LIN 200 Midterm
British English is better than American English linguistically
False
Dialectal diversity is disappearing.
False
Language revitalization is the same as language reclamation.
False
Linguistic profiling is the same as racial profiling.
False
Some dialects are linguistically better than others.
False
Which Creole doesn't have West African Languages as substrate?
Gullah Louisiana Creole x Hawaiian Creole Haitian Creole
Who is more likely to answer the question "What did you do today?" as "Stuff"?
Guys are more likely to use "stuff" in a sentence than girls.
Where in the grammar of English can we find gender marking?
In no system of the English grammar In the English verbal system In the English noun system x In the English pronoun system
What extralinguistic factors played an important role in creating the differences between British and American English? I. Education level II. Founder effect III. Identity
Only I and II Only I and III x Only II and III I, II, and III
13 Native American tribes on Long Island
Montauk, Cutchogue, Nissequogue, Mastic, Merrick, Unkechaug, Patchogue, Rockaway, Jamaica, Setauket, Manhanset, Metinecock, Shinnecock
Component of grammar that tells us that we can get the word "teacher" by adding the agentive marker"-er" to the stem "teach"
Morphology
What component of a grammar tells us that we can get the word "teacher" by adding the agentive marker "-er" to the stem "teach"?
Morphology
What component of a grammar tells us that we can get the word "teacher"by adding the agentive marker "-er"to the stem "teach"?
Morphology
What component of a grammar tells us that English is an SVO language?
Morphology Phonology Semantics x Syntax
What explains the separation between the English spelling and how it is currently spoken?
The phonological change called the Great Vowel Shift.
What component of a grammar tells us that [ski] is a possible combination of sounds in English but that *[sgi] is not?
Morphology x Phonology Semantics Syntax
The Deaf community
Most Deaf people don't view their deafness as a disability or as a problem to be fixed. For many of them, it is a natural part of a cultural experience that they share with friends, both deaf and hearing. Deaf people embrace their Deafness and are proud of their history. There is a very strong sense of community and culture among Deaf people.
What are the major dialect surveys for American English? A. Linguistic Atlas of the U.S. and Canada B. Dictionary of American Regional English C. Telephone Survey of Sound Change in Process
Only A and B Only A and C Only B and C x A, B and C
Which of the following notions help us define a language? A. Representation and expression of ideas B. Organized system of linguistic units C. Identification to a linguistic community
Only A and B Only A and C Only B and C x A, B and C
How can knowing about language use contribute to support marginalized groups? I. It helps us identify and call out oppressive language. II. It makes us evaluate our own words to promote equality. III. It teaches us that variation is a natural part of language.
Only I and II Only I and III Only II and III x I, II and III
One of the many innovations of today's English is that "they" has different uses. What uses does today's "they" have? I. To refer to a group of people II. To refer to a generic person III. To refer to a specific person
Only I and II Only I and III Only II and III x I, II and III
Where can we find differences between British and American English? I. Vocabulary use II. Intonation patterns III. Sentence structure
Only I and II Only I and III Only II and III x I, II, and III
Which of these features has been linked primarily to the speech of women? I. Sexist language II. Creaky voice III. Uptalk
Only I and II Only I and III x Only II and III I, II and III
Many African Americans speak both Standard American English and AAE.
True
Over 70% of the Native American languages are in "extreme danger" of language extinction.
True
T.H. Gallaudet and L. Clerc founded _____ in _____. the American School for the Deaf - 1864 Gallaudet University - 1817 the American School for the Deaf - 1817 Gallaudet University - 1864
the American School for the Deaf - 1817
T.H. Gallaudet and L. Clerc founded _____ in _____.
the American School for the Deaf - 1864 Gallaudet University - 1817 x the American School for the Deaf - 1817 Gallaudet University - 1864
The use of positive anymore is a feature of _____.
the West x the Midland the South the North
cognitive aspect of language
the intrest in the structure and system
Allowed Different Orders
Old English
c. 400-1066
Old English
A sleeping language is one that cannot be recovered.
False
Dialect(s) of English in which multiple negation is allowed
Southern English
Dialect(s) of English in which the vowel shift is rural only
Southern English
Linguistics are interested in both the --- and the --- aspects of a language.
Grammatical; Social
1848
Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty
_____ is not an American creole language.
Gullah Hawaiian Creole Louisiana Creole x Haitian Creole
Dialect(s) of English in which "block" sounds like "black"
Northern English
Dialect(s) of English in which there is a vowel shift
Northern and Southern English
17th Century Spanish
Spanish extended over Santa Fe, TX (1608) and El Paso, TX and Ciudad de Juarez, Mexico (1628)
16th Century Spanish
Spanish was brought to the current U.S. territory by the Spanish Conquistadors.
What happened during the Great Vowel Shift?
Speakers of the English Language modified their vowel pronunciation
Which one is NOT a prominent feature of teen language?
Special grammar
Which of the following is false? 1. "Be cannot be deleted in AAE" 2. "were" or "was" cannot be contracted in Standard English 3. "were" or "was" are never dropped in AAE 4. "am" is never dropped in AAE
"Be cannot be deleted in AAE"
What is the difference between "Deaf" and "deaf"?
"Deaf" designates a person with profound hearing loss, whereas "deaf" designates a person's identity regardless of their ability to hear. "Deaf" designates a group of individuals who cannot hear, whereas "deaf" designates a specific person with profound hearing loss. x "Deaf" designates a person's identity regardless of their ability to hear, whereas "deaf" designates a person with profound hearing loss. "Deaf" designates a specific person with profound hearing loss, whereas "deaf" designates a group of individuals who cannot hear.
What is the difference between "Deaf" and "deaf"?
"Deaf" designates a person's identity regardless of their ability to hear, whereas "deaf" designates a person with profound hearing loss.
Which one is an example of regularization?
"I was there, you was there, we was there..."
regularization
"I was there, you was there, we was there..."
Which of the following statements is an example of a prescriptivist view about language?
"People speak a dialect of a language, because their speech always shows regional features." x "There is only one correct way of speaking English and the other forms are simply incorrect." "All of the natural languages in the world are manifestations of the same human language faculty." "English can be spoken in many different ways, some of which may be prestigious while others not."
Not a Southern English feature
"Pop"
Which pair of words shows typical American English spelling only?
"licence" - "canceled" "license" - "cancelled" "licence" - "cancelled" x "license" - "canceled"
Which of the following is a linguistic feature found in Chicano English? (Mark all that are correct) "tell" meaning "ask" Multiple negation Null copula Consonant cluster reduction
"tell" meaning "ask" Multiple negation Consonant cluster reduction
When speaking Chicano English, "barely" means:
'hardly' 'in the past' 'slightly' x 'recently'
When speaking Chicano English, "barely" means...
'recently'
Are these sentences grammatical or ungrammatical in AAE? (1) They done prepare dinner. (2) I the best student. (3) Lucy be driving my car. (4) Mikey don't be making jokes. (5) Taylor need a pen. (6) Sue been cooked this morning.
(1) Ungrammatical (2) Ungrammatical (3) Grammatical (4) Grammatical (5) Grammatical (6) Ungrammatical
what defines a language?
-Representation and expression of ideas -Organized system of linguistic units -Identification to a linguistic community
Some varieties of English are called "non-rhotic" because the "r" sounds are...
... not spelled at the beginning of a word. ... not part of their consonant inventory. x ... not pronounced at the end of a syllable. ... not capable to combine with other sounds.
The proposal to teach students the grammatical rules of Hawaiian Creole and distinguish them from Standard English to improve their achievement at schools is the same idea as the one at the core of...
... the boarding schools Native American children were enrolled in ... the oralists schools intended to teach English to deaf students x ... the Oakland School Board Resolution to use Ebonics at schools ... the Los Angeles School District's tests for Chicano English speakers
Some problems a linguist finds when relating languages
1) There is no clear way to decide whether a linguistic variety is a language or dialect. 2) There is small evidence to postulate the characteristics of very ancient languages.
19th Century Spanish
1821: The U.S. bought FL and AL 1836: TX became independent from Mexico, and part of the U.S. in 1845
Fingerspelling
26 different hand shapes corresponding to English alphabet. Used for proper names or for words with no existing signs. Fingerspelling is only a small part of ASL.
Spanish in the World
400+ million speakers, Second language with more native speakers
Chicano English is best described as...
A fully-developed, non-standard variety of English
Chicano English is best described as:
A fully-developed, non-standard variety of English
How can we define the Great Vowel Shift?
A generalized raising of long vowels
Chicano English is best described as:
A learner variety spoken by Spanish speakers A mix of English and Spanish (i.e. Spanglish) A defective, limited or broken variety of English x A fully-developed, non-standard variety of English
What is an isogloss?
A line on a dialect map marking the boundary of linguistic features
How does language change work?
A feature associated with one group starts to be used by more and more people of other groups.
What is a pidgin?
A full-fledged, grammatically complex language with native speakers. A natural language with a writing system and socio-political prominence. x A simple system used among people with no common language. A mix of languages' phrases created for recreational purposes.
What is an isogloss?
A meaning that is expressed by two different words in different dialects x A line on a dialect map marking the boundary of linguistic features A word that expresses two different meanings in different dialects A linguistic features map marking the dialectal regions of a language
Cochlear implants
A mechanical prosthesis of sorts for the inner ear. It bypasses the bones of the inner ear, placing electrodes directly into the cochlea, where sound waves are absorbed and interpreted by the auditory nerve.
How can we define the Great Vowel Shift?
A regular accommodation of vowels x A generalized raising of long vowels A systematic fronting of back vowels A controlled aspiration of all vowels
Which of the following is a linguistic feature found in sign languages?
A sign language can show regional and social variation. A sign language can represent a community's identity. A sign language can be learned as a foreign language. A sign language can be the native language of a person.
Which of the following notions help us define a language? Representation and expression of ideas Organized system of linguistic units Identification to a linguistic community
A, B and C
Which of the following is NOT an example of the grammatical feature need + past participle?
ANSWER: The car needs to be washed. HINT: The right way to say it is: The car needs washed. HINT: Just look for the sentence that makes sense.
What is ASL?
ASL is a natural language, an autonomous linguistic system, not related to English. ASL can express complex, abstract thoughts and create a linguistic community. ASL (like any other sign or spoken languages) is acquired naturally by children.
Who speaks ASL?
ASL is spoken by the member of the American Deaf Community. It is the L1 for a Deaf member of a Deaf family. It is the L2 for hearing members of a Deaf family. There is a difference between "being deaf" and "being Deaf ".
Which of the following statements is true about ASL?
ASL is spoken in all countries where English is the official language. ASL shows restrictions to express abstract thoughts and emotions. x Children who acquire ASL can learn English and become bilingual. Children fail to acquire ASL naturally, so they have to attend classes.
How extended is ASL?
ASL is the primary sign language in the U.S. It is considered a national language. ASL is spoken in the U.S., the anglophone Canada, and parts of West and Central Africa. It is estimated that there are between 500,000 and 2 million users in U.S. only.
Identity is complex
Affinity with other linguistic groups in terms of social class, residence area, length of stay in the U.S. No knowledge of Spanish (e.g. English as their sole language, multilingual Latin America). Assimilation to the mainstream culture, "whitening", a near-standard variety of English.
1718
Alamo San Antonio de Valero, TX
Which one is NOT a property of languages?
All languages are conscious knowledge.
Which one is NOT a property of languages?
All languages constantly change over time. All languages of the world have a grammar. All languages share the same basic principles. x All languages are conscious knowledge.
Which of the following is a linguistic feature found in sign languages? (Mark all that are correct) 1.A sign language can represent a community's identity. 2.A sign language can show regional and social variation. 3.A sign language can be the native language of a person. 4.A sign language can be learned as a foreign language.
All of the Above
Which of the following is an articulator in signs languages? (Mark all that are correct) 1.Body 2.Head 3.Hands 4.Facial expressions
All of the above
Representation and expression of ideas; Organized system of linguistic units; Identification to a linguistic community
All three notions help us define a language.
This language became what we now call Old English
Anglo-Saxon
What language became what we now call Old English?
Anglo-Saxon
Languages are --- because there is not natural connection between an object and the word that is used to name that object.
Arbitrary
What is true about the current situation of AAE?
As more AAE speakers are represented in the media, the traditional stigma towards AAE has disappeared. AAE is incorporating the linguistic features of the dialects used by white speakers in the areas it is spoken. All the varieties of AAE found across the U.S. show profound differences due to long-standing immigration patterns. x For contemporary AAE speakers, social and cultural identity seems to be more salient than their regional identity.
What was the outcome of the tests given by the Los Angeles School district to Chicano English speakers?
Bilingual kids fluent in both Spanish and English were considered as having limited Spanish proficiency. Students fluent in Spanish but not in English were classified as having limited language abilities. x Students fluent in English but not in Spanish were classified as having limited English proficiency. Bilingual kids fluent in both Spanish and English were considered as having limited language abilities.
What did the study of the language from police body cameras show us?
Black officers reproduce racism against white people. Only white officers reproduce racism in their daily work. x Even black officers reproduce racism against black people. No racial disparity was found among police officers.
Foreign words that become part of the language that adopts them
Borrowings/Loanwords
Besides New York, where is r-dropping also found?
Boston
In which of the following cities do people say yinz?
Boston x Pittsburgh Atlanta Philadelphia
Dominicans
Boston, NY, NJ Also: Fort Lauderdale, Miami, Orlando, Philadelphia, Atlanta
In what sense can we say that the development of Black ASL is parallel to the development of AAE?
Both languages share the same origins and grammatical rules. Both languages are very conservative regarding language change. x Their speakers were segregated from their white counterparts. Their speakers attended the same schools across the country.
Match the American dialects with the languages or groups of people that have influenced them: The south
British, Scots-Irish, Native American, African, Spanish
How can we see a language change in a linguistics lab?
By examining how people use an artificial linguistic variety in the lab, but not their everyday linguistic variety
How can we see a language change in a linguistics lab?
By examining how people use an artificial linguistic variety in the lab, not their everyday linguistic variety.
What is the linguists' position with respect to the Ebonics controversy?
By teaching them a degraded variety of English, the school district puts African American children in disadvantage. x Standard English should be taught in contrast with African American English, using AAE as a bridge to standard English. Using children's home dialect to help understand standard English grammar perpetuates the stigma against AAE. Oakland teachers tried to use street slang in the classroom and allow students to use it instead of standard English.
Mexicans
CA, TX Also: NY, NJ, Chicago, Miami
Where can we find the card-cord merger?
California New York Texas x Utah
18th Century Spanish
California 1769: San Diego, 1776: San Francisco, 1781: Los Angeles Californians didn't identified either as Spaniards or Mexicans.
Mascots
Can be very offensive if portraying nationality
Group that inhabited the British Isles before the Germanic tribes arrived.
Celts and Romans
Which of the following is a linguistic feature found in Chicano English?
Consonant cluster reduction, "tell" meaning "ask", multiple negation
Which of the following statements is false about Chicano English?
Chicano English is the native dialect of many English speakers with Mexican-American descent who may be monolingual. Chicano English is different from code-switching in that you must proficiently know two languages to switch between them. Chicano English has linguistic influences of Spanish historically, not necessarily in the linguistic experience of a speaker. x Chicano English speakers are speakers of English, and you can tell if they can or cannot speak Spanish as well.
Chicano English is English
Chicano English or Mexican American English is spoken in the southwest of the U.S.. Chicano English is NOT American English spoken with a Spanish accent. A fully formed dialect of English, it has origins in the historic contact between Spanish and English.
Which of the following statements is false about Chicano English?
Chicano English speakers are speakers of English, and you can tell if they can or cannot speak Spanish as well.
Which of the following statements is false about Chicano English? Chicano English is the native dialect of many English speakers with Mexican-American descent who may be monolingual. Chicano English speakers are speakers of English, and you can tell if they can or cannot speak Spanish as well. Chicano English is different from code-switching in that you must proficiently know two languages to switch between them. Chicano English has linguistic influences of Spanish historically, not necessarily in the linguistic experience of a speaker.
Chicano English speakers are speakers of English, and you can tell if they can or cannot speak Spanish as well.
How did Chicano English appear?
Children acquired a form of English that maintained some features from Spanish.
Greatest agents of language change.
Children acquiring a language.
Which of the following statements is true about ASL?
Children who acquire ASL can learn English and become bilingual.
Who are the greatest agents of language change?
Children who are acquiring a language
What process explains the pronunciation of ask as [æks] in AAE?
Cluster deletion Vowel shift x Metathesis Monophthongization
Cochlear implants controversy
Cochlear implants are highly controversial because, for most Deaf members, it is the symbol of oralism. Oralists believe that: (1) There is something wrong with deaf people, who should be taught a spoken language. (2) Sign languages are not real languages.
Which of the following notions is not related to language reclamation?
Correcting the grammar of a language
Which of the following statements is FALSE? (A) People create new vocabulary to name new technologies or products that didn't exist before. (B)People semi-deliberately innovate their speech to to not be associated with other groups. (c)People can change the way they speak because they are influenced by the way others talk. (D)People deteriorate the best linguistic variety of their language because they lack education.
D
What characterized the oral education of deaf individuals that started in the 1880s?
Deaf students were forced to mimic mouth shapes to pronounce sounds.
Dialectal differences regarding the word "water" in American English.
Different pronunciation but same spelling
Language documentation
Documentary Linguists study the features of languages (phonological, morphosyntactic etc.) and identify linguistic universals and the parameters by which they vary, in order to understand the nature of the human language system.
What kind of problem found within the Trayvon Martin case is also commonly seen throughout other courtroom cases?
Documentation of cases is poorly archived, and information is lost for the appeals. Witnesses forget information they provide during deposition when they are in court. Transcriptions are full of typos and grammar errors because type writers are not trained. x Testimonies are misinterpreted due to lack of knowledge of language varieties.
Which one is not a distinctive feature of AAE?
Dropping of "have"
1664
Dutch territories (NY and surroundings) get incorporated to the English colonies
c. 1500 - 1650
Early Modern English
Match the American dialects with the languages or groups of people that have influenced the: The west
Eastern states, Europe, Asia, Spanish, Native American
Which of the following notions is not related to language reclamation?
Engaging in a social movement x Correcting the grammar of a language Making a political statement Healing a generational trauma
ASL is more similar to _____ than to _____.
English - Martha's Vineyard's signs Martha's Vineyard's signs - French Sign Language British Sign Language - English x French Sign Language - British Sign Language
Which of the following statements is true?
English became the official language of the British islands as a result of the Battle of Hastings and was spoken by the elite groups. In the 400s, Scandinavians such as the Norwegians and the Danes brought Norse vocabulary, which was quickly added to the English repertoire. x English is a Germanic language, even though its vocabulary and certain aspects of its grammar differ from other Germanic languages. The Norman invasion brought the Latin language to the British islands and changed the linguistic composition of the territory.
Which of the following statements is true?
English is a Germanic language, even though its vocabulary and certain aspects of its grammar differ from other Germanic languages.
Which of the following is not a linguistic myth?
Even with heavier articulators, sign languages can convey the same information in the same amount of time.
Which of the following is not a linguistic myth? There is one universal sign language that is used by all deaf people and that varies only in a few lexicon items. Most well-developed languages, such as English, Spanish and French, have a signed counterpart for deaf people. Sign languages are not arbitrary as spoken languages, because signs mimic the shape or action of nouns and verbs. Even with heavier articulators, sign languages can convey the same information in the same amount of time.
Even with heavier articulators, sign languages can convey the same information in the same amount of time.
"I was there, you was there, we was there..."
Example of regularization
A language lost forever is called a sleeping language.
F
Boarding schools were established to preserve the Native American language.
F
Language revitalization puts more emphasis on people than reclamation.
F
The Montaukett Indian Nation has federal recognition.
F
All languages are conscious knowledge.
FALSE
People deteriorate the best linguistic variety of their language because they lack education.
FALSE
Writing systems developed as naturally as spoken or signed languages.
FALSE
Cubans
FL Also: Las Vegas, Philadelphia, Atlanta, NY, NJ
Which of the following is an articulator in signs languages?
Facial expressions, Body, Hands, Head
The New York dialect is disappearing.
False
What is true about the current situation of AAE?
For contemporary AAE speakers, social and cultural identity seems to be more salient than their regional identity.
1764
France gave Louisiana to Spain
What language became what we now call Old English?
French Celtic Norse x Anglo-Saxon
ASL is more similar to _____ than to _____.
French Sign Language - British Sign Language
ASL is more similar to _____ than to _____. English - Martha's Vineyard's signs Martha's Vineyard's signs - French Sign Language British Sign Language - English French Sign Language - British Sign Language
French Sign Language - British Sign Language
1853
Gadsden Purchase
Why do languages die?
Genocide, Reservation schools and other types of government intervention, Pressure to conform for economic success, Marginalization, alcoholism. Out of 211 Native American Languages in US & Canada, only 32 are being acquired by children - leaving the rest in serious jeopardy of extinction.
Match the American dialects with the languages or groups of people that have influenced them.: The midland
German, Dutch, Scottish, Irish; less British influence
Match the American dialects with the languages or groups of people that have influenced them: North
German, Irish, Swedish, Canadian, Arabic, Hmong
English is a:
Germanic language
As for taboo words back in the day, which one is the one referred to as the "G-word"?
God
What happened to Eric Garner?
He was armed and shot by a white police officer in Missouri. x He was choked to death by police officers in New York. He was pulled over and shot by police officers in Florida. He was beaten up to death by police officers in Baltimore.
Mid vowels change to —- vowels
High
9 in every ten deaf children are born to hearing parents.
However, only 1 in 10 of those parents will learn sign language to be able to communicate fully with their son or daughter.
Languages are expressions of the language faculty
Humans have an innate ability to generate all the fundamental characteristics of a language regardless of how the language is externalized.
Lexicon for Chicano English
I barely broke my leg. We could speak French.
What aspects of language are susceptible to change over time? I. Vocabulary II. Grammatical rules III. Pronunciation
I, ii, and iii
Languages are expressions of the language faculty regardless of their exteriorization
If deaf children do not receive appropriate linguistic input during the critical period, they will never be able to acquire a natural language.
Why didn't New York English become the national standard of American English in the US?
Immigrants who arrived in New York were not considered "white enough"
What is the definition of word-final cluster simplification?
In certain words that end in a cluster of 2 or more adjacent consonants, the final consonant is deleted.
What is the difference between the vowel shifts in the Northern Cities and the South?
In the urban areas, the vowel shift is expanding in the North and receding in the South.
Ethnicity and race in the 2010 US Census
Includes Hispanic, Latino or Spanish origin
a line on a dialect map marking the boundary between linguistic features.
Isogloss
According to Dr. Fought, how can we define "sociolinguistics"?
It analyzes how language interacts with society and social aspects.
What was the impact of the Great Vowel Shift?
It changed both the pronunciation of vowels and the spelling of words. x It changed the pronunciation of vowels, but not the spelling of words. It changed the spelling of words, but not the pronunciation of vowels. It changed neither the spelling of words nor the pronunciation of vowels.
What was the impact of the Great Vowel Shift?
It changed the pronunciation of vowels, but not the spelling of words.
According to Dr. Fought, how can we define "sociolinguistics"?
It describes the pronunciation features of the languages of the world. x It analyzes how language interacts with society and social aspects. It focuses on languages as a static, invariant phenomenon. It researches on how children acquire their first and second language.
What aspect of a language classifies is as dead/extinct?
It has no more native speakers
What does it mean that the case of R is a "change from above"?
It means that an external, more prestigious norm makes speakers conscious of their speech and they decide to change the way they speak.
What does it mean that the case of R is a "change from above"?
It means that the dominant groups in the society are maintaining the classic feature and very slowly all the other groups are joining them. It means that the standard variety of English does not contain the feature, but the group decides to keep it anyways to index their identity. It means that there is a leading group, usually economically more established, directing these changes from the higher education institutions. x It means that an external, more prestigious norm makes speakers conscious of their speech and they decide to change the way they speak.
What is a lingua franca?
It's a language regularly used by many nations for which it is not their first language.
What is a lingua franca?
It's a set of universal symbols that have the same meaning in different languages. It's a mixture of different symbols understood by people who need to communicate. It's a language with words and grammatical rules that are easy to learn and understand. x It's a language regularly used by many nations for which it is not their first language.
1607
Jamestown, VA, first English settlement
Why preserve languages?
Language is an important part of culture. Languages encode different ways of seeing the world. The structures found in Indian languages can tell us more about how human languages differ. NA languages have incredible structural diversity. (Different phonological systems, Different morphosyntax, Different ways of conceptualizing the world, Grammatical structures that reveal the importance of nature and kinship within Native American societies.)
Which list contains only methods used for language reclamation?
Language lessons, teacher training, external priorities x Teacher training, language lessons, cultural immersion Cultural immersion, boarding schools, tribal priorities Tribal priorities, external priorities, cultural immersion
Which of the following statement is FALSE about languages?
Languages are able to communicate about any topic we can think of. x Writing systems developed as naturally as spoken or signed languages. From a linguistics perspective, all the languages of the world are equal. The language faculty exists in humans only and in no other species.
Which of the following statements is true for Chicano English?
Languages can inform to others who we are in terms of cultural and ethnic background.
Which of the following statements is true? Being bilingual is not an optimal situation as a person can never master two languages. The Latino communities in the U.S. speak both native Spanish and non-native English. Some varieties of English are linguistically more developed for certain kinds of jobs. Languages can inform to others who we are in terms of cultural and ethnic background.
Languages can inform to others who we are in terms of cultural and ethnic background.
What can we learn from the Swedish case regarding pronouns?
Languages marking masculine and feminine gender are obsolete and will soon disappear. x The use of gender-neutral pronouns contributes to less biased decisions that can affect people. Using a gender-neutral pronoun creates chaos in the educational and political systems. A made-up gender-neutral pronoun will never receive official or widespread recognition.
What are extinct languages?
Languages no longer in danger because they are forever lost
What are extinct languages?
Languages restricted to a single linguistic community x Languages no longer in danger because they are forever lost Languages in high risk due to their limited number of speakers Languages resulting from language reclamation programs
Representation of Hispanics/Latinos
Latinos represent 18% of the U.S. population, but only 4-6% in American TV series. Negative portrayals of Latinos are pervasive in the news and the media. Consequently, non-Latinos commonly believe many negative stereotypes are true.
A language regularly used by many nations for which it is not their first language
Lingua Franca
Major dialects surveys for American English.
Linguistics Atlas of the US and Canada Dictionary of American Regional English Telephone survey of Sound Change in Process
What are linguists interested in?
Linguists are interested in both the grammatical and the social aspects of a language.
What are linguists interested in?
Linguists are interested in the grammatical aspects of a language, not the social ones. x Linguists are interested in both the grammatical and the social aspects of a language. Linguists are interested in the social aspects of a language, not the grammatical ones. Linguists are interested in neither the grammatical or the social aspects of a language.
Which statement is false concerning the current situation of creole languages in the United States?
Louisiana Creole is not being passed to the next generation as most of its speakers have shifted to English or French. The Gullah language may be currently endangered due to economic factors affecting its speakers and way of life. x Hawaiian Creole is endangered as only a very small percentage of Hawaii's population speaks the language at home. Creoles developed in other parts of the world are also found in the U.S. though their speakers are shifting to English.
1803
Louisiana part of the U.S.
High vowels change to —- vowels
Low
These are NOT natural languages
Manually Coded English (MCE), Signing Exact English (SEE1, SEE2), Conceptually Accurate Signed English (CASE)
What process explains the pronunciation of ask as [æks] in AAE?
Metathesis
1810
Mexican Independence. Government invited Mexicans to populate Texas
How did Chicano English appear?
Mexican immigrants mark their national origin by refusing to learn Standard English. Spanish-speaking people use and reproduce an incomplete grammar of English. x Children acquired a form of English that maintained some features from Spanish. English speakers started using the variety of Spanish that was spoken in the area.
20th Century Spanish
Mexican immigration (since 1910) Puerto Rican Immigration (since 1917) Cuban immigration (since 1950s)
Low vowels change to —- vowels
Mid
1066 - c. 1500
Middle English
Dialect(s) of English in which "cot" sounds like "caught"
Midland English
Dialect(s) of English in which positive anymore is used
Midland English
Which variety is considered as the closest one to the current Standard American English?
Midwestern English
1650 - Present
Modern English
Marks only (3rd person, singular, present) with the suffix -s
Modern English
SVO Order Only
Modern English
Language revival
Mohawk (NE, Canada) - linguists have teamed up with Mohawk educators to try to reintroduce the language in school among young children. Now there are two generations who speak Mohawk: the very old and the very young. A middle generation (i.e. people in their twenties and thirties) do not know the language.
Puerto Ricans
NY, NJ Also: Orlando, Tampa, Chicago, Atlanta
Which of the following is the most commonly spoken Native American language?
Navajo
WWII Navajo code
Navajo was used as a secret code by the Marines during WWII. Navajo speakers would translate military orders into their native language and transmit them over the radio to other Navajo speakers on the other end. This code was unbreakable because there were no speakers of the language available to the opposing military forces. This was done with several Native American languages (including Choctaw, Cherokee, Lakota, and others) in both WWI and WWII.
Dialect(s) of English in which "car" sounds like "cah"
New England
Dialect(s) of English in which there is r-dropping
New England & New York
R-lessness is a feature that can be found in _____ and _____.
New England - New York
R-lessness is a feature that can be found in —- and —-.
New England; New York
Other territories explored in 16th century
New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, Utah, California, Oregon
Dialect(s) of English in which "cab" sounds like "keab"
New York
Dialect(s) of English in which "talk" sounds like "tawk"
New York
When reclaiming a language, is it necessary to correct the mistakes made by people learning the language?
No, because languages have standard and non-standard forms and people use them to assert their linguistic rights.
Is the modern Miami culture as legitimate as the historical Miami culture?
No, because the historical Miami culture symbolizes the original goals of the tribe. No, because the modern Miami culture includes native speakers of English. x Yes, because the modern Miami culture maintains the core values and traditions. Yes, because the historical Miami culture has disappeared from the territory.
When reclaiming a language, is it necessary to correct the mistakes made by people learning the language?
No, because these people are not real members of the linguistic community, so it is okay for them to make mistakes. x No, because languages have standard and non-standard forms and people use them to assert their linguistic rights. Yes, because, if the reclaimed languages are not used correctly, then the awakening programs will be unsuccessful. Yes, because these errors can be perpetuated by others and this will end up changing the essence of the language.
When former Hawaii Governor Ben Cayetano said "If you use Pidgin, it can really affect your grammar [...] I think it does the kids a disservice if you allow them to continue to speak Pidgin", what ideology is he embracing?
Normative monolingualism Oralism x English Only Linguistic diversity
Which of these linguistic features is typical of North varieties of American English?
Northern Cities Vowel Shift
What are some problems a linguist finds when relating languages? I. There is no clear way to decide whether a linguistic variety is a language or dialect. II. There are thousands of languages and dialects spoken around the world today. III. There is small evidence to postulate the characteristics of very ancient languages.
Only I and III.
Component of grammar that tells us that [ski] is a possible combination of sounds in English but that *[sgi] is not.
Phonetics
What component of a grammar tells us that [ski] is a possible combination of sounds in English but that *[sgi] is not?
Phonology
City in which people say yinz
Pittsburgh
In which of the following cities do people say yinz?
Pittsburgh
Which of the following is false?
Prestigious accents are correct accents
--- are kinds of word that are most helpful to relate languages
Pronouns, numbers, and kinship terms
What kinds of word are most helpful to relate languages?
Pronouns, numbers, and kinship terms
The process in which the "r" sound at the end of a syllable is unpronounced is called
R-dropping
Why do New Yorkers r-drop?
R-dropping was brought by the British settlers to the East coast and it stuck.
Who reformed the American English spelling system in the 1700s?
Ralph Waldo Emerson George and Charles Merriam Benjamin Franklin x Noah Webster
"_____" is the term used to refer to a variety of a language that is characteristic of a place, region or area.
Register Style Tongue x Dialect
Boarding schools
Remove Indian children from their traditional environment, dismantle their cultural and spiritual traditions, and "civilize" them by indoctrination with white, middle- class American values. Students were forbidden to: -speak their tribal language -use their Indian names instead of their newly- assigned Euro-American name; -practice any traditional cultural or spiritual beliefs; and -resist becoming devout Christians.
ASL
SOV
Syntax
Sentence structure
Why was Rachel Jeantel not considered a real key witness?
She failed to appear in court to provide testimony. She was a minor as she was attending high school. x She spoke a variety of African American English. She was not an eyewitness, but an earwitness.
Sign languages are natural languages
Sign languages are not pantomimes and gestures, or inventions of educators. Sign languages are found wherever there is a community of deaf people. Each sign language uses the same grammatical machinery found worldwide in spoken languages.
Morphology of Sign Language
Sign languages have morphological rules. Signs may be made out of smallest units.
Phonology of Sign Language
Sign languages have phonological rules. Signs contrast in specific features. Position of the hands, configuration of the hands, movement of the hands.
Syntax of Sign Language
Sign languages have syntactic rules. Signs follow combinatory rules to create phrases and sentences.
What does British English 'trainers' refer to in American English?
Sneakers
Native American Languages
Somewhere between 250 and 600 languages spoken in North America at the time of European contact. In 1997 there were about 211 (175 in present U.S.). Only about 30 languages are still spoken by all Generations. Over 70% (~150 languages) are in "extreme danger" of language death or extinction.
Double modals is a linguistic feature of which dialect of American English?
Southern (American) English
Which among these is not an alternative name for AAE?
Southern American English
Which among these is not an alternative name for AAE?
Southern American English Black Vernacular English Ebonics x Spoken Soul
1565
St. Augustine, FL is the first Spanish city in the current US territory.
What is the linguists' position with respect to the Ebonics controversy?
Standard English should be taught in contrast with African American English, using AAE as a bridge to standard English.
Shinnecock (Eastern LI)
State Recognized for over 200 years. Federal recognition granted in June 2010. 1292 registered members today, 600 of whom reside in Eastern Long Island. They are a matrilineal tribe - membership is inherited from the mother & maternal ancestors. Tribal council of 13 - mostly female elder dominated. No one has spoken Shinnecock for nearly 200 years, though some words, prayers, and other ceremonial terms have been preserved.
What was the outcome of the tests given by the Los Angeles School district to Chicano English speakers?
Students fluent in English but not in Spanish were classified as having limited English proficiency.
A meaningful unit that is added to the end of a word
Suffix
______ contribute most of the vocabulary in the formation of a pidgin as they are the languages of the socially dominant speakers.
Superior languages Substrate languages Standard languages x Superstrate languages
Component of grammar that tells is that English is an SVO language.
Syntax
What component of a grammar tells us that English is an SVO language?
Syntax
Code talkers used Navajo and other Native American languages during WW2.
T
There are more than 10 Native American tribes on Long Island.
T
English is a Germanic language, even though it's vocabulary and certain aspects of its differ from other Germanic languages.
TRUE
The morphology of Old English was more rich and complex than the morphology of Modern English.
TRUE
Which list contains only methods used for language reclamation?
Teacher training, language lessons, cultural immersion
What ideology does linguistic purism defend?
That a language has a unique correct form and that its use follows established patterns.
What ideology does linguistic purism defend?
That a language is degraded if it does not contain any elements of a foreign language. x That a language has a unique correct form and that its use follows established patterns. That a language survives only when the native speakers speak the prestigious variety. That a language is a real language if it has a writing system; otherwise, it is a dialect.
What can we say of a language that doesn't change?
That it no longer has active speakers
What can we learn from the fact that pronouncing the R is considered rural in British English but standard in American English?
That linguistic features are associated with social qualities depending on the social context.
What we can learn from the fact that pronouncing the R is considered rural in British English but standard in American English.
That linguistic features are associated with social qualities depending on the social context.
The Norman conquests happened in —- and served as the beginning of the —-English period.
The 1000's ; Middle
When did linguists first note the quotative "(be) like" was used to report inner states?
The 1980s
What group inhabited the British isles before the Germanic tribes arrived?
The Celts and the Romans
Being Deaf is an identity
The Deaf community has their own language (ASL) and it includes both deaf and hearing people. The Deaf community is a cultural and linguistic community, with their own traditions, values, art expressions, experiences, etc. The Deaf community has fought long and hard for recognition and respect.
Which of these is true about the Oakland schools? (Mark all that are correct) The resolution proposed an initiative that had never before been carried out for any language. The English used by African American students was regularly considered bad and limiting. Over half of the kids were African American, and their average grade was very low. The schools had failed to teach African American students with existing methods.
The English used by African American students was regularly considered bad and limiting. Over half of the kids were African American, and their average grade was very low. The schools had failed to teach African American students with existing methods
A generalized raising of long vowels
The Great Vowel Shift
It changed the pronunciation of vowels, but not the spelling
The Great Vowel Shift
Occurred during the 15th to 18th centuries. Marks beginning of Early Modern English. Created a separation between pronunciation and spelling.
The Great Vowel Shift
Speakers of the English language modified their vowel pronunciation.
The Great Vowel Shift
What group inhabited the British isles before the Germanic tribes arrived?
The Jutes and the Frisians The Angles and the Saxons The Normans and the Vikings x The Celts and the Romans
Which of the following statements is true?
The Latino communities in the U.S. speak both native Spanish and non-native English. Being bilingual is not an optimal situation as a person can never master two languages. Some varieties of English are linguistically more developed for certain kinds of jobs. x Languages can inform to others who we are in terms of cultural and ethnic background.
American dialects that were affected by German, Dutch, Scottish, Irish; less British influence
The Midland
The term of positive anymore is a feature of
The Midland
What does the existence of the current English words help, aid and assist illustrate?
The Modern English lexicon has been molded by Anglo-Saxon, Greek and French, respectively. The Modern English lexicon has been molded by Norse, Latin and Germanic, respectively. x The Modern English lexicon has been molded by Old English, French and Latin, respectively. The Modern English lexicon has been molded by Old English, Norse and Greek, respectively.
What does the existence of the current English words help, aid and assist illustrate?
The Modern English lexicon has been molded by Old English, French and Latin, respectively.
Which of the following statements is true? New York English is currently expanding and becoming a standard variety. There is a distinct Brooklyn accent that is different from the Queens accent. There is linguistic evidence that the "aw" vowel is an incorrect pronunciation. The New York accent varies according to socioeconomic class and ethnicity.
The New York accent varies according to socioeconomic class and ethnicity.
American dialects that were affected by German, Irish, Swedish, Canadian, Arabic, Hmong
The North
Match the American dialects with the languages or groups of people that have influenced them.
The North - C The Midland - B The South - D The West - A A. Eastern states, Europe, Asia, Spanish, Native American B. German, Dutch, Scottish, Irish; less British influence C. German, Irish, Swedish, Canadian, Arabic, Hmong D. British, Scots-Irish, Native American, African, Spanish
American dialects that were affected by British, Scots-Irish, Native American, African, Spanish
The South
What are English-Only practices?
The belief that English must be used as the unique linguistic system in the world The preference of bilinguals for using only English at home with their children x The movement that questions the value of teaching languages besides English The policy that supports free English classes for speakers of a foreign language
Why didn't New York English become the national standard of American English in the US?
The classic features of New York English have been in recession for decades. x Immigrants who arrived in New York were not considered "white enough". New York English is spoken only in a very small area of the US territory. Politicians from New York are associated with honesty and telling it like it is.
What is creolization?
The development of an array of languages into a single language recognized in international forums. x The process undergone by linguistically simple systems to become grammatically complex systems. The incorporation of vocabulary from a prestigious language into less prestigious linguistic systems. The movement based on political and educational discussions to outlaw the use of pidgins in schools.
In the urban areas, the Vowel Shift is expanding in the North, and receding in the South.
The difference between the Vowel Shift IN Northern Cities and the Southern Cities.
Is one term enough?
The idea that there is only one ethnicity for a person may not correct. One single term lumps together many people from different backgrounds and experiences. Immigration year, country and reason are not visible in one demographic category.
The use of positive anymore is a feature of _____.
The midland
The existence of the current English words help, aid, and assist illustrates
The modern English lexicon has been molded by Old English, French, and Latin.
Which of the following statements is true about the morphology of Old English?
The morphology of Old English was more austere and simple than the morphology of Modern English. The morphology of Modern English is as austere and simple as the morphology of Old English. The morphology of Modern English is more rich and complex than the morphology of Old English. x The morphology of Old English was more rich and complex than the morphology of Modern English.
Which of the following statements is true about the morphology of Old English?
The morphology of Old English was more rich and complex than the morphology of Modern English.
What is the Great Migration?
The movement of millions of African Americans towards the north to find better jobs
What are English-Only practices?
The movement that questions the value of teaching languages besides English
What specific context led to the development of AAE?
The need of colonizers to communicate with African Americans x The social experiences of African Americans in North America The diversity of languages that existed in the American territory The communicative demands of Africans to interact with each other
What explains the separation between the English spelling and how it is currently spoken?
The new lexicon from the Native American languages The Renaissance's preference for Latin The loss of verbal endings and Case markings x The phonological change called the Great Vowel Shift
What explains the separation between the English spelling and how it is currently spoken?
The phonological change called the Great Vowel Shift
Which of these is true about the Oakland schools? (Mark all that are correct) The resolution proposed an initiative that had never before been carried out for any language. The English used by African American students was regularly considered bad and limiting. Over half of the kids were African American, and their average grade was very low. The schools had failed to teach African American students with existing methods.
The resolution proposed an initiative that had never before been carried out for any language. Over half of the kids were African American, and their average grade was very low. The schools had failed to teach African American students with existing methods
What is code-switching?
The rule-governed transition between two or more languages or dialects in a sentence
What specific context led to the development of AAE?
The social experiences of African Americans in North America
Which of the following statements is false?
The social status of a minority group extends over their language's status. People who speak non-standard varieties are often viewed as less credible. x The police, jail and court systems treat language varieties without discrimination. We assume prejudices and attach labels to certain language varieties.
What is code-switching?
The substitution of certain parts of a sentence for others that are more correct or prestigious The unsystematic mix of two or more languages or dialects motivated by lack of proficiency The modification of certain speech patterns in subtle ways to sound more like the audience x The rule-governed transition between two or more languages or dialects in a sentence
Which statement is true about the language of the Internet?
The underlying grammatical rules of English do not change.
What is the Great Migration?
The wave of English-speaking immigrants to North America that started in the 17th century The movement of speakers of different varieties of American English to other parts of the country The wave of African populations brought to North America during the transatlantic slave trade x The movement of millions of African Americans towards the north to find better jobs
In what sense can we say that the development of Black ASL is parallel to the development of AAE?
Their speakers were segregated from their white counterparts.
What context is appropriate for defining a sleeping language?
There exists both documentation of the language and people with heritage to the language although with no substantial knowledge of the language.
What context is appropriate for defining a sleeping language?
There exists both documentation of the language and people with no heritage to the language who have substantial knowledge of the language. x There exists both documentation of the language and people with heritage to the language although with no substantial knowledge of the language. There exists both documentation of the language and people with no heritage to the language who wants to gain substantial knowledge of the language. There exists both documentation of the language and people with heritage to the language who shows substantial knowledge of the language.
Sleeping Language
Tribal languages are not extinct, but rather they were sleeping, because they exist in documentation, they are claimed by the people who want to learn them, and they are slowly awakening and coming back to everyday use.
Which of the following statements is true?
There is linguistic evidence that the "aw" vowel is an incorrect pronunciation. New York English is currently expanding and becoming a standard variety. There is a distinct Brooklyn accent that is different from the Queens accent. x The New York accent varies according to socioeconomic class and ethnicity.
Why are cochlear implants controversial?
These devices are expensive and hurtful for the individuals getting the implant. They are used to prevent the Deaf community from being part of the society. x They represent a step away from recognizing and embracing one's deafness. These devices spread the use of ASL beyond the official schools and colleges.
Which of the following sentences is ungrammatical is AAE? They ain't be workin'. They be buying the groceries. I BIN started my homework. I done fixed the furniture.
They ain't be workin'.
Which of the following sentences is ungrammatical is AAE?
They be buying the groceries. x They ain't be workin'. I BIN started my homework. I done fixed the furniture.
What do speakers do when their pronunciation has an intrusive "r"?
They do not pronounce an "r" sound where it would normally be pronounced. x They pronounce an "r" sound where it would not normally be pronounced. They do not pronounce an "r" sound where it would not normally be pronounced. They pronounce an "r" sound where it would normally be pronounced.
What two crucial factors made the jury disregard Rachel Jeantel's testimony?
They knew she was struggling at school (lack of achievement) and they couldn't understand her (lack of intelligibility). x They couldn't understand her (lack of intelligibility) and didn't think she was a reliable witness (lack of credibility). They thought she was making things up (lack of integrity) and the judge ordered to disregard the testimony (lack of support). They didn't think she was a reliable witness (lack of credibility) because she was struggling at school (lack of achievement).
What characterizes people who code-switch?
They know both languages well enough to transition from one to the other
What characterizes people who code-switch?
They know both languages well enough to transition from one to the other.
What is the regular behavior of American English speakers regarding the pronouns "it" and "ze"?
They like to use "ze" (but not "it") to refer to a generic person. x They don't like to use either "it" or "ze" to refer to a generic person. They like to use both "it" and "ze" to refer to a generic person. They like to use "it" (but not "ze") to refer to a generic person.
Why are cochlear implants controversial?
They represent a step away from recognizing and embracing one's deafness.
What was the main goal of enrolling Native language speakers into boarding schools?
To inhibit students from speaking a Native language
What was the outcome of the Trayvon Martin's case?
Trayvon Martin's killer was sent to prison in Florida. Trayvon's family received the apologies of the shooter. x George Zimmerman was acquitted of all charges. Rachel Jeantel was sent to prison for defamation.
The low back merger is also known as the cot-caught merger.
True
The short "a" split is a phonological feature of New York English.
True
There is a difference in vocabulary between British and American English.
True
Which of the following is NOT a Southern English feature?
Use of pop
Card-Cord Merger
Utah
Where can we find the card-cord merger?
Utah
Appears at the end is a verb
Verbal Suffix
Aspects of language that are susceptible to change over time.
Vocabulary, Grammatical rules, and pronunciation.
Which adjective of strangeness is most likely to be used by teens today? Weird Unusual Peculiar Strange
Weird
Dialect(s) of English in which "bag" sounds like "beg"
Western
Dialect(s) of English in which there is a low back merger
Western & New England
What is "slang"?
Words that may come and go
What lexical items were immensely misinterpreted during Rachel Jeantel's testimony?
Words used to refer to the neighborhood Words describing a person's intelligence Words depicting crimes and killings x Words some people use as racial slurs
Which of the following statement is FALSE about languages?
Writing systems developed as naturally as spoken or signed languages.
Which of the following statement is FALSE about languages?
Writing systemsdevelopedas naturally as spoken or signed languages.
Is there any difference between "She is like..." and "She be like..."?
Yes, because "She be like..." describes an action that occurs on a regular basis
Is the modern Miami culture as legitimate as the historical Miami culture?
Yes, because the modern Miami culture maintains the core values and traditions.
Is there any difference between benevolent and hostile sexism?
Yes, benevolent sexism is an overt form of prejudice, whereas hostile sexism is prejudice disguised as a positive attitude. No, benevolent sexism and hostile sexism are both a form of prejudice that is overtly expressed as negative attitudes. x Yes, benevolent sexism is prejudice disguised as a positive attitude, whereas hostile sexism is an overt form of prejudice. No, benevolent sexism and hostile sexism are both a form of prejudice that is disguised as positive attitudes.
Are there any dialectal differences regarding the word "water" in American English?
Yes, there are different lexical items for "water" across dialects. x Yes, there are different pronunciations of "water" across dialects. Yes, there are different grammatical rules for "water" across dialects. No, there are no differences regarding the word "water" across dialects.
Are there any dialectal differences regarding the word "water" in American English?
Yes, there are different pronunciations of "water" across dialects.
In terms of features, which combination defines a sleeping language?
[+competence, +performance] x [+competence, -performance] [ -competence, +performance] [ -competence, -performance]
In terms of features, which combination defines a sleeping language?
[+competence, -performance]
Which of the following is the "aw"-pronunciation of "coffee" in New York?
[koəfi]
Which of the following is the "aw"-pronunciation of "coffee" in New York?
[kɔfi] [koəfe] [kɑfi] x [koəfi]
What is the pronunciation of the word mind in Chicano English?
[maɪn]
What is the pronunciation of the word mind in Chicano English? [maɪnd] [maɪn] [maːnd] [maː]
[maɪn]
What is the pronunciation of the word mind in Chicano English?
[maɪnd] x [maɪn] [maːnd] [maː]
What are the major dialect surveys for American English? A)Linguistic Atlas of the U.S. and Canada B)Dictionary of American Regional English C)Telephone Survey of Sound Change in Process
a,b and c
Languages are _____ because there is no natural connection between an object and the word that is used to name that object.
arbitrary
Which of the following words is NOT pronounced with a tense short "a" in New York English? mad man pass back
back
For New Yorkers who are both r-droppers and aw-pronouncers, which pair of words does NOT sound the same? sure, shore lore, law bird, board soar, saw
bird, board
Linguistics is _____, because it seeks to understand the linguistic forms that people use _____.
descriptivist - no matter if they are considered incorrect.
Linguistics is _____, because it seeks to understand the linguistic forms that people use _____.
descriptivist - that are considered correct in their language. prescriptivist - that are considered correct in their language. prescriptivist - no matter if they are considered incorrect. x descriptivist - no matter if they are considered incorrect.
Linguistics is _____, because it seeks to understand the linguistic forms that people use _____.
descriptivist -no matter if they are considered incorrect.
Linguistics is ---, because it seeks to understand the linguistic forms that people use ---.
descriptivist; no matter if they are considered incorrect.
A language family is a group of language that ---
have a common linguistic ancestor.
Which of the following words is NOT pronounced with a tense short "a" in New York English?
mad x back man pass
A language that doesn't change ---
means that it no longer has active speakers.
When speaking Chicano English, "barely" means:
recently
Which of the following is a classic feature of New York English?
short-a split "aw" vowel "yooge" pronunciation r-dropping7
Morphology
structure of words ex. un + lock= unlock
For New Yorkers who are both r-droppers and aw-pronouncers, which pair of words does NOT sound the same?
sure, shore lore, law soar, saw x bird, board
In British English, what happens when the "t" sound is between two vowels?
the "t" sound is pronounced as a full stop [t]
The Norman conquest happened in ______ and served as the beginning of the ______ English period.
the 1000s - Middle
The Norman conquest happened in ______ and served as the beginning of the ______ English period.
the 400s - Old the 700s - Old x the 1000s - Middle the 1400s - Middle
T.H. Gallaudet and L. Clerc founded _____ in _____.
the American School for the Deaf - 1817
Phonology
the study of speech sounds in language acoustic properties of language
What do people usually think about novel forms in language?
they think novel forms are wrong.
Sound for Chicano English
two [thu] > [tu] coming ['kʌmɪŋ] > ['kamin] mind ['maɪnd] > [maɪn]
A language family is a group of languages _____.
with a common linguistic ancestor
Which one is an example of regularization?
x "I was there, you was there, we was there..." "Do not use nouns like impact as verbs." "I go, I went, I have gone." "Do not end a sentence in a preposition."
Which of the following is a linguistic feature found in Chicano English? (Mark all that are correct)
x "tell" meaning "ask" Null copula x Consonant cluster reduction x Multiple negation
Which of the following is a linguistic feature found in sign languages? (Mark all that are correct)
x A sign language can be learned as a foreign language. x A sign language can be the native language of a person. x A sign language can represent a community's identity. x A sign language can show regional and social variation.
Which of the following are grammatical features found in Rachel Jeantel's speech? (Mark all that apply)
x Absence of plural s x Habitual be x Copula absence x Remote past BIN
Why do we see more differences between varieties of American English on the East Coast than on the West Coast?
x Because English has been present on the East Coast for a longer time. Because English has been present on the East Coast as an identity feature. Because English has been present on the West Coast for a longer time. Because English has been present on the West Coast as an identity feature.
What can we learn about the coexistence of "apartment" and "flat" in American English?
x Borrowings from British English are used to refer to a fancier, more sophisticated item. American English is undergoing a process of becoming more and more like British English. American English and British English are no longer varieties with mutual understanding. Words in two different languages have different meanings and different pronunciations.
Besides New York, where is r-dropping also found?
x Boston Philadelphia Los Angeles Chicago
What led to the development of creole languages?
x Colonial systems like conquest and plantation slavery Legal norms imposed to immigrant and local workers Willingness to learn new languages in a communal way Poor grammatical features of the substrate languages
What characterized the oral education of deaf individuals that started in the 1880s?
x Deaf students were forced to mimic mouth shapes to pronounce sounds. Deaf students were taught English with the help of a cochlear implant. Deaf students were forbidden to communicate with English speakers. Deaf students were able to use both English and ASL in the classroom.
Which one is not a distinctive feature of AAE?
x Dropping of "have" Intimacy marker "up" Narrative past tense Null copula
Which of the following is not a linguistic myth?
x Even with heavier articulators, sign languages can convey the same information in the same amount of time. There is one universal sign language that is used by all deaf people and that varies only in a few lexicon items. Most well-developed languages, such as English, Spanish and French, have a signed counterpart for deaf people. Sign languages are not arbitrary as spoken languages, because signs mimic the shape or action of nouns and verbs.
Which of the following is an articulator in signs languages? (Mark all that are correct)
x Head x Hands x Body x Facial expressions
What is the difference between the vowel shifts in the Northern Cities and the South?
x In the urban areas, the vowel shift is expanding in the North and receding in the South. In the urban areas, the vowel shift is receding in the North and expanding in the South. In the rural areas, the vowel shift is receding in the North and expanding in the South. In the rural areas, the vowel shift is expanding in the North and receding in the South.
Which variety is considered as the closest one to the current Standard American English?
x Midwestern English West Coast English New England English Southern English
What component of a grammar tells us that we can get the word "teacher" by adding the agentive marker "-er" to the stem "teach"?
x Morphology Phonology Semantics Syntax
R-lessness is a feature that can be found in _____ and _____.
x New England - New York Seattle - San Diego Alaska - Hawaii Philadelphia - Pittsburgh
What factors affect the use of gender-neutral pronouns? I. People's personality type II. People's attitude about gender III. People's level of education
x Only I and II Only I and III Only II and III I, II and III
Why do New Yorkers r-drop?
x R-dropping was brought by the British settlers to the East coast and it stuck. R-dropping reflects the rude and lazy spirit of New Yorkers in their pronunciation. R-dropping became a prestigious feature in the East coast after World War II. R-dropping has been transmitted to the new generations in schools for centuries.
Which of these is true about the Oakland schools? (Mark all that are correct)
x The English used by African American students was regularly considered bad and limiting. The resolution proposed an initiative that had never before been carried out for any language. x The schools had failed to teach African American students with existing methods. x Over half of the kids were African American, and their average grade was very low.
What post-war shift affected American English?
x The pronunciation of "r" became the new prestigious form. The phrase "on the weekend" was more and more popular. The word "fall" replaced all uses of the word "autumn." The sounds of "o" and "a" changed to a British pronunciation.
What characterizes people who code-switch?
x They know both languages well enough to transition from one to the other. They do not know either language that well, so they need to change languages. They are unable to communicate clearly and make sense in just one sentence. They are fluent in only one of the languages used and they ignore the other.
Which statement is correct regarding English Standard Schools?
x They were created to eradicate Hawaiian Creole from the educational system. They were created to suppress the use of English in favor of Hawaiian Creole. They were created to support the maintenance of the creole language in Louisiana. They were created to teach Standard English along with the local creole language.
What was the main goal of enrolling Native language speakers into boarding schools?
x To inhibit students from speaking a Native language To contribute to early language reclamation efforts To prevent children from growing up without education To socialize teachers into Native American cultures
Which of the following is NOT a Southern English feature?
x Use of pop Use of might could Use of y'all Use of fixing to
The phrase "Black Lives Matter" was first coined ______ and gained widespread use ______.
x after George Zimmerman's acquittal - after the killing of Michael Brown in the first decade of the 21st century - in the second decade of the 21st century because of the death of Treyvon Martin - because the killer was released during the time of slavery - during the 2016 presidential election
Languages are _____ because there is no natural connection between an object and the word that is used to name that object.
x arbitrary inaccessible creative universal
Studies have found that people ___ identify the sexual orientation of speakers by ___.
x can - simply listening to speech samples cannot -listening to speech when visual cues are provided can - listening to speech when visual cues are provided cannot -simply listening to speech samples
Which of the following is a classic feature of New York English? (Mark all that are correct)
x short-a split x r-dropping x "yooge" pronunciation x "aw" vowel