, it looks like absentmindedness: forgetting where you recently put something or forgetting something that happened in the last few days or the last few hours. Difficulties with decision making, word-finding, regulating moods, or completing complex tasks might be present middle stage (second to fourth or fifth year). Individuals might have difficulty remembering even very recent events, wander away from home and get lost, and become unable to prepare meals or perform other self-care tasks. People at this stage may be quite distressed by their memory loss, perhaps even paranoid if they frequently cannot remember what they have done or where they have put things. They may also conclude that others are responsible for these lapses. A relative of one of the authors, for example, would insist that people had entered her apartment and had turned on her TV when she wasn't looking. Others may become hostile in their frustration and confusion. One elderly man, believing that an intruder had entered his home, assaulted his own son each time the latter visited. In later stages, memory and language problems get worse, disorientation is extreme, and physical coordination is affected last stage (fifth year and after), Alzheimer's patients, often mute and bedridden, need full-time care and supervision, and death is the outcome

How do aging adults adapt to, or cope with, the increasing losses they face? Baltes and colleagues (e.g., Baltes & Baltes, 1990; Baltes, Lindenberger, & Staudinger, 2006) suggest that three processes are key to successful development at any age, and especially in the later years.

selection optimization compemsation