Lifespan Psychology - Chapter 6

Biological differences between males and females are referred to as: a. sex differences. b. gender differences. c. sexuality differences. d. genitalia differences.

A.

Children who have mastered ___________ have learned when and how to express emotions. a. emotional regulation b. emotional development c. behavioral regulation d. behavioral control

A.

Drive that comes from inside a person is called: a. intrinsic motivation. b. extrinsic motivation. c. inner drive. d. personal motivation.

A.

Girls whose behavior problems got worse over the first years of primary school were more likely to engage in _____________ than boys were. a. reparative behavior b. aggressive actions c. storytelling d. make-believe

A.

Hurtful behavior, common among two-year-olds, that is intended to get something that another person has is called: a. instrumental aggression. b. reactive aggression. c. relational aggression. d. bullying aggression.

A.

Preschoolers predict that they can solve impossible puzzles or control their dreams. These naive predictions are called: a. protective optimism. b. self-esteem. c. self-concept. d. initiative.

A.

The part of the brain in which neurological advances significantly affect the ability to regulate emotion is the: a. prefrontal cortex. b. ventral temporal cortex. c. hippocampus. d. hypothalamus.

A.

When a person expresses powerful feelings through uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts, he or she is: a. externalizing problems. b. internalizing problems. c. extrinsically motivated. d. emotionally regulated.

A.

A parent might ask a child, "How would you feel if someone did that to you?" to: a. foster antipathy. b. encourage empathy. c. encourage independence. d. model reactive aggression.

B.

Feelings and actions that are helpful and kind without a personal motive are: a. antisocial. b. prosocial. c. selfish. d. instrumentally motivated.

B.

Imaginary friends are increasingly common between: a. ages one and three. b. ages three and seven. c. ages eight to ten. d. None of the above are correct.

B.

Initiative versus guilt is Erikson's _____ developmental stage. a. second. b. third. c. fourth. d. fifth.

B.

The ability to control when and how emotions are expressed is referred to as: a. behavioral regulation. b. emotional regulation. c. emotional control. d. empathy.

B.

The impulse that propels someone to act is called: a. shame. b. motivation. c. pessimism. d. guilt.

B.

The researcher Diana Baumrind found that parents differ in four important dimensions of child rearing. Which of the following is one of those dimensions? a. access to resources b. expressions of warmth c. sense of humor d. expectations for intelligence

B.

The ultimate goal of discipline is to: a. prevent the child from misbehaving. b. teach the child the standards of behavior within his or her culture. c. make the child obedient. d. prevent the child from becoming a delinquent.

B.

What is the parenting style in which parents are more likely to use physical punishment? a. authoritative b. authoritarian c. permissive d. expressive

B.

Which type of play appears first in Parten's progression of social play? a. onlooker b. solitary c. parallel d. associative

B.

According to the text, neurological and hormonal effects may make boys more vulnerable to __________ problems and girls more vulnerable to __________ problems. a. reparative; aggressive b. aggressive; reparative c. externalizing; internalizing d. internalizing; externalizing

C.

An illness or disorder of the mind is referred to as: a. emotional deregulation. b. psychosomatic. c. psychopathology. d. None of these answers is correct.

C.

Erik Erikson's third developmental stage, in which self-esteem emerges, is called: a. trust versus mistrust. b. autonomy versus shame. c. initiative versus guilt. d. industry versus inferiority.

C.

Erikson explained that with maturity and adult guidance, children develop _____ and _____. a. confusion; identity crises. b. pessimism; depression. c. guilt; self-control. d. None of the above.

C.

Longitudinal research has found that children who are physically punished: a. become adults who reject the idea of physically punishing children. b. are likely to become well-behaved children. c. are more likely to become bullies, delinquents, and then abusive adults. d. will always become violent adults.

C.

On average, young children of every ethnic and economic group spend ________ a day exposed to electronic media. a. one to two hours b. two to three hours c. three to five hours d. six hours

C.

People of about the same age and social status are known as: a. classmates. b. cohort members. c. peers. d. playmates.

C.

Six-year-old Johnny suddenly makes an angry face at Alan and kicks him hard for no apparent reason. Johnny is displaying: a. rough-and-tumble play. b. prosocial behavior. c. antisocial behavior. d. internalizing problems.

C.

Which of the following is an example of parallel play? a. Child plays alone. b. Child watches another child play. c. Children play with similar toys, but not together. d. Children play together and take turns.

C.

Which one of the following terms refers to a true understanding of the feelings and concerns of another person? a. antipathy b. sympathy c. empathy d. antisocial

C.

Which type of aggression is characterized by insults or social rejection aimed at harming the victim's friendships? a. instrumental aggression b. reactive aggression c. relational aggression d. bullying aggression

C.

A disciplinary technique in which a child is separated from other people for a specified time is called a: a. social exclusion. b. spanking. c. firm separation. d. time-out.

D.

A musician who plays for the delight of making music has an: a. extrinsic motivation. b. inner drive. c. need for attention. d. intrinsic motivation.

D.

An example of an externalizing problem is_________, while an example of an internalizing problem is ______________. a. excessive guilt; impulsive behavior b. excessive shame; verbal outbursts c. excessive worthlessness; attacking other people or things d. attacking other people; being withdrawn

D.

An illness or disorder of the mind is called: a. psychosis. b. schizophrenia. c. aggression. d. psychopathology.

D.

Four-year-old Brooks is afraid of certain things, such as the sound of a train whistle and going to bed without a light on. His excessive fears are an expression of: a. a lack of maturation in his hearing and vision. b. adequate emotional regulation. c. poor caregiving by his mother and father. d. immature development of his prefrontal cortex.

D.

In an experiment by Lepper and colleagues (1973), children who knew they would receive an award for drawing: a. were found to have higher levels of self-esteem. b. became professional artists later in life. c. demonstrated better emotional regulation. d. were less likely to draw.

D.

Many researchers have traced the effects of parenting on child development, but the researcher whose findings continue to be very influential is: a. Piaget. b. Erikson. c. Vygotsky. d. Baumrind.

D.

Parents who have low expectations for maturity and rarely discipline their children are characterized by Baumrind as: a. authoritarian. b. neglectful. c. authoritative. d. permissive.

D.

Peers provide practice in: a. emotional regulation. b. empathy. c. social understanding. d. All of these answers are correct.

D.

Physical punishment ________ the possibility of aggression and temporarily ______ obedience. a. increases; decreases b. stops; increases c. decreases; stops d. increases; increases

D.

What kind of aggression is unprovoked and involves repeated physical or verbal attacks? a. instrumental b. reactive c. relational d. bullying

D.