Linguistics exam 2
Suppose that we choose the velar fricative as the phoneme. We could then write the following phonological rule, which accounts for the distribution in the data in Dataset A: German fricative palatalization rule: voiceless velar fricative --> palatal / front V ___ Assuming this hypothesized rule, draw a derivation chart for the German word [bu:x] 'book'. Then answer the questions below about your derivation. 1. what is the underlying form of this word? 2. what changes are made to this word by the rule? 3. what is the surface form of this word?
1. /bu:x/ 2. no change 3. /bu:x/
Given the new rule you wrote, draw a new derivation chart for the German word [bu:x] 'book'. Then answer the questions below about your derivation. 1. what is the underlying form of this word? 2. what changes are made to this word by the rule? 3. what is the surface form of this word?
1. /bu:ç/ 2. ç ---> x 3. [bu:x]
Similarly, given the new rule you wrote, draw a new derivation chart for the German word [ɛçt] 'real'. Then answer the questions below about your derivation. 1. what is the underlying form of this word? 2. what changes are made to this word by the rule? 3. what is the surface form of this word?
1. /ɛçt/ 2. no change 3. [ɛçt]
German fricative palatalization rule: voiceless velar fricative --> palatal / front V ___ Assuming this hypothesized rule, draw a derivation chart for the German word [ɛçt] 'real'. Then answer the questions below about your derivation. 1. what is the underlying form of this word? 2. what changes are made to this word by the rule? 3. what is the surface form of this word?
1. [ɛxt] 2. x ---> ç 3. [ɛçt]
In fact, both of these hypothetical forms are real German words, and both in reality are pronounced with the palatal fricative where the blank was. These facts are summarized in dataset B below. DATASET B: [manç] 'many a' [çemi:] 'chemistry' These facts falsify our first hypothesis, so we need to go back and revise, taking into account the expanded dataset.Here is Dataset A which we looked at earlier: DATASET A [axt] 'eight'; [lœçə] 'holes' [bu:x] 'book'; [ɛçt] 'real' [ho:x] 'high'; [ɪç] 'I' [laxən] 'to laugh'; [kɔʏçt] 'gasps' [lɔx] 'hole'; [byçə] 'books' Now solve the phonology problem again using ALL of the data given above (Datasets A and B). Draw t-charts and analyze them. What are the conditioning environments for the palatal fricative [ç] in the expanded dataset (A+B)? As usual when stating complementary distribution, you should choose the minimal amount of environments needed to characterize the distribution of the sounds. (You should check more than one box here.) A) C ___ B) V ___ C) # ___ D) front V ___ E) back V ___
A) C ___ C) # ___ D) front V ___
Now consider another hypothetical word containing a blank. ___emi: Again, suppose that the fricative phoneme occurs where the blank is. What does our hypothesized rule predict: which allophone should surface here, if our rule is correct? German fricative palatalization rule: voiceless velar fricative --> palatal / front V ___ A) The rule in this question predicts that the velar fricative [x] will be the allophone that surfaces here. B) The rule in this question predicts that the palatal fricative [ç] will be the allophone that surfaces here.
A) The rule in this question predicts that the velar fricative [x] will be the allophone that surfaces here.
Assuming that the phonological rule from above is correct, which nasal is predicted to appear in the blank in the following Italian word? [ditʃa__nɔve] A) [n] B) [ŋ]
A) [n]
Look at the number of distinctive environments you found for each sound. Which allophone makes the best underlying form (the best phoneme)? tinta - 'dye' tɛnda - 'tent' dansa - 'dance' tɛŋgo - I keep 'nero - 'black' bjaŋka - 'white' aŋke - 'also' faŋgo - 'mud' dʒɛnte - 'people' sapone - 'soap' tiŋgo - 'I dye' fuŋgo - 'mushroom' A) [n] B) [ŋ]
A) [n]
Now create t-charts of the environments for these sounds. Analyze your t-charts first to find the pattern. What are the conditioning environments for the alveolar allophone [n]? Check ALL that apply, but only choose environments that are unique to the allophone [n]. tinta - 'dye' tɛnda - 'tent' dansa - 'dance' tɛŋgo - I keep 'nero - 'black' bjaŋka - 'white' aŋke - 'also' faŋgo - 'mud' dʒɛnte - 'people' sapone - 'soap' tiŋgo - 'I dye' fuŋgo - 'mushroom' A) __alveolar consonants B) __velar consonants C) __consonants D) __vowels E) __# F) vowels__
A) __alveolar consonants D) __vowels
In which of the following cases would the occurrence of sounds be predictable (i.e., if given a word with a blank in it, you would be able to predict which of the sounds goes in the blank)? A) allophones of the same phoneme B) separate phonemes
A) allophones of the same phoneme
Now draw t-charts for the sounds and analyze them. Once you have finished your t-charts and eliminated overlap from your enquiries, you should have ended up with the following as the relevant environments for the velar fricative [x]: a__ u:__ o:__ ɔ__ What general statement can you make about these environments? (Choose one.) A) back vowels ___ B) front vowels ___ C) short vowels ___ D) tense vowels ___ E) lax vowels ___ F) rounded vowels ___ G) unrounded vowels ___
A) back vowels ___
According to this same video, how does exposure to a sign language at a young age affect oral speech development in deaf children who are given cochlear implants? A) children who are exposed to sign language at an early age more proficient in oral speech development, as compared to deaf children who are not exposed to signing at an early age B) children who are exposed to sign language at an early age experience delays in oral speech development, as compared to deaf children who are not exposed to signing at an early age C) No difference is observed between children in the two groups
A) children who are exposed to sign language at an early age more proficient in oral speech development, as compared to deaf children who are not exposed to signing at an early age
Which of the following are minimal pairs? (Remember to think about sounds, not spelling! It may help to transcribe the words first.) Check ALL that apply. A) my buy B) light right C) zoo zoom D) bet bit E) dam mad F) Canada Canadian
A) my buy B) light right D) bet bit
In the word <skin>, what part of the syllable is the sound [s] in? A) onset B) nucleus C) coda
A) onset
Which is used to represent words in the mental dictionary? A) phonemes B) allophones
A) phonemes
Which field of linguistics studies the articulation and physical properties of speech sounds? A) phonetics B) phonology
A) phonetics
Most of the signs of signed languages are not iconic (in other words they do not closely resemble the ideas they denote.) A) True B) False
A) true
Here is a representative sample of a young child's linguistic output. What stage of language development is this child in? (cries) (burps) (cries some more) A) vegetative noises B) cooing and laughter C) babbling D) first words
A) vegetative noises
A two-year old child pronounced the word on the left as transcribed on the right. Indicate which phonetic processes have applied. Choose ALL that apply. <teddy> [dɛdi] A) voice assimilation B) deletion C) stopping D) gliding E) place assimilation
A) voice assimilation
A two-year old child pronounced the word on the left as transcribed on the right. Indicate which phonetic processes have applied. Choose ALL that apply. <spoon> [bun] A) voice assimilation B) deletion C) stopping D) gliding E) place assimilation
A) voice assimilation B) deletion
Studies comparing the perception of bilabial stops with varying Voice Onset Times (VOT) in infants from English-speaking and Thai-speaking environments have shown that: A) 12 month old infants from English-speaking environments behave like Thai-speaking adults in their ability to perceive sound contrasts. B) 12 month old infants from Thai-speaking environments behave like Thai-speaking adults in their ability to perceive sound contrasts. C) 12 month old infants from Thai-speaking environments behave like English-speaking adults in their ability to perceive sound contrasts.
B) 12 month old infants from Thai-speaking environments behave like Thai-speaking adults in their ability to perceive sound contrasts.
American Sign Language (ASL) and spoken English have very similar grammatical structures. English is much closer grammatically to ASL than it is to French, Spanish, German, or Russian. A) True B) False
B) False
Sign languages are all derived from a naturally-occurring spoken language. They are word-for-word translations of an existing spoken language into manual gestures. A) True B) False
B) False
While there are many spoken languages, there is only one universal sign language used by deaf people across the world. A) True B) False
B) False
Consider the sounds [n] and [ŋ] in the Italian data below. Are there any minimal pairs in the dataset involving these two sounds? tinta - 'dye' tɛnda - 'tent' dansa - 'dance' tɛŋgo - I keep 'nero - 'black' bjaŋka - 'white' aŋke - 'also' faŋgo - 'mud' dʒɛnte - 'people' sapone - 'soap' tiŋgo - 'I dye' fuŋgo - 'mushroom' A) Yes, there is a minimal pair involving [n] and [ŋ]. B) No, there is no minimal pair involving [n] and [ŋ].
B) No, there is no minimal pair involving [n] and [ŋ].
In the "Myth-busting" video about ASL from Gallaudet University, what did you learn about how spoken and signed languages are processed in the brain? A) Due to their different linguistic modalities, spoken languages are processed in different parts of the brain B) Spoken languages and signed languages are spoken in the same part of the brain C) Exposure to a signed language at an early age damages auditory brain tissue
B) Spoken languages and signed languages are spoken in the same part of the brain
Suppose that we choose the velar fricative as the phoneme. We could then write the following phonological rule, which accounts for the distribution in the data in Dataset A: German fricative palatalization rule: voiceless velar fricative --> palatal / front V ___ Now consider the following hypothetical word, which has a blank in it. If the fricative phoneme from the above rule occurs in the position of this blank, which allophone does our rule predict will appear there? man___ (Note: even if you speak German, answer the question based on the predictions of the rule exactly as written above!) A) The rule in this question predicts that the velar fricative [x] will occur in the blank. B) The rule in this question predicts that the palatal fricative [ç] will occur in the blank.
B) The rule in this question predicts that the palatal fricative [ç] will occur in the blank.
Now create t-charts of the environments for these sounds. Analyze your t-charts first to find the pattern. What are the conditioning environments for the alveolar allophone [ŋ]? Check ALL that apply, but only choose environments that are unique to the allophone [ŋ]. tinta - 'dye' tɛnda - 'tent' dansa - 'dance' tɛŋgo - I keep 'nero - 'black' bjaŋka - 'white' aŋke - 'also' faŋgo - 'mud' dʒɛnte - 'people' sapone - 'soap' tiŋgo - 'I dye' fuŋgo - 'mushroom' A) __alveolar consonants B) __velar consonants C) __consonants D) __vowels E) __# F) vowels__
B) __velar consonants
Consider the German data below. Based on this data, what is the phonological status of [ç] and [x] in German? A) separate phonemes B) allophones of the same phoneme
B) allophones of the same phoneme
Consider the sounds [n] and [ŋ] in the Italian data below. Are they separate phonemes or allophones of the same phoneme in Italian? tinta - 'dye' tɛnda - 'tent' dansa - 'dance' tɛŋgo - I keep 'nero - 'black' bjaŋka - 'white' aŋke - 'also' faŋgo - 'mud' dʒɛnte - 'people' sapone - 'soap' tiŋgo - 'I dye' fuŋgo - 'mushroom' A) separate phonemes B) allophones of the same phoneme
B) allophones of the same phoneme
Which of the following phonological rules is the BEST analysis of this data? (The best answer is the simplest possible rule that correctly accounts for every occurrence of the two sounds in the dataset.) tinta - 'dye' tɛnda - 'tent' dansa - 'dance' tɛŋgo - I keep 'nero - 'black' bjaŋka - 'white' aŋke - 'also' faŋgo - 'mud' dʒɛnte - 'people' sapone - 'soap' tiŋgo - 'I dye' fuŋgo - 'mushroom' A) velar nasal stop --> alveolar / __ alveolars & __ vowels B) alveolar nasal stop --> velar / ___ velars C) alveolar nasal stop --> velar / ___ nasal D) velar nasal stop --> alveolar / #__ E) alveolar nasal stop --> velar / vowels___
B) alveolar nasal stop --> velar / ___ velars
Again based on the data in Dataset A above, what is the phonological distribution of [ç] and [x] in German? A) contrastive distribution B) complementary distribution
B) complementary distribution
Consider the sounds [n] and [ŋ] in the Italian data below. Are they in contrastive distribution or complementary distribution? tinta - 'dye' tɛnda - 'tent' dansa - 'dance' tɛŋgo - I keep 'nero - 'black' bjaŋka - 'white' aŋke - 'also' faŋgo - 'mud' dʒɛnte - 'people' sapone - 'soap' tiŋgo - 'I dye' fuŋgo - 'mushroom' A) contrastive distribution B) complementary distribution
B) complementary distribution
Here is a representative sample of a young child's linguistic output. What stage of language development is this child in? (giggles) (squeals) [uuuuuuu] [mmmmmmm] A) vegetative noises B) cooing and laughter C) babbling D) first words
B) cooing and laughter
For the palatal fricative [ç], you should have come up with the following relevant environments from Dataset A: ʏ__ y__ ɪ__ ɛ__ œ__ What general statement can you make about these environments? (Choose one.) A) back vowels ___ B) front vowels ___ C) short vowels ___ D) tense vowels ___ E) lax vowels ___ F) rounded vowels ___ G) unrounded vowels ___
B) front vowels ___
Which field of linguistics studies the cognitive organization of sounds in a language? A) phonetics B) phonology
B) phonology
What type of articulatory process is this type of rule? tinta - 'dye' tɛnda - 'tent' dansa - 'dance' tɛŋgo - I keep 'nero - 'black' bjaŋka - 'white' aŋke - 'also' faŋgo - 'mud' dʒɛnte - 'people' sapone - 'soap' tiŋgo - 'I dye' fuŋgo - 'mushroom' A) progressive assimilation B) regressive assimilation C) intervocalic assimilation D) dissimilation E) insertion
B) regressive assimilation
If you find a minimal pair involving two sounds, this is evidence that the two sounds are: A) allophones of the same phoneme B) separate phonemes
B) separate phonemes
Based on the Data in sets A & B, which sound makes the best underlying form (the best phoneme)? A) the velar fricative [x] B) the palatal fricative [ç]
B) the palatal fricative [ç]
Again based on your revised analysis of Datasets A & B together, what is the best statement of the phonological rule at work here? voiceless velar fricative = [x]voiceless palatal fricative = [ç] A) voiceless velar fricative ---> palatal / front V ___ B) voiceless palatal fricative ---> velar / back V ___ C) voiceless palatal fricative ---> velar / ___ # D) voiceless velar fricative ---> palatal / # ___
B) voiceless palatal fricative ---> velar / back V ___
Choose the correct syllabification of the word <obscure>: A) ɑ.bskjur B) ɑb.skjur C) ɑbs.kjur D) ɑbsk.jur
B) ɑb.skjur
What does the article "What happens if you are raised without language?" say about the outcomes of deaf children who are raised without exposure to sign language at an early age? A) It makes no difference to a child's linguistic outcome when sign language is introduced. B) A deaf child's ability to learn basic words is dramatically affected by the age at which sign language is introduced. C) A deaf child's ability to learn grammar is dramatically affected by the age at which sign language is introduced.
C) A deaf child's ability to learn grammar is dramatically affected by the age at which sign language is introduced.
Considering ONLY the data given to you in Dataset A above, which fricative is the best choice for the underlying form (the phoneme)? A) Choosing the velar fricative [x] as the phoneme would give us a simpler rule. B) Choosing the palatal fricative [ç] as the phoneme would give us a simpler rule. C) Neither one is obviously better - either way we could write an equally simple rule. We would need to consider other issues as naturalness to choose the phoneme.
C) Neither one is obviously better - either way we could write an equally simple rule. We would need to consider other issues as naturalness to choose the phoneme.
Here is a representative sample of a young child's linguistic output. What stage of language development is this child in? [bibibi] [dodo] [gagagaga] A) vegetative noises B) cooing and laughter C) babbling D) first words
C) babbling
In the word <cats>, what part of the syllable is the sound [s] in? A) onset B) nucleus C) coda
C) coda
What are the five articulatory parameters of signed languages? A) elbow height B) handedness (left or right hand use) C) palm orientation (direction palm is facing) D) Non-manual markers (facial expression or upper body posture) E) knee flexion (knees bent or straight) F) Location (position of sign relative to body) G) handshape H) movement I) seated versus standing
C) palm orientation (direction palm is facing) D) Non-manual markers (facial expression or upper body posture) F) Location (position of sign relative to body) G) handshape H) movement
A two-year old child pronounced the word on the left as transcribed on the right. Indicate which phonetic processes have applied. Choose ALL that apply. <zoo> [du] A) voice assimilation B) deletion C) stopping D) gliding E) place assimilation
C) stopping
Here is a representative sample of a young child's linguistic output. What stage of language development is this child in?[ ka] 'car' [mama] 'Mama' [po] 'phone' A) vegetative noises B) cooing and laughter C) babbling D) first words
D) first words
Choose the correct syllabification of the word <ultimate>: A) ʌl.tɪm.ət B) ʌlt.ɪm.ət C) ʌ.ltɪ.mət D) ʌl.tɪ.mət
D) ʌl.tɪ.mət
In the assigned Phonology reading, which of the following were mentioned as issues that complicate the task of a young child who is in the process of acquiring a spoken language for the first time? A) In an acoustic speech signal, sounds are not separated, but occur in a continuous stream. B) When sounds occur in a word, phonetic features of nearby sounds overlap with one another, causing the sounds to change depending on their neighbors. C) The same word sounds different when it is pronounced by different people. D) Certain acoustic characteristics (such as speed, volume, and some aspects of pitch) are not relevant at all to identifying a word, and need to be ignored. E) All of the above
E) All of the above
Non-manual markers in signed languages are often used to indicate sentence-level meaning, such as negation True False
True
Because of their lack of phonetic segments, signed languages do not exhibit phonological processes that require sequential environments, such as assimilation. true false
false
DATASET A [axt] 'eight' [lœçə] 'holes' [bu:x] 'book' [ɛçt] 'real' [ho:x] 'high' [ɪç] 'I' [laxən] 'to laugh' [kɔʏçt] 'gasps' [lɔx] 'hole' [byçə] 'books' Unfamiliar symbols: [ç] voiceless oral palatal fricative [x] voiceless oral velar fricative [y] high front tense rounded vowel [ʏ] high front lax rounded vowel [œ] mid front lax rounded vowel
for following problems
"Wug" test experiments suggest that 4-5 year old children are not simply imitating forms they have heard, but are able to internalize general phonological rules and use them creatively. true false
true
Children across the world play language games such as Pig Latin or Ubby-Dubby, which involve manipulating the words of their native language by inserting or rearranging sounds in specific internal parts of the syllable. true false
true
Signed languages contain minimal pairs just like spoken true false
true