LIN 200

Which pair of words shows typical American English spelling only?

"licence" - "canceled" "license" - "cancelled" "licence" - "cancelled" x "license" - "canceled"

When speaking Chicano English, "barely" means:

'hardly' 'in the past' 'slightly' x 'recently'

What is the difference between "Deaf" and "deaf"?

"Deaf" designates a person with profound hearing loss, whereas "deaf" designates a person's identity regardless of their ability to hear. "Deaf" designates a group of individuals who cannot hear, whereas "deaf" designates a specific person with profound hearing loss. x "Deaf" designates a person's identity regardless of their ability to hear, whereas "deaf" designates a person with profound hearing loss. "Deaf" designates a specific person with profound hearing loss, whereas "deaf" designates a group of individuals who cannot hear.

Some varieties of English are called "non-rhotic" because the "r" sounds are...

... not spelled at the beginning of a word. ... not part of their consonant inventory. x ... not pronounced at the end of a syllable. ... not capable to combine with other sounds.

The proposal to teach students the grammatical rules of Hawaiian Creole and distinguish them from Standard English to improve their achievement at schools is the same idea as the one at the core of...

... the boarding schools Native American children were enrolled in ... the oralists schools intended to teach English to deaf students x ... the Oakland School Board Resolution to use Ebonics at schools ... the Los Angeles School District's tests for Chicano English speakers

What is a pidgin?

A full-fledged, grammatically complex language with native speakers. A natural language with a writing system and socio-political prominence. x A simple system used among people with no common language. A mix of languages' phrases created for recreational purposes.

Chicano English is best described as:

A learner variety spoken by Spanish speakers A mix of English and Spanish (i.e. Spanglish) A defective, limited or broken variety of English x A fully-developed, non-standard variety of English

What is an isogloss?

A meaning that is expressed by two different words in different dialects x A line on a dialect map marking the boundary of linguistic features A word that expresses two different meanings in different dialects A linguistic features map marking the dialectal regions of a language

How can we define the Great Vowel Shift?

A regular accommodation of vowels x A generalized raising of long vowels A systematic fronting of back vowels A controlled aspiration of all vowels

Which list contains only methods used for language reclamation?

Language lessons, teacher training, external priorities x Teacher training, language lessons, cultural immersion Cultural immersion, boarding schools, tribal priorities Tribal priorities, external priorities, cultural immersion

Which of the following statement is FALSE about languages?

Languages are able to communicate about any topic we can think of. x Writing systems developed as naturally as spoken or signed languages. From a linguistics perspective, all the languages of the world are equal. The language faculty exists in humans only and in no other species.

What are extinct languages?

Languages restricted to a single linguistic community x Languages no longer in danger because they are forever lost Languages in high risk due to their limited number of speakers Languages resulting from language reclamation programs

Which among these is not an alternative name for AAE?

Southern American English Black Vernacular English Ebonics x Spoken Soul

What is code-switching?

The substitution of certain parts of a sentence for others that are more correct or prestigious The unsystematic mix of two or more languages or dialects motivated by lack of proficiency The modification of certain speech patterns in subtle ways to sound more like the audience x The rule-governed transition between two or more languages or dialects in a sentence

Are there any dialectal differences regarding the word "water" in American English?

Yes, there are different lexical items for "water" across dialects. x Yes, there are different pronunciations of "water" across dialects. Yes, there are different grammatical rules for "water" across dialects. No, there are no differences regarding the word "water" across dialects.

In terms of features, which combination defines a sleeping language?

[+competence, +performance] x [+competence, -performance] [ -competence, +performance] [ -competence, -performance]

Which of the following is the "aw"-pronunciation of "coffee" in New York?

[kɔfi] [koəfe] [kɑfi] x [koəfi]

What is the pronunciation of the word mind in Chicano English?

[maɪnd] x [maɪn] [maːnd] [maː]

Which of the following words is NOT pronounced with a tense short "a" in New York English?

mad x back man pass

The Norman conquest happened in ______ and served as the beginning of the ______ English period.

the 400s - Old the 700s - Old x the 1000s - Middle the 1400s - Middle

T.H. Gallaudet and L. Clerc founded _____ in _____.

the American School for the Deaf - 1864 Gallaudet University - 1817 x the American School for the Deaf - 1817 Gallaudet University - 1864

The use of positive anymore is a feature of _____.

the West x the Midland the South the North

Which of these is true about the Oakland schools? (Mark all that are correct)

x The English used by African American students was regularly considered bad and limiting. The resolution proposed an initiative that had never before been carried out for any language. x The schools had failed to teach African American students with existing methods. x Over half of the kids were African American, and their average grade was very low.

What post-war shift affected American English?

x The pronunciation of "r" became the new prestigious form. The phrase "on the weekend" was more and more popular. The word "fall" replaced all uses of the word "autumn." The sounds of "o" and "a" changed to a British pronunciation.

What characterizes people who code-switch?

x They know both languages well enough to transition from one to the other. They do not know either language that well, so they need to change languages. They are unable to communicate clearly and make sense in just one sentence. They are fluent in only one of the languages used and they ignore the other.

Which statement is correct regarding English Standard Schools?

x They were created to eradicate Hawaiian Creole from the educational system. They were created to suppress the use of English in favor of Hawaiian Creole. They were created to support the maintenance of the creole language in Louisiana. They were created to teach Standard English along with the local creole language.

What was the main goal of enrolling Native language speakers into boarding schools?

x To inhibit students from speaking a Native language To contribute to early language reclamation efforts To prevent children from growing up without education To socialize teachers into Native American cultures

Which of the following is NOT a Southern English feature?

x Use of pop Use of might could Use of y'all Use of fixing to

Languages are _____ because there is no natural connection between an object and the word that is used to name that object.

x arbitrary inaccessible creative universal

Which of the following is a classic feature of New York English? (Mark all that are correct)

x short-a split x r-dropping x "yooge" pronunciation x "aw" vowel

Which of the following statements is true about ASL?

ASL is spoken in all countries where English is the official language. ASL shows restrictions to express abstract thoughts and emotions. x Children who acquire ASL can learn English and become bilingual. Children fail to acquire ASL naturally, so they have to attend classes.

Which one is NOT a property of languages?

All languages constantly change over time. All languages of the world have a grammar. All languages share the same basic principles. x All languages are conscious knowledge.

What is true about the current situation of AAE?

As more AAE speakers are represented in the media, the traditional stigma towards AAE has disappeared. AAE is incorporating the linguistic features of the dialects used by white speakers in the areas it is spoken. All the varieties of AAE found across the U.S. show profound differences due to long-standing immigration patterns. x For contemporary AAE speakers, social and cultural identity seems to be more salient than their regional identity.

Which of the following statements is false about Chicano English?

Chicano English is the native dialect of many English speakers with Mexican-American descent who may be monolingual. Chicano English is different from code-switching in that you must proficiently know two languages to switch between them. Chicano English has linguistic influences of Spanish historically, not necessarily in the linguistic experience of a speaker. x Chicano English speakers are speakers of English, and you can tell if they can or cannot speak Spanish as well.

What process explains the pronunciation of ask as [æks] in AAE?

Cluster deletion Vowel shift x Metathesis Monophthongization

Why do we see more differences between varieties of American English on the East Coast than on the West Coast?

Because English has been present on the East Coast for a longer time. x Because English has been present on the East Coast as an identity feature. Because English has been present on the West Coast for a longer time. Because English has been present on the West Coast as an identity feature.

What was the outcome of the tests given by the Los Angeles School district to Chicano English speakers?

Bilingual kids fluent in both Spanish and English were considered as having limited Spanish proficiency. Students fluent in Spanish but not in English were classified as having limited language abilities. x Students fluent in English but not in Spanish were classified as having limited English proficiency. Bilingual kids fluent in both Spanish and English were considered as having limited language abilities.

In which of the following cities do people say yinz?

Boston x Pittsburgh Atlanta Philadelphia

In what sense can we say that the development of Black ASL is parallel to the development of AAE?

Both languages share the same origins and grammatical rules. Both languages are very conservative regarding language change. x Their speakers were segregated from their white counterparts. Their speakers attended the same schools across the country.

What is the linguists' position with respect to the Ebonics controversy?

By teaching them a degraded variety of English, the school district puts African American children in disadvantage. x Standard English should be taught in contrast with African American English, using AAE as a bridge to standard English. Using children's home dialect to help understand standard English grammar perpetuates the stigma against AAE. Oakland teachers tried to use street slang in the classroom and allow students to use it instead of standard English.

Where can we find the card-cord merger?

California New York Texas x Utah

Which of the following notions is not related to language reclamation?

Engaging in a social movement x Correcting the grammar of a language Making a political statement Healing a generational trauma

ASL is more similar to _____ than to _____.

English - Martha's Vineyard's signs Martha's Vineyard's signs - French Sign Language British Sign Language - English x French Sign Language - British Sign Language

Which of the following statements is true?

English became the official language of the British islands as a result of the Battle of Hastings and was spoken by the elite groups. In the 400s, Scandinavians such as the Norwegians and the Danes brought Norse vocabulary, which was quickly added to the English repertoire. x English is a Germanic language, even though its vocabulary and certain aspects of its grammar differ from other Germanic languages. The Norman invasion brought the Latin language to the British islands and changed the linguistic composition of the territory.

What language became what we now call Old English?

French Celtic Norse x Anglo-Saxon

_____ is not an American creole language.

Gullah Hawaiian Creole Louisiana Creole x Haitian Creole

Which Creole doesn't have West African Languages as substrate?

Gullah Louisiana Creole x Hawaiian Creole Haitian Creole

What was the impact of the Great Vowel Shift?

It changed both the pronunciation of vowels and the spelling of words. x It changed the pronunciation of vowels, but not the spelling of words. It changed the spelling of words, but not the pronunciation of vowels. It changed neither the spelling of words nor the pronunciation of vowels.

According to Dr. Fought, how can we define "sociolinguistics"?

It describes the pronunciation features of the languages of the world. x It analyzes how language interacts with society and social aspects. It focuses on languages as a static, invariant phenomenon. It researches on how children acquire their first and second language.

What does it mean that the case of R is a "change from above"?

It means that the dominant groups in the society are maintaining the classic feature and very slowly all the other groups are joining them. It means that the standard variety of English does not contain the feature, but the group decides to keep it anyways to index their identity. It means that there is a leading group, usually economically more established, directing these changes from the higher education institutions. x It means that an external, more prestigious norm makes speakers conscious of their speech and they decide to change the way they speak.

What is a lingua franca?

It's a set of universal symbols that have the same meaning in different languages. It's a mixture of different symbols understood by people who need to communicate. It's a language with words and grammatical rules that are easy to learn and understand. x It's a language regularly used by many nations for which it is not their first language.

What are linguists interested in?

Linguists are interested in the grammatical aspects of a language, not the social ones. x Linguists are interested in both the grammatical and the social aspects of a language. Linguists are interested in the social aspects of a language, not the grammatical ones. Linguists are interested in neither the grammatical or the social aspects of a language.

Which statement is false concerning the current situation of creole languages in the United States?

Louisiana Creole is not being passed to the next generation as most of its speakers have shifted to English or French. The Gullah language may be currently endangered due to economic factors affecting its speakers and way of life. x Hawaiian Creole is endangered as only a very small percentage of Hawaii's population speaks the language at home. Creoles developed in other parts of the world are also found in the U.S. though their speakers are shifting to English.

How did Chicano English appear?

Mexican immigrants mark their national origin by refusing to learn Standard English. Spanish-speaking people use and reproduce an incomplete grammar of English. x Children acquired a form of English that maintained some features from Spanish. English speakers started using the variety of Spanish that was spoken in the area.

What component of a grammar tells us that English is an SVO language?

Morphology Phonology Semantics x Syntax

What component of a grammar tells us that [ski] is a possible combination of sounds in English but that *[sgi] is not?

Morphology x Phonology Semantics Syntax

Is the modern Miami culture as legitimate as the historical Miami culture?

No, because the historical Miami culture symbolizes the original goals of the tribe. No, because the modern Miami culture includes native speakers of English. x Yes, because the modern Miami culture maintains the core values and traditions. Yes, because the historical Miami culture has disappeared from the territory.

When reclaiming a language, is it necessary to correct the mistakes made by people learning the language?

No, because these people are not real members of the linguistic community, so it is okay for them to make mistakes. x No, because languages have standard and non-standard forms and people use them to assert their linguistic rights. Yes, because, if the reclaimed languages are not used correctly, then the awakening programs will be unsuccessful. Yes, because these errors can be perpetuated by others and this will end up changing the essence of the language.

When former Hawaii Governor Ben Cayetano said "If you use Pidgin, it can really affect your grammar [...] I think it does the kids a disservice if you allow them to continue to speak Pidgin", what ideology is he embracing?

Normative monolingualism Oralism x English Only Linguistic diversity

What are the major dialect surveys for American English? A. Linguistic Atlas of the U.S. and Canada B. Dictionary of American Regional English C. Telephone Survey of Sound Change in Process

Only A and B Only A and C Only B and C x A, B and C

Which of the following notions help us define a language? A. Representation and expression of ideas B. Organized system of linguistic units C. Identification to a linguistic community

Only A and B Only A and C Only B and C x A, B and C

Where can we find differences between British and American English? I. Vocabulary use II. Intonation patterns III. Sentence structure

Only I and II Only I and III Only II and III x I, II, and III

What extralinguistic factors played an important role in creating the differences between British and American English? I. Education level II. Founder effect III. Identity

Only I and II Only I and III x Only II and III I, II, and III

Who reformed the American English spelling system in the 1700s?

Ralph Waldo Emerson George and Charles Merriam Benjamin Franklin x Noah Webster

"_____" is the term used to refer to a variety of a language that is characteristic of a place, region or area.

Register Style Tongue x Dialect

______ contribute most of the vocabulary in the formation of a pidgin as they are the languages of the socially dominant speakers.

Superior languages Substrate languages Standard languages x Superstrate languages

What ideology does linguistic purism defend?

That a language is degraded if it does not contain any elements of a foreign language. x That a language has a unique correct form and that its use follows established patterns. That a language survives only when the native speakers speak the prestigious variety. That a language is a real language if it has a writing system; otherwise, it is a dialect.

What group inhabited the British isles before the Germanic tribes arrived?

The Jutes and the Frisians The Angles and the Saxons The Normans and the Vikings x The Celts and the Romans

Which of the following statements is true?

The Latino communities in the U.S. speak both native Spanish and non-native English. Being bilingual is not an optimal situation as a person can never master two languages. Some varieties of English are linguistically more developed for certain kinds of jobs. x Languages can inform to others who we are in terms of cultural and ethnic background.

What does the existence of the current English words help, aid and assist illustrate?

The Modern English lexicon has been molded by Anglo-Saxon, Greek and French, respectively. The Modern English lexicon has been molded by Norse, Latin and Germanic, respectively. x The Modern English lexicon has been molded by Old English, French and Latin, respectively. The Modern English lexicon has been molded by Old English, Norse and Greek, respectively.

Match the American dialects with the languages or groups of people that have influenced them.

The North - C The Midland - B The South - D The West - A A. Eastern states, Europe, Asia, Spanish, Native American B. German, Dutch, Scottish, Irish; less British influence C. German, Irish, Swedish, Canadian, Arabic, Hmong D. British, Scots-Irish, Native American, African, Spanish

What are English-Only practices?

The belief that English must be used as the unique linguistic system in the world The preference of bilinguals for using only English at home with their children x The movement that questions the value of teaching languages besides English The policy that supports free English classes for speakers of a foreign language

Why didn't New York English become the national standard of American English in the US?

The classic features of New York English have been in recession for decades. x Immigrants who arrived in New York were not considered "white enough". New York English is spoken only in a very small area of the US territory. Politicians from New York are associated with honesty and telling it like it is.

What do speakers do when their pronunciation has an intrusive "r"?

They do not pronounce an "r" sound where it would normally be pronounced. x They pronounce an "r" sound where it would not normally be pronounced. They do not pronounce an "r" sound where it would not normally be pronounced. They pronounce an "r" sound where it would normally be pronounced.

What is creolization?

The development of an array of languages into a single language recognized in international forums. x The process undergone by linguistically simple systems to become grammatically complex systems. The incorporation of vocabulary from a prestigious language into less prestigious linguistic systems. The movement based on political and educational discussions to outlaw the use of pidgins in schools.

Which of the following statements is true about the morphology of Old English?

The morphology of Old English was more austere and simple than the morphology of Modern English. The morphology of Modern English is as austere and simple as the morphology of Old English. The morphology of Modern English is more rich and complex than the morphology of Old English. x The morphology of Old English was more rich and complex than the morphology of Modern English.

What specific context led to the development of AAE?

The need of colonizers to communicate with African Americans x The social experiences of African Americans in North America The diversity of languages that existed in the American territory The communicative demands of Africans to interact with each other

What explains the separation between the English spelling and how it is currently spoken?

The new lexicon from the Native American languages The Renaissance's preference for Latin The loss of verbal endings and Case markings x The phonological change called the Great Vowel Shift

What is the Great Migration?

The wave of English-speaking immigrants to North America that started in the 17th century The movement of speakers of different varieties of American English to other parts of the country The wave of African populations brought to North America during the transatlantic slave trade x The movement of millions of African Americans towards the north to find better jobs

What context is appropriate for defining a sleeping language?

There exists both documentation of the language and people with no heritage to the language who have substantial knowledge of the language. x There exists both documentation of the language and people with heritage to the language although with no substantial knowledge of the language. There exists both documentation of the language and people with no heritage to the language who wants to gain substantial knowledge of the language. There exists both documentation of the language and people with heritage to the language who shows substantial knowledge of the language.

Which of the following statements is true?

There is linguistic evidence that the "aw" vowel is an incorrect pronunciation. New York English is currently expanding and becoming a standard variety. There is a distinct Brooklyn accent that is different from the Queens accent. x The New York accent varies according to socioeconomic class and ethnicity.

Why are cochlear implants controversial?

These devices are expensive and hurtful for the individuals getting the implant. They are used to prevent the Deaf community from being part of the society. x They represent a step away from recognizing and embracing one's deafness. These devices spread the use of ASL beyond the official schools and colleges.

Which of the following sentences is ungrammatical is AAE?

They be buying the groceries. x They ain't be workin'. I BIN started my homework. I done fixed the furniture.

For New Yorkers who are both r-droppers and aw-pronouncers, which pair of words does NOT sound the same?

sure, shore lore, law soar, saw x bird, board

Linguistics is _____, because it seeks to understand the linguistic forms that people use _____.

descriptivist - that are considered correct in their language. prescriptivist - that are considered correct in their language. prescriptivist - no matter if they are considered incorrect. x descriptivist - no matter if they are considered incorrect.

Which one is an example of regularization?

x "I was there, you was there, we was there..." "Do not use nouns like impact as verbs." "I go, I went, I have gone." "Do not end a sentence in a preposition."

Which of the following is a linguistic feature found in Chicano English? (Mark all that are correct)

x "tell" meaning "ask" Null copula x Consonant cluster reduction x Multiple negation

Which of the following is a linguistic feature found in sign languages? (Mark all that are correct)

x A sign language can be learned as a foreign language. x A sign language can be the native language of a person. x A sign language can represent a community's identity. x A sign language can show regional and social variation.

What can we learn about the coexistence of "apartment" and "flat" in American English?

x Borrowings from British English are used to refer to a fancier, more sophisticated item. American English is undergoing a process of becoming more and more like British English. American English and British English are no longer varieties with mutual understanding. Words in two different languages have different meanings and different pronunciations.

Besides New York, where is r-dropping also found?

x Boston Philadelphia Los Angeles Chicago

What led to the development of creole languages?

x Colonial systems like conquest and plantation slavery Legal norms imposed to immigrant and local workers Willingness to learn new languages in a communal way Poor grammatical features of the substrate languages

What characterized the oral education of deaf individuals that started in the 1880s?

x Deaf students were forced to mimic mouth shapes to pronounce sounds. Deaf students were taught English with the help of a cochlear implant. Deaf students were forbidden to communicate with English speakers. Deaf students were able to use both English and ASL in the classroom.

Which one is not a distinctive feature of AAE?

x Dropping of "have" Intimacy marker "up" Narrative past tense Null copula

Which of the following is not a linguistic myth?

x Even with heavier articulators, sign languages can convey the same information in the same amount of time. There is one universal sign language that is used by all deaf people and that varies only in a few lexicon items. Most well-developed languages, such as English, Spanish and French, have a signed counterpart for deaf people. Sign languages are not arbitrary as spoken languages, because signs mimic the shape or action of nouns and verbs.

Which of the following is an articulator in signs languages? (Mark all that are correct)

x Head x Hands x Body x Facial expressions

What is the difference between the vowel shifts in the Northern Cities and the South?

x In the urban areas, the vowel shift is expanding in the North and receding in the South. In the urban areas, the vowel shift is receding in the North and expanding in the South. In the rural areas, the vowel shift is receding in the North and expanding in the South. In the rural areas, the vowel shift is expanding in the North and receding in the South.

Which variety is considered as the closest one to the current Standard American English?

x Midwestern English West Coast English New England English Southern English

What component of a grammar tells us that we can get the word "teacher" by adding the agentive marker "-er" to the stem "teach"?

x Morphology Phonology Semantics Syntax

R-lessness is a feature that can be found in _____ and _____.

x New England - New York Seattle - San Diego Alaska - Hawaii Philadelphia - Pittsburgh

Why do New Yorkers r-drop?

x R-dropping was brought by the British settlers to the East coast and it stuck. R-dropping reflects the rude and lazy spirit of New Yorkers in their pronunciation. R-dropping became a prestigious feature in the East coast after World War II. R-dropping has been transmitted to the new generations in schools for centuries.