Lipids Ch 5

what cuases the carbon chain to bend?

Cis fatty acid

What happens when you consume less then 5% of fat?

Constant low blood temperature fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies lack of energy

Why are emulsifier important in cooking and baking?

Helps keep mixtures from separating

What are some reasons that fat is added to foods in spite of the negative health implications of consuming a high-fat diet?

It is healthful to include some fat in the diet. Many flavors are fat soluble, so fat enhances the flavor of the foods. Fat improves mouth feels of food.

what allows the carbon chain to remain straighter?

Trans fatty acid

LDL

carries cholesterol made by the liver and from other sources to cells

chylomicron

carries dietary fat from the small intestine to cells

VLDL

carries lipids made and taken up by the liver to cells

what lipoprotein arises from the GI tract?

chylomicrons

glycerol

circulates back to the liver

HDL

contributes to cholesterol removal from cells and excretiom from the body

people who have impaired fat absorptiom may be at risk for....

deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins

formed feom the breakdown of triglycerides, a ____ consists of two fattynacids biund to a glycerol backbine

diglyceride

what are the functions of HdL cholesterol in the bloodstream?

donates cholesterol to other lipoprotein for transport back to the liver for excretion picks up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources

phospholipids and triglycerides are similiar in structure; in a phospholipid, at least one ____ ____ is replaced by a ____ compound

fatty acid phosphorus

Identify one product of triglycerides that can be absorbed into the cell lining of the small intestine

fatty acids

alpha-linolentic acid

first carbon carbin double bond is at the third carbon from the methyl end

oleic acid

first carbon carbon double bond is at the ninth carbon from the methyl end

linoleic acid

first carbon carbon double bond is at the sixth carbon from the methyl end

phospholipid

foems lipid bilayer of cell membrane

a function of phospholipids in the body is to aid in...

formation of cell membranes digestion of fats

a function of ____ is to serve as the backbone fornthe three fatty acids attchend to a triglyceride molecule

glycerol

___-density lipoprotein is consciered the "good" cholesterol

high

_____is the process of adding hydrogens to unsaturated fats' which makes a liquid fat more solid at room temperature

hydrogenation

the phosphate heads of the phospholipids are....

hydrophilic

the fatty acid portions of the phospholipids are....

hydrophobic

what are the two adverse health effects currently associated with an increased intake of trans fat?

increased risk of heart disease increased inflammation

whatbis a common examole of a phospholipid?

lecithin

which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids?

linoleic acid alph-linolenic

what enzyme plays an important role in fat digestion?

lipase

fat digestion is rapid and thorough in the small intestine under what right circumstances?

lipase breaks triglycerides down to momoglycerides bile from the gallbladder is present

what enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream?

lipoprotein lipase

____ trasports lipids from the small intestine and liver to the body tissues

lipoproteins

the majority of fatty acids consumed in the diet are

long chain fatty acids

what are the components of a phospholipid molecule?0

phosphorus-containing molecule glycerol backbone

____ is a cholesterol-rich substance deposited in the blood vessels.

plaque

fatty acids containing carbon-carbon double binds are considered ______ fatty acids

polyunsaturated unsaturated

the layer of triglycerides beneath the skin serves to....

protect vital organs insulatebthe body

___ occurs when the double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids in food products are broken down by ultraviolet lighht or oxygen

rancidity

phytosterols are plant chemicals that

reduce cholesterol absorption in the samm intestine

chylomiceon remnant

removed from circulation bynthe liver snd recylced to make other lipoproteins and bile acids

____ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbin single bonds

saturated

lard is solid at room temperature. lard contains mostly ___ fatty acids

saturated

stick margarine has more ____ fatty acids than tub margarine

saturated

an omega 3 acid is

unsaturated

___ is an indication that a product is a source of trans fatv

vegetable shortening partially-hydrogenated oil

people who use mineral oil as a laxative at mealtimes risk deficiencies of....

vitamin E and D

cholesterol

waxy lipid found in all body cells

what are some components of plaque?

white blood cells calcium cholesterol

List of fat digestion and absorption

1. Some lipase is released by the salivary glands and stomach 2. Lipase begins digesting short-chain fatty-acids in the stomach 3. Bile Emulsifies the fats 4. Lipase digest long-chain fatty acids and triglycerides 5. Triglycerides are broken down and absorbed in the small intestine

long chain fatty acids contain ____ or more carbin atoms

12

What is the acceptable Macronutrient Distribution range for lipids according to the food and nutrition board?

20% to 35% of calories

Cholesterol intake should be no more then...

300 mg per day

what percentage of total calories should come from essential fatty acids?

5%

what are the two most common synthetic antioxidant additives in foods?

BHA. BHt

Omega 6

Essential Fatty acid; Linoleic acid

Omega 3

Essential fatty acid; Alpha-linolenic acid

Which class of lipids may serve as precursors for hormone synthesis?

Sterols

Systolic Blood Pressure

The pressure in the arterial blood vessels associated with the pumping of the blood from the heart.

Diastolic Blood Pressure

The pressure in the arterial blood vessels when the heart is between beats.

Three fatty acids combine with glycerol to form...

Triglycerides

free fatty acids

absorbed by cells within the vincinity and reform into triglyceride for storage or use

what two chemical groups are found at the end of either side of the fatty-acid carbon chain?

an acid group(COOH) and a methyl group(CH3)

what is the structure and function of a glycerol molecules?

an alcohol containing three carbons; it is the backbone of a triglyceride molecule

___serve tostop the damage done to cells by reactive oxygen species

antioxidans

how does cholesterold affect digestion of fats in the small intestine?

as a component of bile, it emulsified fats.

current cholesterol-lowering medications act to

bind to cholesterol in the GI tract reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver

triglyceride

major form of lipid in food and body

formed from the breakdown of triglycerides, a ____ consists of one fatty accid bound to a glycerol backbone

monoglyceride

sterol

multi-ring structer with a hydroxyl group

what is he main function of antioxidants?

neutralize free radicals

Omega 9

nonessential fatty acid

foods high in monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fats are typically ____ at room temperature

oils

In a chemical reaction, when a compound loses an electron, that compound has been.....

oxidized

whybare triglycerides ideal for fat storage?

they are chemically stable they are energy dense

triglyceride

three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone

which form of unsaturated fatty acid contains a chemical structure similar to that pf saturated fatty acids?

trans

___ fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely resembles the structure of ____ fats due to the altered chemical structure that results during this process

trans saturated