LINUX EXAM 2

grep

A Linux command that searches files for patterns of characters using regular expression metacharacters. The command name is short for "global regular expression print."

daemon

A Linux system process that provides a system service.

disk mirroring

A RAID configuration consisting of two identical hard disks to which identical data are written in parallel, thus ensuring fault tolerance. Also known as RAID 1.

disk striping

A RAID configuration in which a single file is divided into sections, which are then written to different hard disks concurrently to speed up access time; this type of RAID is not fault tolerant. Also known as RAID 0.

runlevel

A UNIX SysV term that defines a certain type and number of daemons on a Linux system.

GRUB

A boot loader used to boot a variety of different operating systems (including Linux) on a variety of different hardware platforms.

du

A command that displays directory usage.

sed

A command used for finding, filtering, text substitution, replacement and text manipulations like insertion, deletion search etc.

fsck

A command used to check the integrity of a filesystem and repair damaged files.

alias

A command used to create special variables that are shortcuts to longer command strings.

fdisk

A command used to create, delete, and manipulate partitions on hard disks.

env

A command used to display a list of exported variables present in the current shell, except special variables.

echo

A command used to display or echo output to the terminal screen. It might utilize escape sequences.

mkfs

A command used to format or create filesystems.

fuser

A command used to identify any users or processes using a particular file or directory.

mount

A command used to mount filesystems on devices to mount point directories.

mknod

A command used to re-create a device file, provided the major number, minor number, and type (character or bock) are known.

export

A command used to send variables to subshells.

tee

A command used to take from Standard Input and send to both Standard Output and a specified file.

tr

A command used to transform or change characters received from Standard Input.

set

A command used to view all variables in the shell, except special variables.

FTP

A command-line FTP client program that is found in most operating systems.

LILO

A common boot loader used on legacy Linux systems.

KDE

A desktop environment created by Matthias Ettrich in 1996.

GTK+ toolkit

A development toolkit for C programming; it is used in the GNOME desktop and the GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP).

has no data section, displays a major and minor number in place of a file size

A device file ___.

stderr

A file descriptor that represents any error messages generated by a command.

/etc/mtab

A file that stores a list of currently mounted filesystems.

/etc/fstab

A file used to specify which filesystems to mount automatically at boot time and queried by the mount command if an insufficient number of arguments are specified.

True

A for construct is a loop construct that processes a specified list of objects. As a result, it is executed as long as there are remaining objects to process.

SAN

A group of computers that access the same storage device across a fast network.

;

A metacharacter that joins multiple commands.

boot loader

A program used to load an operating system.

partition

A section of a hard disk or SSD. Partitions can be primary or extended.

cylinder

A series of tracks on a hard disk that are written to simultaneously by the magnetic heads in a hard disk drive.

NFS

A set of software components that can be used to share files natively between UNIX, Linux, and Macintosh computers on a network.

LVM

A set of software components within Linux that can be used to manage the storage of information across several different hard disks on a Linux system.

<

A shell metacharacter used to obtain Standard Input from a file.

|

A shell metacharacter used to pipe Standard Output from one command to the Standard Input of another command.

>

A shell metacharacter used to redirect Standard Output and Standard Error to a file.

pipe

A string of commands connected by | metacharacters.

single user mode

A system that has only enough daemons to allow one user (the root user) to log in and perform system maintenance tasks.

spanning

A type of RAID level 0 that allows two or more devices to be represented as a single large volume.

RAID

A type of storage that can be used to combine hard disks together for performance and/or fault tolerance.

LUN

A unique identifier for each device attached to any given node in a SCSI chain.

Unmount the device from the directory.

A user mounts a device to a mount point directory and realizes afterward there are files previously found within the mount point directory that are needed. What should this user do?

Mount the filesystem and check the lost+found directory underneath the mount point.

A user runs the fsck command with the -a option on a filesystem that is showing signs of corruption. How would that user locate any files the system was unable to repair?

POST

An initial series of tests run when a computer is powered on to ensure that hardware components are functional.

Begin the line with #

How do you indicate a comment line in a shell script?

fault tolerant

Term used to describe a device that exhibits a minimum of downtime in the event of a failure.

filesystem

The organization imposed on a physical storage medium that is used to manage the storage and retrieval of data.

active partition

The partition searched for an operating system after the MBR/GPT.

formatting

The process in which a filesystem is placed on a device.

redirection

The process of changing the default locations of Standard Input, Standard Output, and Standard Error.

graphical.target

What Systemd target corresponds to runlevel 5?

zpool create test mirror /dev/sdb /dev/sdc

What command can be used to create a ZFS volume called test from the space on /dev/sdb and /dev/sdc that functions like RAID level 1?

It appends Standard Ouput to a file.

What does >> accomplish when entered on the command line after a command?

displays the number of inodes used and available in an ext2 filesystem

What does the command dumpe2fs -h do?

shows the size of all directories within the /var directory

What does the du /var command do?

/etc/rc2.d

What is the name of the directory that contains symbolic links to UNIX SysV rc scripts for runlevel 2?

Nothing is wrong with the command

What is wrong with the following command string ls /etc/hosts >listofhostfile?

single

What keyword can be specified within a boot loader to force the system to boot to Single User Mode?

Unmount the filesystem.

What must you do to successfully run the fsck command on a filesystem?

When you use the cat command at the command prompt with the intention of viewing a text file, the date appears instead.

What would be the effect of using the alias command to make an alias for the date command named cat in honor of your favorite pet?

major number

When referring to device files, the major number is used by the kernel to identify which device driver to call to interact properly with a given category of hardware; hard disk drives, CDs, and video cards are all categories of hardware; similar devices share a common major number. When referring to kernel versions, the major number is the number preceding the first dot in the number used to identify a Linux kernel version.

minor number

When referring to device files, the minor number is used by the kernel to identify which specific hardware device, within a given category, to use a driver to communicate with. When referring to a Linux kernel, the minor number is the number following the first dot in the number used to identify a Linux kernel version, denoting a minor modification. If odd, it is a version under development and not yet fully tested.

RAM

Where is the /proc filesystem stored?

1

Which RAID level is also referred to as mirroring?

5

Which RAID level uses striping with parity?

xvidtune

Which command can be used to fine-tune the vsync and hsync of a video card for use in X Windows?

startx

Which command can be used to start X Windows, the window manager, and the default desktop environment?

chroot

Which command can you use during a system rescue to switch from the root of the live OS to the root of the Linux System installed on the hard disk?

init 1

Which command causes the system to enter Single User Mode?

set

Which command could you use to see a list of all environment and user-defined shell variables as well as their current values?

df

Which command is used to display the amount of free space that exists on a filesystem?

e2mkfs -t ext4 device

Which command is used to format a partition on a hard disk drive with the ext4 filesystem?

mount -a

Which command mounts all existing filesystems in /etc/fstab?

read

Which construct can be used in a shell script to read Standard Input and place it in a variable?

/etc/init.d

Which directory stores most UNIX SysV rc scripts?

/etc/inittab

Which file does init reference on startup to determine the default runlevel?

RAID 0

Which of the following RAID levels is not fault tolerant?

systemctl stop lala.service

Which of the following Systemd commands can be used to stop a daemon called lala?

journalctl -b

Which of the following commands can be used on a Fedora 20 system to view hardware and service startup information during the boot process?

parted

Which of the following commands can be used to create partitions on either a MBR or GPT hard disk?

chkconfig --level 123 lala on

Which of the following commands can be used to start a UNIX SysV daemon called lala in runlevels 1, 2 and 3?

All of the above (RAM problems, overclocked CPU, improper device driver)

Which of the following could result in a segmentation fault (fatal signal 11) during a Fedora installation?

1

Which of the following file descriptor numbers represents stdout?

/etc/profile

Which of the following files is always executed immediately after a user logs in to a Linux system and receives a BASH shell?

(hd2,1)

Which of the following indicates the second partition on the third hard disk drive to GRUB?

serial RAID

Which of the following is not a type of RAID?

Standard Input, Standard Deviation

Which of the following is not necessarily generated by every command on the system?

iSCSI initiator

Which of the following is used to describe a computer that is used to access an iSCSI hard disk across the network?

Package selection, Boot loader configuration, System host name, Boot from local Fedora installation media and modify the boot options to include the word askmethod

Which of the following items are you typically required to configure during a Linux server installation?

!

Which of the following operators reverses the meaning of a test statement?

- Quotas can limit both user space and the number of files a user can own. - Hard limits can never be exceeded/ - Soft limits allow a user to exceed them for a certain period of time.

Which of the following statements are true?

GRUB need not be reinstalled after it has been modified.

Which of the following statements is true? - GRUB needs to be reinstalled after it has been modified. - LILO need not be reinstalled after it has been modified. - GRUB points to LILO. - GRUB need not be reinstalled after it has been modified.

Either the MBR/GPT or the active partition can contain the boot loader.

Which of the following statements is true? - The boot loader points to the MBR/GPT. - Either the MBR/GPT or the active partition can contain the boot loader. - Both the MBR/GPT and the active partition point to the boot loader. - The boot loader points to the active partition.

VGs are comprised of one or more PVs

Which of the following statements regarding LVM structure is correct?

cd /home/user1 && echo "welcome home"

Which of the following will display the message welcome home if the cd /home/user1 command is successfully executed?

0

Which runlevel halts the system?

X.org, XFree86

Which two implementations of X Windows are commonly used in Linux?

software RAID

Which type of RAID is entirely configured during the Linux installation process?

grub2-mkconfig

You have recently modified the options within the /etc/default/grub file. What command can you use next to rebuild the GRUB2 configuration file?

You did not append the Standard Error to the Error file and as a result, it was overwritten when the command was run a second time.

You have redirected Standard Error to a file called Errors. You view the contents of this file afterward and notice that there are six error messages. After repeating the procedure, you notice that there are only two error messages in this file. Why?

/dev/sdc1

You plug a USB flash memory drive into a system that has two SATA hard disks. What will the partition on this USB flash memory drive be recognized as to the Linux system?

cat /etc/mtab

You want to see the filesystems that are presently in use on the system. What command could you use?

/var/log

You want to view log files to get information about a problem you are having. In which directory will you likely find the log files?

Modify the daemon configuration file within the /etc/init directory

You wish to configure the runlevels that a particular upstart daemon is started in. What should you do?

False

ZFS volumes are mounted at boot time from entries within /etc/fstab by default?

False

After a partition on a hard disk drive is formatted with a filesystem, all partitions on that hard disk drive must use the same filesystem.

segmentation fault

An error that software encounters when it cannot locate the information needed to complete its task.

False

Because Standard Error and Standard Ouput represent the results of a command and Standard Input represents the input required for a command, only Standard Error and Standard Ouput can be redirected to/from a file.

exported

Before a user-defined variable can be used by processes that run in subshells, that variable must be __________.

False

Character devices typically transfer data more quickly than block devices.

The answer is not red nor blue.

Consider the following shell script: echo -e "What is your favorite color?--> \c" read REPLY if [ "$REPLY" = "red" -o "$REPLY" = "blue" ] then echo "The answer is red or blue." else echo "The answer is not red nor blue." fi What would be displayed if a user executes this program and answered Blue when prompted?

fi

Every if construct begins with if and must be terminated with?

/, /dev/pts and /dev/shm

Given the following output from /etc/fstab, which filesystems will be automatically checked on boot by the fsck command? /dev/sda1 / ext4 defaults 1 1. none /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 1 0. none /proc proc defaults 0 1. none /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 1 0. /dev/sdc2 swap swap defaults 0 1. /dev/dvd /media/dvd iso9660 noauto,ro 0 0. /dev/fd0 /media/floppy auto noauto 0 0.

/boot

In what directory is Stage2 of the GRUB2 boot loader stored?

Use the fdisk command to create one or more partitions on each of the hard disk drives, mount any partitions created on the two hard drives such that they are accessible by the operating system, and format any partitions created with a valid filesystem recognized by Linux.

Jim has just purchased two new SCSI hard disk drives and a controller card for them. He properly installs the hardware in his machine. Before he can use them for data storage and retrieval, what must he do?

IU

Linux servers are typically installed in a rack using rackmount server hardware. Which of the following is used to describe the minimum height of a rackmount server?

False

RAID-Z is functionally equivalent to RAID level 1.

False

SAS transfers data to SCSI disks via parallel cables.

a 50-pin connector

SCSI devices that use an 8-bit-wide data path use _____.

slow and narrow

SCSI-1 is also referred to as _____.

True

The alias command can be used to make a shortcut to a single command.

escape sequences

The character sequences that have special meaning inside the echo command. They are prefixed by the \ character.

echo ~, echo $HOME

The current value for the HOME variable is displayed by which of the following commands? (Choose all that apply.)

GNOME

The default desktop environment on most Linux systems; it was created in 1997.

environment files

The files used immediately after login to execute commands; they are typically used to load variables into memory.

init

The first daemon loaded on a Linux system is _____.

The device file has become corrupt.

The first floppy drive on the system is not responding. You enter the file /dev/fd0 command and receive the following output. What is the problem? [root@server1 root]# file /dev/fd0. /dev/fd0: ASCII text. [root@server1 root]# .

hashpling

The first line in a shell script, which defines the shell that will be used to interpret the commands in the script file.

init daemon

The first process started by the Linux kernel; it is responsible for starting and stopping other daemons.

hard disk quotas

The limits on the number of files, or total storage space on a hard disk drive, available to a user.

quotas

The limits that can be imposed on users and groups for filesystem usage.

True

The lvextend command can be used to add additional unused space within a volume group to an existing logical volume.

True

The sed and awk commands are filter commands commonly used to format data within a pipe.

sector

The smallest unit of data storage on a hard disk; sectors are arranged into concentric circles called tracks and can be grouped into blocks for use by the system.

block devices

The storage devices that transfer data to and from the system in chunks of many data bits by caching the information in RAM; they are represented by block device files.

character devices

The storage devices that transfer data to and from the system one data bit at a time; they are represented by character device files.

shell scripts

The text files that contain a list of commands or constructs for the shell to execute in order.

seconds

The timeout value in the GRUB configuration file is measured in?

awk

This command searches for patterns of text and performs some action on the text found. However, it treats each line of text as a record in a database, and each word in a line as a database field.

dd

This command stands for "data duplicator" and used for copying and converting data.

/etc/inittab

This file often contains a single uncommented line that configures the default runlevel. It tells the init daemon that the default runlevel to boot to when initializing the Linux system at system startup.

/dev/MAKEDEV

This is a program that will create the devices in /dev used to interface with drivers in the kernel.

kickstart file

This is a simple text file, containing a list of items, each identified by a keyword. You can create it by editing a copy of the README.ks file found in the docs/ directory of a Red Hat Linux CD-ROM, or you can create it from scratch.

/test

To which directory will the test ZFS volume from the previous question be mounted by the ZFS system?