Lippincott mood disorders

15. The primary health care provider prescribes fluoxetine (Prozac) orally every morning for a 72-year-old client with depression. Which transient adverse effect of this drug requires immediate action by the nurse? 1. Nausea. 2. Dizziness. 3. Sedation. 4. Dry mouth.

...15. 2. The presence of dizziness could indicate orthostatic hypotension, which may cause injury to the client from falling. Nausea, sedation, and dry mouth do not require immediate intervention by the nurse.

34. When preparing a teaching plan for a client about imipramine (Tofranil), which of the following substances should the nurse tell the client to avoid while taking the medication? 1. Caffeinated coffee. 2. Sunscreen. 3. Alcohol. 4. Artificial tears.

...34. 3. Imipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant, in combination with alcohol will produce additive central nervous system depression. Although caffeinated coffee is safe to use when the client is taking imipramine, it is not recommended for a client with depression who may be experiencing sleep disturbances. Imipramine may cause photosensitivity so the client would be instructed to use sunscreen and protective clothing when exposed to the sun. Reduced lacrimation may occur as a side effect of imipramine. Therefore, the use of artificial tears may be recommended.

36. When assessing a client who is receiving tricyclic antidepressant therapy, which of the following should alert the nurse to the possibility that the client is experiencing anticholinergic effects? 1. Tremors and cardiac arrhythmias. 2. Sedation and delirium. 3. Respiratory depression and convulsions. 4. Urine retention and blurred vision.

...36. 4. Anticholinergic effects, which result from blockage of the parasympathetic (craniosacral) nervous system, include urine retention, blurred vision, dry mouth, and constipation. Tremors, cardiac arrhythmias, and sexual dysfunction are possible side effects, but they are caused by increased norepinephrine availability . Sedation and delirium are not anticholinergic effects. Sedation may be a therapeutic effect because many clients with depression experience agitation and insomnia. Delirium, typicallynot a side effect, would indicate toxicity, especially in elderly clients. Respiratory depression, convulsions, ataxia, agitation, stupor, and coma indicate tricyclic antidepressant toxicity.

51. In a predischarge program to educate clients with bipolar disorder and their family members, the nurse emphasizes that the most significant indicators for the onset of relapse include which of the following symptoms? 1. A sense of pleasure and motivation for new endeavors. 2. Decreased need for sleep and racing thoughts. 3. Self-concern about increase in energy. 4. Leaving a good job to start a new business.

...51. 2. Decreased need for sleep and racing thoughts are the most prominent hallmarks of mania. Feelings of pleasure, motivation, and increased energy, within reason, are desired experiences. Also leaving a job to start a new business is not, in itself, a sign of impending illness.

61. Which milieu activity should the nurse recommend to a client with acute mania? Select all that apply. 1. Scheduled rest periods. 2. Relaxation exercises. 3. Listening to soft music. 4. Watching television. 5. Aerobic exercises.

...61. 1, 2, 3, 5. Scheduled rest periods, relaxation exercises, and listening to soft music are activities that reduceenvironmental stimuli for the client who is hyperactive, talkative, easily distracted, irritable, and angry. Aerobic exercise is also beneficial to discharge some of the client's need to be active. Watching television is not therapeutic because it would stimulate the client with acute mania.

7. The client is taking 50 mg of lamotrigine (Lamictal) daily for bipolar depression. The client shows the nurse a rash on his arm. What should the nurse do? 1. Report the rash to the primary health care provider. 2. Explain that the rash is a temporary adverse effect. 3. Give the client an ice pack for his arm. 4. Question the client about recent sun exposure.

...7. 1. The nurse should immediately report the rash to the primary health care provider because lamotrigine can cause Stevens-Johnson syndrome, a toxic epidermal necrolysis. The rash is not a temporary adverse effect . Giving the client an ice pack and questioning the client about recent sun exposure are irresponsible nursing actions because of the possible seriousness of the rash.

85. The client with bipolar disorder, manic phase, has a valproic acid level of 15 mg/ mL (104 μmol/ L). Which of the following client behaviors should the nurse judge to be due to this level of valproic acid? Select all that apply. 1. Irritability. 2. Grandiosity. 3. Anhedonia. 4. Hypersomnia. 5. Flight of ideas.

...85. 1, 2, 5. The therapeutic level of valproic acid is 50 to 100 mg/ mL (347 to 693μmol/ L). A level of 15 mg/ mL (104 μmol/ L ) is not considered therapeutic. Therefore, the client would be manifesting symptoms of mania. Irritability , euphoria, grandiosity , pressured speech, flight of ideas, distractibility, and a decreased need for sleep are some characteristics of a manic episode . Anhedonia and hypersomnia are related to a depressive illness and not mania.

27. When teaching the client with atypical depression about foods to avoid while taking phenelzine (Nardil), which of the following should the nurse include? 1. Roasted chicken. 2. Salami. 3. Fresh fish. 4. Hamburger.

...27. 2. Phenelzine is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). MAOIs block the enzyme monoamine oxidase, which is involved in the decomposition and inactivation of norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and tyramine (a precursor to the previously stated neurotransmitters). Foods high intyramine— those that are fermented, pickled, aged, or smoked— must be avoided because , when they are ingested in combination with MAOIs, a hypertensive crisis occurs. Some examples include salami, bologna, dried fish , sour cream, yogurt, aged cheese, bananas , pickled herring , caffeinated beverages , chocolate, licorice, beer, red wine, and alcohol-free beer.

75. A client admitted to the nursing unit with bipolar disorder, manic phase, is accompanied by his wife. The wife states that her husband has been overly energetic and happy, talking constantly, purchasing many unneeded items, and sleeping about 4 hours a night for the past 5 days. When completing the client's daily assessment, the nurse should be especially alert for which of the following findings? 1. Exhaustion. 2. Vertigo. 3. Gastritis. 4. Bradycardia.

...75. 1. The client in the manic phaseexperiences insomnia, as evidenced by his sleeping only for about 4 hours a night for the past 5 days. The client experiencing an acute manic episode is not capable of judging the need for sleep. Therefore, the nurse should assess the amount of rest the client is receiving daily to prevent exhaustion. The development of vertigo, gastritis, or bradycardia typically does not result from acute mania.

79. A client will be discharged on lithium carbonate 600 mg three times daily. When teaching the client and his family aboutlithium therapy , the nurse determines that teaching has been effective if the client and family state that they will notify the prescribing health care provider immediately if which of the following occur? Select all that apply. 1. Nausea. 2. Muscle weakness. 3. Vertigo. 4. Fine hand tremor. 5. Vomiting. 6. Anorexia.

...79. 2, 3, 5. Serious side effects that may indicate lithium toxicity include muscle weakness, vertigo, vomiting, extreme hand tremor, and sedation. The prescribing health care provider should be notified immediately when these symptoms occur. When lithium is initiated, mild or transient side effects can occur, such as nausea , fine hand tremor , anorexia, increased thirst and urination, and diarrhea or constipation.

11. A client diagnosed with major depression spends most of the day lying in bed with the sheet pulled over his head . Which of the following approaches by the nurse is most therapeutic? 1. Wait for the client to begin the conversation. 2. Initiate contact with the client frequently. 3. Sit outside the client's room. 4. Question the client until the client responds.

...11. 2. The nurse should initiate brief, frequent contacts throughout the day to let the client know that he is important to the nurse. This will positively affect the client's self-esteem. The nurse's action conveys acceptance of the client as a worthwhile person and provides some structure to the seemingly monotonous day. Waiting for the client to begin the conversation with the nurse is not helpful because the depressedclient resists interaction and involvement with others. Sitting outside of the client's room is not productive and not necessary in this situation. If the client were actively suicidal, then a one-on-one client-to-staff assignment would be necessary. Questioning the client until he responds would overwhelm him because he could not meet the nurse's expectations to interact.

39. A client taking mirtazapine is disheartened about a 20 lb (9 kg) weight gain over the past 3 months. The client tells the nurse, "I stopped taking my mirtazapine 15 days ago. I don't want to get depressed again, but I feel awful about my weight." Which response by the nurse is most appropriate? 1. "Focusing on diet and exercise alone should control your weight." 2. "Your depression is much better now, so your medication is helping you." 3. "Look at all the positive things that have happened to you since you started mirtazapine." "I hear how difficult this is for you and will help you approach the doctor about it."

...39. 4. The nurse should express concern for the client and offer to help the client speak with the primary health care provider , which will lend support to the client's concerns. The client who has stopped the medication must be taken seriously because medication noncompliance could result in a recurrence of symptoms of depression. Telling the client to focus on diet and exercise ignores the client's feelings and subtly implies the weight gain is the client's fault. Pointing out that the medication has helped and that positive things have happened since the depression lifted may be true, but it does not address the client's current feelings or needs.

41. The client diagnosed with severe major depression has been taking escitalopram 10 mg daily for the past 2 weeks. Which of the following parameters should the nurse monitor most closely at this time? 1. Suicidal ideation. 2. Sleep. 3. Appetite. 4. Energy level.

...41. 1. After about 2 weeks of medication therapy, the nurse should expect improvements in sleep, appetite, and energy though mood may not have improved significantly yet. The increased energy related to better sleep and food intake gives the client the ability to act on thoughts to harm self (suicide) since the depressed mood has not completely lifted.

56. The client with acute mania has been admitted to the inpatient unit voluntarily . The nurse approaches the client with medication to be taken orally as prescribed by the primary health care provider. The client states, "I don't need that stuff." Which response by the nurse is best? 1. "You can't refuse to take this medication." 2. "If you don't take it orally, I'll give you a shot.""The medication will help you feel calmer." 4. "I'll get you some written information about the medication."

...56. 3. The nurse should first attempt a collaborative approach to increasingadherence to the prescribed medication regimen. Giving written medication information to a client with acute mania is poor nursing judgment, because a client with acute mania cannot benefit from written information as a result of impaired ability to focus and concentrate.

78. The primary health care provider prescribes determination of the serum lithium level tomorrow for a client with bipolar disorder, manic phase, who has been receiving lithium 300 mg PO three times daily for the past 5 days. At which of the following times should the nurse plan to have the blood specimen obtained? 1. Before bedtime. 2. After lunch. 3. Before breakfast. 4. During the afternoon.

...78. 3. Because lithium reaches peak blood levels in 1 to 3 hours, blood specimens for serum lithium concentration determinations are usually drawn before the first dose of lithium in the morning (which is usually 8 to 12 hours after the previous dose) or before breakfast. Stat lithium levels can be drawn at any time, usually when toxicity is suspected.

8. The nurse is reviewing the laboratory report with the client's lithium level taken that morning prior to administering the 5 pm dose of lithium. The lithium level is 1.8 mEq/ L (1.8 mmol/ L). The nurse should: 1. Administer the 5 pm dose of lithium. 2. Hold the 5 pm dose of lithium. 3. Give the client 8 oz (236 mL) of water with the lithium. 4. Give the lithium after the client's supper.

...8. 2. The nurse should hold the 5 pm dose of lithium because a level of 1.8 mEq/ L (1.8 mmol/ L) can cause adverse reactions, including diarrhea, vomiting, drowsiness, muscle weakness, and lack of coordination , which are early signs of lithium toxicity. The nurse should report the lithium level to the primary health care provider, including any symptoms of toxicity. Administering the 5 pm dose of lithium, giving the client the lithium with 8 oz (236 mL) of water, or giving it after supper would result in an increase of the lithium level, thus increasing the risk of lithium toxicity.

89. A client experiencing a manic episode has been talking loudly, pacing the unit and trying to draw other clients into debates about the value of self-determination. Arrange in order the steps a nurse should take to help calm this client. 1. Use oral medication to decrease anxiety and increase appropriate social interaction. 2. Talk with the client about the anxiety and stress the client is feeling. 3. Take client to a quiet area, such as his or her room, to decrease stimuli. 4. Teach the client coping strategies to deal with stressors.

...89. 3. Take client to a quiet area, such as his or her room, to decrease stimuli. 1. Use oral medication to decrease anxiety and increase appropriate social2. Talk with the client about the anxiety and stress the client is feeling. 4. Teach the client coping strategies to deal with stressors. None of the other interventions will be successful unless the stimuli that fuel the client's mania are removed or decreased. Once the client is in a quieter setting, oral medication will help calm the client so he or she can be calmer. Once the medication has taken effect, the nurse can help the client explore the client's feelings and problem . Finally, teaching coping techniques can be effective to address client problems after he or she has become calmer.

92. As the nurse is turning off the television, a client with bipolar disorder, manic phase , says, "I want the television on so I can watch the late show. I'm not tired and you can't tell me what to do. I want it on!" The nurse should tell the client: 1. "I'll let you watch television just this once. Don't tell anyone about this." 2. "I'll turn the television off when you getsleepy. Don't ask me to do this again." "Television hours are from 7 pm to 10 pm. It's 10 pm, and the television goes off so everyone can sleep." 4. "The television goes off at 10 pm. I've been telling you this for the past three evenings."

...92. 3. When the client in a manic state attempts to manipulate the nurse or demands privileges, the nurse must restate the unit rules in a calm and matter-of-fact manner. "The television hours are from 7 pm to 10 pm. It is 10 pm, and the television goes off so everyone can sleep" is the most therapeutic response because it restates the rules and is nonthreatening. During a manic phase, the client is impulsive and has difficulty concentrating. The client needs consistency and structure from the staff. The statement , "I'll let you watch television just this once; don't tell anyone about this," allows the client to manipulate the nurse, as does "I'll turn the television off when you get sleepy. Don't ask me to do this again." In addition, the last portion of the statement is a threat. The statement, "The television goes off at 10 pm; I've been telling you this for the past three evenings," is inappropriate because it is authoritative and demeaning to the client.

19. A male client who is very depressed exhibits psychomotor retardation, a flat affect, and apathy. The nurse observes the client to be in need of grooming and hygiene. Which of the following nursing actions is most appropriate? 1. Explaining the importance of hygiene to the client. 2. Asking the client if he is ready to shower. 3. Waiting until the client's family can participate in the client's care. 4. Stating to the client that it's time for him to take a shower.

...19. 4. The client with depression is preoccupied, has decreased energy, and cannot make decisions, even simple ones . Therefore, the nurse presents the situation , "It's time for a shower," and assists the client with personal hygiene to preserve his dignity and self-esteem. Explaining the importance of good hygiene to the client is inappropriate because the client may know the benefits of hygiene but is too fatigued and preoccupied to pay attention to self -care. Asking the client if he is ready for a shower is not helpful because the client with depression commonly cannot make even simple decisions. This action also reinforces the client's feeling about not caring about showering. Waiting for the family to visit to help with the client's hygiene is inappropriate and irresponsible on the part of the nurse. The nurse is responsible for making basic decisions for the client until the client can make decisions for himself.

59. A client with acute mania fails to respond to a nurse's interventions to decrease his agitation. The nurse has attempted to defuse the client's anger, but the client refuses to participate in interventions that would lower anxiety. Which action should the nurse take next? 1. Seclude the client. 2. Restrain the client. 3. Medicate the client. 4. Control the client.

...59. 3. The nurse should medicate the client who does not respond to verbal interventions and whose anxiety is escalating. This will reduce the client's anxiety and agitation and prevent harm or injury to the client and others. Seclusion, restraint, and controlling the client are a last resort and require a primary health care provider's prescription and close assessment for when the prescriptions can be discontinued.

22. The client with recurring depression will be discharged from the psychiatric unit . Which suggestion to the family is best to help them prepare for the client's return home? 1. Discourage visitors while the client is at home. 2. Provide for a schedule of activities outside the home. 3. Involve the client in usual at-home activities. 4. Encourage the client to sleep as much as possible.

...22. 3. It is best to involve the client in usual at-home activities as much as the client can tolerate them. Discouraging visitors may not be in the client's best interest because visits with supportive significant others will help reinforce supportive relationships, which are important to the client's self-worth and self-esteem . Providing for a schedule of activities outside the home may be overwhelming for the client initially. Involving the client in planning for outside activities would be appropriate. Encouraging the client to sleep as much as possible is nontherapeutic and promotes withdrawal from others.

38. The primary health care provider prescribes mirtazapine (Remeron) 30 mg PO at bedtime for a client diagnosed with depression. The nurse should: 1. Give the medication as prescribed. 2. Question the primary health care provider's prescription. 3. Request to give the medication in the morning. 4. Give the medication in three divided doses.

...38. 1. The nurse should give the medication as prescribed. Mirtazapine is given once daily, preferably at bedtime to minimize the risk of injury resulting frompostural hypotension and sedative effects. The usual dosage ranges from 15 to 45 mg. There is no reason to question the primary health care provider's prescriptions. The nurse should administer the medication as prescribed. Requesting to give the medication in three divided doses is inappropriate and demonstrates the nurse's lack of knowledge about the drug.

55. A young adult client diagnosed with bipolar disorder has been managing the disorder effectively with medication and treatment for several years. The client suddenly becomes manic. The nurse reviews the client's medication record. Which of the following medications may have contributed to the development of his manic state? 1. Amitriptyline. 2. Prednisone. 3. Buspirone. 4. Gabapentin.

...55. 2. The use of prednisone or other steroids can initiate a manic state in a bipolar client even if he is well controlled on medication. The other medications would decrease the client's depression, mood swings, and anxiety, making him calmer rather than more agitated.

63. The client with acute mania is prescribed 600 mg of lithium (lithium carbonate) PO three times per day. The primary health care provider also prescribes 5 mg of haloperidol (Haldol) PO at bedtime . Which action should the nurse take? 1. Administer the medication as prescribed. 2. Question the primary health care provider about the prescription. 3. Administer the Haldol, but not the lithium. 4. Consult with the nursing supervisor before administering the medications.

...63. 1. The nurse should administer the medication as prescribed. Lithium has a clinical response lag time of 1 to 2 weeks. Haloperidol is prescribed temporarily to produce a neuroleptic effect until the lithium starts to produce a clinical response. Haldol is usually discontinued when the lithium starts to take effect.

93. Which of the following would be helpful in preventing suicide for clients about to be discharged from a psychiatric inpatient unit? Select all that apply. 1. At discharge give all depressed clients a card containing the crisis phone line number for their area. 2. Have all clients who have expressed suicidal ideation just prior to or during hospitalization make a written personal suicide prevention plan. 3. Require that all clients who have had previous suicidal ideation, plans, or attempts refill their medication every 2 weeks rather than monthly. 4. Educate family and friends of previously suicidal clients in ways to help clients remain safe after discharge 5. Suggest that family and friends of previously suicidal clients know the client's whereabouts at all times.

...93. 1, 2, 4. Having resources such as a crisis phone line number and a specific prevention plan helps clients know what to do if they begin to feel they want to harm themselves. Likewise, having support people educated about how to help the client stay safe also improves the client's safety. Not all medications are lethal enough that access to a month's supply of medication should be limited. Further, such a limitation is likely to increase costs for the clients, which may increase the client's stress. It is unrealistic and potentially distressing to the client and family/ friends to have the client under constant surveillance.

45. A client with major depressive disorder has independently showered , dressed, and washed her hair for the first time since her admission to the inpatient unit 4 days ago. In an interaction with the nurse, she still stresses her faults. She states "I'm just no good; I can't do anything right." The nurse's best response would be: 1. "You look very nice today." "You were able to shower, wash your hair , and dress today." 3. "I'll get out the craft project that you wanted to complete." 4. "What is your goal for today?"

...45. 2. An objective reflection by the nurse based on actual behavior is the best affirmation for the client to help boast self-esteem. Depressed persons tend to reject positive opinions from others. Picking a project for such a client is also likely to bring a negative response and/ or foster dependence. Antipsychotics are sometimes prescribed for clients with bipolar disorder and would not pose a special concern.

57. A nurse observes a male client who is hyperactive and intrusive sitting very close to a female client with his arm around her shoulders. The nurse hears the male client tell a sexually explicit joke. The nurse approaches the client and asks him to walk down the hallway. Which of the following statements by the nurse should benefit the client? 1. "She will not want to be around you with that kind of talk." "Telling sexual jokes and touching others is not permitted here." 3. "You need to be careful about what you say to other people." 4. "I think a time-out in your room would be appropriate now."

...57. 2. The nurse clearly informs the client about behavior that is unacceptable on the unit, such as voicing jokes with sexual content and touching others. Setting limits on behavior provides safety and security to the client and conveys to the client that he is worthy of help. Saying "she will not want to be around you with that kind of talk" and "you need to be careful about what you say to others" does not clearly inform the client about behaviors that are unacceptable and implies that the client can control behaviors if he chooses. A time-out in the client's room does not inform the client about the inappropriateness of his behaviors and could be interpreted by the client as punitive as well as diminishing his self-esteem.

77. A client diagnosed with bipolar disorder asks the nurse why it is necessary to have a serum lithium level drawn every 3 to 4 months. The nurse's response should be based on which of the following? 1. To monitor compliance with the medication. 2. To prevent toxicity related to the drug's therapeutic range. 3. To monitor the client's white blood cell count. 4. To comply with the drug manufacturer's requirements.

...77. 2. The serum lithium level has nothing to do with the client's white blood cell count and the drug manufacturers have no specific requirement for blood testing. While a periodic serum lithium level could monitor whether or not a client was taking the prescribed medication, the most important reason for the blood test is to periodically assess the client's lithium level and prevent even mild toxicity on an ongoing basis.

52. A client has just been admitted to the hospital for medication adjustment afteroutpatient treatment failure of his bipolar disorder and returning mania. He tells his primary nurse about his medications and treatment. Which of his following statements would raise the most urgent need for more medication instruction about his lithium therapy? 1. "My doctor tells me that my lithium level is 1.0 so I don't have to worry about my levels." 2. "I've been getting a lot of good exercise playing on a local soccer team." 3. "I'm trying hard to watch my diet and eat healthy." "I have learned to take my lithium even when I'm not feeling well, like when I had the stomach flu."

...52. 4. The therapeutic serum level for lithium is 0.6 to 1.2 mEq/ L (0.6 to 1.2 mmol/ L). Levels due fluctuate with fluid intake and output, however. Therefore, the most urgent matter for teaching is the client's comment about taking his lithium during excessive loss of fluids during an episode of "stomach flu" with diarrhea . Exercising is only concerning if the client becomes dehydrated. A healthy diet is indicated while taking lithium.

71. A client with bipolar disorder, manic phase, is scheduled for a chest radiograph . Before taking the client to the radiologydepartment, the nurse should: 1. Give a thorough explanation of the procedure. 2. Explain the procedure in simple terms. 3. Call security to be on standby for possible problems. 4. Cancel the appointment until the client can go unescorted.

...71. 2. The nurse needs to explain the procedure in simple terms because the client in a manic phase has difficulty concentrating, is easily distracted, and can misinterpret what the nurse states . Giving a thoroughexplanation of the procedure is not helpful and can confuse the client. Calling security to be on standby is inappropriate. If the nurse judges that the client might elope or become agitated, the nurse should schedule the appointment for another time. Canceling the appointment until the client can go unescorted is impractical and may not follow unit or hospital policy and the client's treatment plan.

100. The nursing assistant states to the nurse, "My client talks about how awful and useless she is. Sometimes she sounds angry for no reason. I'm tired of listening to her." Which of the following responses by the nurse is most appropriate? 1. "I'll switch your assignment to someone who's less depressed and less tiring." "It's important for you to listen to her because she needs to verbalize how she is feeling." 3. "Don't worry about it. I know you haven't done anything to make her angry." 4. "Clients with depression are hard to deal with, but don't take what they say seriously."

...100. 2. The nurse's best response is to teach the nursing assistant about the appropriate intervention and why it is important for the client. Staff members need to be client focused and to understand why a specific intervention is important and appropriate. Telling the assistant that the assignment will be switched or not to worry about it is not appropriate because it does not teach the nursing assistant about the client's illness and appropriate client care. The statement, "Clients who are depressed are hard to deal with, but don't take what they say seriously," does not help the staff member understand why listening is important and may jeopardize the client's safety.

16. Which of the following statements by a client taking trazodone (Desyrel) as prescribed by the primary health care provider indicates to the nurse that further teaching about the medication is needed? 1. "I will continue to take my medication after a light snack." 2. "Taking Desyrel at night will help me to sleep." "My depression will be gone in about 5 to 7 days." 4. "I won't drink alcohol while taking Desyrel."

...16. 3. Symptom relief can occur during the first week of therapy, with optimal effects possible within 2 weeks. For some clients, 2 to 4 weeks is needed for optimal effects. The client's statement that the depression will be gone in 5 to 7 days indicates to the nurse that clarification and further teaching is needed . Trazodone should be taken after a meal or light snack to enhance its absorption. Trazodone can cause drowsiness, and therefore the major portion of the drug should be taken at bedtime . The depressant effects of central nervous system depressants and alcohol may be potentiated by this drug.

24. A client with major depression and psychotic features is admitted involuntarilyto the hospital. He will not eat because his "bowels have turned to jelly," which the client states is punishment for his wickedness. The client requests to leave the hospital. The nurse denies the request because commitment papers have been initiated by the primary health care provider. Which of the following should the nurse identify as a criterion for the client to be legally committable? 1. Evidence of psychosis. 2. Being gravely disabled. 3. Risk of harm to self or others. 4. Diagnosis of mental illness.

...24. 2. Criteria for commitment include being gravely disabled and posing a harm to self or others. This client is not threatening to harm himself in the form of suicide or to harm others. The client is gravely disabled because of his inability to care for himself—namely, not eating because of his delusion. Evidence of psychosis or psychotic symptoms or diagnosis of a mental illness alone does not make the client legally eligible for commitment.

48. The intake nurse is making anassessment of a client who has just arrived at the emergency department. Which of the following comments from this client who is taking Nardil (phenelzine), a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor, for treatment-resistant depression should be given top priority? 1. "My bowels haven't moved in the last 2 days." 2. "What was my temperature? I'm feeling warm." 3. "My legs feel stiff after I sit in the chair for a while." "I have a throbbing headache."

...48. 4. A serious, life-threatening reaction to MAO inhibitors is hypertensive crisis. Although this medication is inclined to reduce blood pressure, in combination with too much tyramine (present in other drugs and foods), blood pressure can rise to a dangerous level. A throbbing headache could be a significant indicator of an impending crisis.

9. A nurse is conducting a psychoeducational group for family members of clients hospitalized with depression. Which family member's statement indicates a need for additional teaching? 1. "My husband will slowly feel better as his medicine takes effect over the next 2 to 4 weeks." 2. "My wife will need to take her antidepressant medicine and go to group to stay well." "My son will only need to attend outpatientappointments when he starts to feel depressed again." 4. "My mother might need help with grocery shopping, cooking, and cleaning for a while."

...9. 3. Additional teaching is needed for the family member who states her son will only need to attend outpatient appointments when he starts to feel depressed again. Compliance with medication and outpatient follow-up are key in preventing relapse and rehospitalization. The statements expressing expectations of feeling better as medication takes effect , needing medicine and group therapy to stay well, and needing help with grocery shopping, cooking, and cleaning for a while indicate the families' understanding of depression, medication, and follow-up care.

17. A 62-year-old female client with severe depression and psychotic symptoms is scheduled for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) tomorrow morning. The client's daughter asks the nurse, "How painful will the treatment be for Mom?" The nurse should respond by saying which of the following? 1. "Your mother will be given something for pain before the treatment." 2. "The primary health care provider will make sure your mother doesn't suffer needlessly." "Your mother will be asleep during the treatment and will not be in pain." 4. "Your mother will be able talk to us and tell us if she's in pain."

...17. 3. The nurse should explain that ECT is a safe treatment and that the client is given an ultrashort-acting anesthetic to induce sleep before ECT and a muscle relaxant to prevent musculoskeletal complications during the convulsion, which typically lasts 30 to 60 seconds to be therapeutic. Atropineis given before ECT to inhibit salivation and respiratory tract secretions and thereby minimize the risk of aspiration. Medication for pain is not necessary and is not given before or during the treatment. Some clients experience a headache after the treatment and may request and be given an analgesic such as acetaminophen (Tylenol). Telling the daughter that the primary health care provider will ensure that the client does not suffer needlessly would not provide accurate information about ECT. This statement also implies that the client will have pain during the treatment, which is untrue.

21. Which of the following commentsindicates that a client understands the nurse's teaching about sertraline (Zoloft)? 1. "Zoloft will probably cause me to gain weight. ""This medicine can cause delayed ejaculations." 3. "Dry mouth is a permanent side effect of Zoloft." 4. "I can take my medicine with St. John's wort."

...21. 2. Sertraline, like other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), can cause decreased libido and sexual dysfunction such as delayed ejaculation in men and an inability to achieve orgasm in women. SSRIs do not typically cause weight gain but may cause loss of appetite and weight loss. Dry mouth is a possible side effect, but it is temporary. The client should be told to take sips of water, suck on ice chips, or use sugarless gum or candy. St. John's wort should not be taken with SSRIs because a severe reaction could occur.

81. A client with acute mania is to receive lithium carbonate 600 mg PO three times daily and 2 mg of haloperidol (Haldol) PO at bedtime. The nurse should: 1. Refuse to give the medications as prescribed. 2. Give the lithium only. 3. Request a decreased dosage of lithium. 4. Give the medications as prescribed.

...81. 4. Lithium commonly is combined with an antipsychotic agent, such as haloperidol, or a benzodiazepine such as lorazepam (Ativan). Antipsychotic agents, such as Haldol, are prescribed to produce a neuroleptic effect until the lithium, which has a clinical response lag time of 1 to 2 weeks, produces a clinical response. After a clinical response is achieved, the antipsychotic agent usually is discontinued. Additionally, the dosages of each drug listed are appropriateTherefore, the nurse would administer the drugs as prescribed.

68. The husband of a client who is experiencing acute mania and is swearing and using profanity apologizes to the nurse for his wife's behavior. Which of the following replies by the nurse is most therapeutic? "This must be difficult for you." 2. "It's okay. We've heard worse." 3. "How long has she been like this?" 4. "She needs some medication."

...68. 1. Stating that this must be difficult for the husband conveys empathy and understanding and offers him the opportunity to voice his feelings to the nurse. Telling the husband that it is okay and that the nurse has heard worse is inappropriate and minimizes the impact of the wife's illness on the husband. Asking about the length of the client's illness or telling the husband that his wife needs some medication ignores the husband's feelings, thereby minimizing his self-respect.

86. The client with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder who is about to receive his 5 pm dose of carbamazepine (Tegretol) tells the nurse he has a sore throat and chills. Which of the following should the nurse do next? 1. Administer the prescribed dose of carbamazepine. 2. First, give the client acetaminophen (Tylenol) as prescribed PRN. 3. Report the symptoms to the primary health care provider in the morning. 4. Call the primary health care provider to report the symptoms.

...86. 4. The nurse should call the primary health care provider to report symptoms of a sore throat, fever, and chills because these symptoms may be signs of serious adverse effects of the medication, including potentially fatal hematologic, cardiovascular, and hepatic complications. Giving the dose of carbamazepine is contraindicated in this situation. Giving the acetaminophen would be inappropriate and potentially detrimental to the client's health. Waiting until morning to report the client's symptoms is a serious error in judgment.

62. A nurse is assessing a client experiencing hypomania who wants to stop her mood stabilizing medication because she is "feeling good," has a high energy level, and thinks she is productive at work. Which response by the nurse is most appropriate? 1. "Maybe you really don't need your medication anymore." 2. "If you stop your medication, your behavior will quickly spiral out of control." "I believe you were hospitalized the last time you stopped your medication." 4. "Why don't you cut your medication dosage in half for a while and see how you respond?"

...62. 3. Reminding the client of past consequences of stopping the medication may help her realize the risks of stopping the medication again. Options 1 and 4 encourage the client's misperception that she only needs medication when she feels depressed or manic rather than recognizing that her mood stabilizer can prevent her from experiencing those extreme highs and lows. Option 2 describes what will happen if she stops her medication, but if the client had recognized the consequences, she wouldn't be contemplating stopping the medication.

73. A client diagnosed with bipolar disorder and experiencing acute mania states to the nurse, "Where is my son? I love Lucy. Rain, rain go away. Dogs eat dirt." Another client approaches the nurse and says, "Man, is he ever nuts! He's driving me crazy with all his weird talk." Which response by the nurse to the second client is most appropriate? 1. "I agree. He's a little hard to take sometimes." 2. "Just walk away and leave him alone.There is nothing else you can do." I realize his behavior bothers you, but he can't control it right now." 4. "I'll give him some medication so he won't bother you."

...73. 3. While the client who is psychotic can upset other clients , the nurse must respond to the second client with both empathy for his feelings and a general explanation that the behavior is out of the psychotic client's control. Agreeing with the second client or giving medication to the psychotic client does not help the complaining client gain empathy for his peer and only temporarily deals with the problem.

26. The client states to the nurse, "I take citalopram (Celexa) 40 mg every day as my primary health care provider prescribed. I have also been taking St. John's wort 750 mg daily for the past 2 weeks." Which of the following indicate that the client is developing serotonin syndrome? Select allthat apply. 1. Confusion. 2. Restlessness. 3. Constipation. 4. Diaphoresis. 5. Ataxia.

...26. 1, 2, 4, 5. Serotonin syndrome can occur if a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor is combined with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, a tryptophan-serotonin precursor, or St. John's wort. Signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome include mental status changes, such as confusion , restlessness or agitation, headache, diaphoresis, ataxia, myoclonus, shivering, tremor, diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramps, and hyperreflexia. Constipation is not associated with serotonin syndrome.

3. A client is scheduled for the first electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) treatment in the morning. The client has been unable to sleep but at 10 pm refused to take Restoril as the nurse suggested. The client is still unable to sleep at 11: 15 pm. In what order should the nurse do the following? 1. Sit quietly with the client. 2. Encourage the use of Restoril. 3. Offer use of MP3 player with relaxing music. 4. Discuss specific concerns.

...3. 1. Sit quietly with the client. 4. Discuss specific concerns. 3. Offer use of MP3 player with relaxing music. 2. Encourage the use of Restoril. The client is likely anxious about the procedure. The nurse should first spend time with the client and then discuss the client's concerns about the procedure. Next, the nurse could suggest the client listen to relaxing music. The use of the sleeping medication would only be considered as a last resort since it might interfere with the effectiveness of the seizure required for the treatment.

65. The client is laughing and telling jokes to a group of clients. Suddenly, the client is crying and talking about a death in the family . A moment later, the client is laughing and joking again. The nurse should: 1. Call the psychiatrist for a prescription for lorazepam (Ativan) as needed. 2. Place the client in seclusion and call the psychiatrist for a prescription for the seclusion. 3. Ignore the client's behavior in order not to give the client too much attention. 4. Ask the client to come to a quiet area to talk to the nurse individually.

...65. 4. Decreasing external stimuli is the intervention most likely to decrease the emotional lability and minimize its effect on other clients. While the client is displaying emotional lability, this behavior has not reached the level where involuntary isolation (seclusion) or physical restraint is needed . The client is not totally out of control or threatening others. However, ignoring the behavior will not result in a decrease in the lability.

66. A client with acute mania exhibits euphoria, pressured speech, and flight ofideas. The client has been talking to the nurse nonstop for 5 minutes and lunch has arrived on the unit. Which of the following should the nurse do next? 1. Excuse self while telling the client to come to the dining room for lunch. 2. Tell the client he needs to stop talking because it's time to eat lunch. 3. Do not interrupt the client but wait for him to finish talking. 4. Walk away and approach the client in a few minutes before the food gets cold.

...66. 1. The nurse would excuse herself, showing respect and regard for the client, while telling the client to come to the dining room for lunch. Acutely manic clients need clear, concise comments and directions. Telling the client that he needs to stop talking because it's lunchtime is disrespectful and does not give the client directions for what he needs to do. Using the familiar skill of waiting without interrupting until the person pauses would not be effective with the very talkative, manic client. Walking away and approaching the client after a few minutes before the food gets cold is not helpful because the client would probably continue talking.

74. The client with mania is skipping up and down the hallway practically running into other clients. The nurse should include which of the following activities in the client's plan of care? 1. Leading a group activity. 2. Watching television. 3. Reading the newspaper. 4. Cleaning the dayroom tables.

...74. 4. The client with mania is very active and needs to have this energy channeled in a constructive task such as cleaning or tidying the dayroom. Because the client is distracted easily and can concentrate only for short periods, the successful completion of a helpful task would give the nurse the opportunity to thank the client for the help, thereby enhancing the client's self-esteem. Leading a group activity is too stimulating for the client. Participating in this type of activity also may cause the client to be disruptive. Watching television or reading the newspaper would be inappropriate for the client who cannot sit for a period of time.

18. During a group session, a client who is depressed tells the group that he lost his job. Which of the following responses by the nurse is best? "It must have been very upsetting for you." 2. "Would you tell us about your job?" 3. "You'll find another job when you're better." 4. "You were probably too depressed to work."

...18. 1. By stating, "It must have been very upsetting for you," the nurse conveys empathy to the client by recognizing the underlying meaning of a painful occurrence . The nurse's statement invites the client to verbalize feelings and thoughts and lets the client know that the nurse is listening to and respects the client. Telling the client to talk about the job disregards the client's feelings and is nontherapeutic for the depressed client because of underlying feelings of worthlessness and guilt that are commonly present. Telling the client that he will find another job when he is better or that he was probably too depressed to work is inappropriate because it disregards the client's feelings and may promote additional feelings of failure and inadequacy in the client.

60. The client with mania is irritable and insulting to a nursing assistant. The nursing assistant states, "I can't believe Mark is so rude. Shouldn't he be overly happy?" Which of the following responses by the nurse should help the nursing assistant understand the client's behavior? 1. "It's our responsibility to listen to him even though we might not like what he's saying." 2. "We must reprimand Mark for doing that because there is no reason for him to behave like that." 3. "I will go and speak to him about his behavior and make sure heunderstands that he needs to control what he is saying." "I know it's difficult but Mark is a client whose irritable mood is a symptom of his mania."

...60. 4. The nurse should help the nursing assistant understand the client's behavior by stating that his irritable mood is a symptom of mania. Not all clients with mania are euphoric or have an expansive mood. Saying, "It's our responsibility to listen to him even though we might not like what he's saying" does not help the nursing assistant understand the client with mania. Reprimanding the client for his behavior and asking him to control his behavior are inappropriate actions and show poor nursing judgment and a lack of understanding of the manic client.

67. A female client with acute mania brings six suitcases and three shopping bags of personal belongings on admission to the unit. When informed that some of the suitcases and bags need to be returned home with her husband because of a lack of storage space, the client begins to use profanity against the nurse. Which of the following responses by the nurse is most therapeutic? 1. "You're acting inappropriately." 2. "I won't tolerate your talking to me like that." "Swearing and profanity are unacceptable here." 4. "We don't want to put you in seclusion yet."

...67. 3. By stating to the client, "Swearing and profanity is unacceptable here," the nurse is setting limits in a nonpunitive manner for behavior that is inappropriate or threatening to other clients and staff. Setting limits helps the client regain self-control, prevents alienation from others, and preserves self-esteem. It is common for the irritable manic client to misperceive the nurse's and other's statements and intentions, feel threatened, and respond in a manner that is out of character for the client when not in a manic phase. Stating that the client is acting very inappropriately or that the nurse will not tolerate the client's swearing and profanity or threatening to put the client in seclusion is threatening andpunitive and thus nontherapeutic.

70. The client with acute mania states to the nurse, "I'm the prince of peace and can save the world. Those against me will find me and take me to another world. They will come. I know it." The client is beginning to scan the room and starts to repeat his delusion. Which of the following responses by the nurse is most therapeutic? 1. "Describe the people who will come." 2. "The staff and I will protect you." 3. "You are not the prince of peace. Your name is Joe." "Let's walk around the unit for a while."

...70. 4. The nurse suggests an activity such as walking around the unit to distract the client from the paranoid grandiose delusion that could result in loss of control. This action interrupts the client's anxious state and helps to redirect energy and focus on an activity based in reality. The focus must be on the underlying need or feeling of the delusion and not on the content. Asking the client to describe the people who will come challenges the client and forces the client to cling to the delusion. Stating that the nurse and staff will protect the client conveys agreement with the client's belief system, reinforcing the client's delusion. Telling the client that he is not the prince of peace and repeating his name challenges the client and his present belief system. Doing so may lead to decreased trust in the nurse and an aggressive response, or it may force the client to defend his beliefs.

120. Which statement by the nurse reflects the best understanding about suicide in an individual with depression? 1. "The more severe the depression, the greater the probability for suicidal behavior." 2. "The person who talks about suicide is less likely to try it." "Every client with depression is potentially suicidal." 4. "Suicide is less likely when the individual is receiving antidepressant therapy."

...120. 3. Statistics do not apply when you are focused on one individual and every depressed client is potentially suicidal. During the most severe symptom period, the individual often does not have the energy to act on his or her suicidal ideation. The majority of people who complete suicide have talked about it or left clues to their intention. During the initial treatment period, the risk for suicide may be higher due to the delay of therapeutic onset.

2. After a period of unsuccessful treatment with Elavil (amitriptyline), a woman diagnosed with depression is switched to Parnate (tranylcypromine). Which statement by the client indicates the client understands the side effects of Parnate? 1. "I need to increase my intake of sodium." 2. "I must refrain from strenuous exercise. ""I must refrain from eating aged cheese or yeast products." 4. "I should decrease my intake of foods containing sugar."

...2. 3. Cheese and yeast products contain tyramine which the client should avoid to prevent a negative interaction with Parnate, a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor . Sodium will not interact with Parnate and neither exercise nor sugar needs to be

117. Which of the following activities should the nurse recommend to the client on an inpatient unit when thoughts of suicide occur? 1. Keeping track of feelings in a journal. 2. Reading a magazine. 3. Talking with the nurse. 4. Playing a card game with other clients.

...117. 3. Talking with a staff member when suicidal thoughts occur is an important part of contracting for safety. The nurse or another staff member can then assess whether the client will act on the thoughts and assist the client with methods of coping when suicidal ideation occurs. Writing in a journal, reading , or playing games with others does not allow the client to verbalize suicidal thoughts to the nurse.

54. A health care provider has prescribed valproic acid for a client with bipolar disorder who has achieved limited success with lithium carbonate. The nurse should instruct the client about which of the following? 1. Follow-up blood tests are necessary while on this medication. 2. The extended-release tablet can be crushed if necessary for ease of swallowing. 3. Tachycardia and upset stomach are common side effects. 4. Consumption of a moderate amount of alcohol is safe if the medication is taken in the morning.

...54. 1. Valproic acid can cause hepatotoxicity, so regular liver function tests are needed. Other side effects include nausea and drowsiness. Extended-release tablets should not be split or crushed; doing so changes their absorption. Alcohol should never be mixed with this medication. There will be medication in the client's body at all times.

1. The nurse is planning care with a Mexican client who is diagnosed with depression. The client believes in "mal ojo" (the evil eye) and uses treatment by a root healer. The nurse should do which of the following? 1. Avoid talking to the client about the root healer. 2. Explain to the client that Western medicine has a scientific, not mystical, basis. 3. Explain that such beliefs are superstitious and should be forgotten. 4. Involve the root healer in a consultation with the client, primary health care provider, and nurse.

1. 4. Including the root healer gives credibility and respect to the client's cultural beliefs. Avoiding talking about the healer demonstrates either ignorance or disregard for the client's cultural values. Negative comparison of root healing with Western medicine not only denigrates the client's beliefs but is likely to alienate and cause the client to end treatment.

14. A client is receiving paroxetine (Paxil) 20 mg every morning. After taking the first three doses, the client tells the nurse that the medication upsets the stomach. Which of the following instructions should the nurse give to the client? 1. "Take the medication an hour before breakfast." "Take the medication with some food." 3. "Take the medication at bedtime. " 4. "Take the medication with 4 oz (120 mL) of orange juice."

...14. 2. Nausea and gastrointestinal upset is a common, but usually temporary, side effect of paroxetine (Paxil). Therefore, the nurse would instruct the client to take the medication with food to minimize nausea and stomach upset. Other more common side effects are dry mouth, constipation, headache, dizziness, sweating, loss of appetite, ejaculatory problems in men, and decreased orgasms in women. Taking the medication an hour before breakfast would most likely lead to further gastrointestinal upset. Taking the medication at bedtime is not recommended because Paxil can cause nervousness and interfere with sleep. Because orange juice is acidic, taking the medication with it, especially on an emptystomach, may lead to nausea or increase the client's gastrointestinal upset.

20. When developing the teaching plan for the family of a client with severe depression who is to receive electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), which of the following information should the nurse include? 1. Some temporary confusion and disorientation immediately after a treatment is common 2. During an ECT treatment session, the client is at risk for aspiration. 3. Clients with severe depression usually do not respond to ECT. 4. The client will not be able to breathe independently during a treatment.

...20. 1. The family needs to be informed that some confusion and disorientation will occur as the client emerges from anesthesia immediately after ECT, to lessen their fear and anxiety about the procedure. The nurse will assist the client with reorientation (time, person, and place) and will give clear, simple instructions. The client may need to lie down after ECT because of the effects of theanesthesia. Informing the family that there is a danger of aspiration during ECT is inappropriate and unnecessary. The risk of aspiration occurring during ECT is minimal because food and fluids are withheld for 6 to 8 hours before the treatment. In addition, the client receives atropine to inhibit salivation and respiratory tract secretions. Telling the family that the client will not be able to breathe independently during ECT may frighten them unnecessarily. If asked, the nurse should inform the family that the anesthesiologist mechanically ventilates the client with 100% oxygen immediately before the treatment. The client with severe depression responds to ECT. Usually, ECT is used for those who are severely depressed and not responding to pharmacotherapy and for those who are highly suicidal.

23. A client with major depression is to be discharged home tomorrow. When preparing the client's discharge plan, which of the following areas is most important for the nurse to review with the client? 1. Future plans for going back to work. 2. A conflict encountered with another client. 3. Results of psychological testing. 4. Medication management with outpatient follow-up.

...23. 4. Medication management with outpatient follow-up is of vital importance to discuss with the client before discharge. The nurse teaches and clarifies any questions related to medication and outpatient treatment. The client also has the opportunity to voice feelings related to medication and treatment. The goal is to assist the client in making a successful transition from hospital to home with optimal functioning outside the hospital for as long as possible. The nurse may also need to assist with decreasing any anxiety the client may have related to discharge . Discussing future plans for returning to work or employment is not as immediate a concern as assisting with medication and treatment compliance. Noncompliance with medicationis a primary cause of relapse in a client with a psychiatric disorder. Reviewing a conflict the client had encountered with another client is not appropriate or therapeutic at this time unless the client brings it to the nurse's attention. The conflict should have been dealt with and resolved when it occurred. Reviewing the results of psychological testing is the responsibility of the primary health care provider if he chooses.

25. The client who has been taking venlafaxine (Effexor) 25 mg PO three times a day for the past 2 days states, "This medicine isn't doing me any good. I'm still so depressed." Which of the following responses by the nurse is most appropriate? 1. "Perhaps we'll need to increase your dose." 2. "Let's wait a few days and see how you feel." "It takes about 2 to 4 weeks to receive the full effects." 4. "It's too soon to tell if your medication will help you."

...25. 3. The client needs to be informed of the time lag involved with antidepressant therapy. Although improvement in the client's symptoms will occur gradually over the course of 1 to 2 weeks , typically it takes 2 to 4 weeks to get the full effects of the medication. This information will help the client be compliant with medication and will also help in decreasing any anxiety the client has about not feeling better. The client's dose may not need to be increased; it is too early to determine the full effectiveness of thedrug. Additionally, such a statement may increase the client's anxiety and diminish self-worth. Telling the client to wait a few days discounts the client's feelings and is inappropriate. Although it is too soon to tell whether the medication will be effective , telling this to the client may cause the client undue distress . This statement is somewhat negative because it is possible that the medication will not be effective, possibly further compounding the client's anxiety about not feeling better.

28. A client is taking phenelzine (Nardil) 15 mg PO three times a day. The nurse is about to administer the 1 pm dose when the client tells the nurse about having a throbbing headache . Which of the following should the nurse do first? 1. Give the client an analgesic prescribed PRN. 2. Call the primary health care provider to report the symptom. 3. Administer the client's next dose of phenelzine. 4. Obtain the client's vital signs.

...28. 4. The nurse should first take the client's vital signs because the client could be experiencing a hypertensive crisis, which requires prompt intervention. Signs and symptoms of a hypertensive crisis include occipital headache, a stiff or sore neck , nausea, vomiting, sweating, dilated pupils and photophobia, nosebleed, tachycardia, bradycardia, and constricting chest pain. Giving this client an analgesic without taking his vital signs first is inappropriate . After the client's vital signs have been obtained, then the nurse would call the primary health care provider to report the client's problems and vital signs. Administering the client's next dose of phenelzine before taking his vital signs could result in a dangerous situation if the client is experiencing a hypertensive crisis.

29. A female client with severe depression and weight loss has not eaten since admission to the hospital 2 days ago . Which of the following approaches should the nurse include when developing this client's plan of care to ensure that she eats? 1. Serving the client her meal trays in her room .2. Sitting with the client and spoon-feeding if required. 3. Calling the family to bring the client food from home. 4. Explaining the importance of nutrition in recovery.

...29. 2. A depressed client commonly is not interested in eating because of the psychopathology of the disorder. Therefore,the nurse must take responsibility to ensure that the client eats, including spoon-feeding the client (placing the food on the spoon , putting the food near the client's mouth, and asking her to eat) if necessary. Serving the client her tray in her room does not ensure that she will eat. Calling the family to bring the client food from home usually is allowed , but it is still the nurse's responsibility to ensure that the client eats. Explaining the importance of nutrition in recovery is not helpful. The client may intellectually know that eating is important but may not be interested in eating or want to eat.

30. After administering a prescribed medication to a client who becomes restless at night and has difficulty falling asleep, which of the following nursing actions is most appropriate? 1. Sitting quietly with the client at the bedside until the medication takes effect. 2. Engaging the client in interaction until the client falls asleep. 3. Reading to the client with the lights turned down low. 4. Encouraging the client to watch television until the client feels sleepy.

...30. 1. To promote adequate rest (6 to 8 hours per night) and to eliminate hyposomnia, the nurse should sit with the client at the bedside until the medication takes effect . The presence of a caring nurse provides the client with comfort and security and helps to decrease the client's anxiety . Engaging the client in interaction until the client falls asleep, reading to the client, or encouraging the client to watch television may be too stimulating for the client, consequently increasing rather than decreasing the client's restlessness.31. 3. The client who verbalizes feeling in control of self and situations no longer feels powerless to affect an outcome but realizes that one's actions can have an impact on self

31. Which of the following behaviors exhibited by a client with depression should lead the nurse to determine that the client is ready for discharge? 1. Interactions with staff and peers. 2. Sleeping for 4 hours in the afternoon and 4 hours at night. 3. Verbalization of feeling in control of self and situations. 4. Statements of dissatisfaction over not being able to perform at work.

...31. 3. The client who verbalizes feeling in control of self and situations no longer feels powerless to affect an outcome but realizes that one's actions can have an impact on selfthe nurse must take responsibility to ensure that the client eats, including spoon-feeding the client (placing the food on the spoon , putting the food near the client's mouth, and asking her to eat) if necessary. Serving the client her tray in her room does not ensure that she will eat. Calling the family to bring the client food from home usually is allowed , but it is still the nurse's responsibility to ensure that the client eats. Explaining the importance of nutrition in recovery is not helpful. The client may intellectually know that eating is important but may not be interested in eating or want to eat.

32. The client with major depression and suicidal ideation has been taking bupropion (Wellbutrin) 100 mg PO four times daily for 5 days. Assessment reveals the client to besomewhat less withdrawn, able to perform activities of daily living with minimal assistance, and eating 50% of each meal. At this time, the nurse should monitor the client specifically for which of the following behaviors? 1. Seizure activity. 2. Suicide attempt. 3. Visual disturbances. 4. Increased libido.

...32. 2. The nurse must monitor the client for a suicide attempt at this time when the client is starting to feel better because the depressed client may now have enough energy to carry out an attempt. Bupropion inhibits dopamine reuptake; it is an activating antidepressant and could cause agitation. Although bupropion lowers the seizure threshold , especially at doses greater than 450 mg/ day, and visual disturbances and increased libido are possible adverse effects, the nurse must closely monitor the client for a suicide attempt. As the client with major depression begins to feel better, the client may have enough energy to carry out an attempt.

33. Which of the following outcomes should the nurse include in the initial plan of care for a client who is exhibiting psychomotor retardation, withdrawal, minimal eye contact, and unresponsiveness to the nurse's questions? 1. The client will initiate interactions with peers. 2. The client will participate in milieu activities. 3. The client will discuss adaptive coping techniques. 4. The client will interact with the nurse.

...33. 4. In the initial plan of care, the most appropriate outcome would be that the clientwill interact with the nurse. First, the client would begin interacting with one individual , the nurse. The nurse would gradually assist the client to engage in interactions with other clients in one-on-one contacts, progressing toward informal group gatherings and eventually taking part in structured group activities. The client needs to experience success according to the client's level of tolerance. Initiating interactions with peers occurs when the client can gain a measure of confidence and self-esteem instead of feeling intimidated or unduly anxious. Discussing adaptive coping techniques is an outcome the client may be able to reach when symptoms are not as severe and the client can concentrate on improving coping skills.

35. The client with depression who is taking imipramine (Tofranil) states to the nurse, "My doctor wants me to have anelectrocardiogram (ECG) in 2 weeks, but my heart is fine." Which response by the nurse is most appropriate? "It's routine practice to have ECGs periodically because there is a slight chance that the drug may affect the heart." 2. "It's probably a precautionary measure because I'm not aware that you have a cardiac condition." 3. "Try not to worry too much about this. Your doctor is just being very thorough in monitoring your condition." 4. "You had an ECG before you were prescribed imipramine and the procedure will be the same."

...35. 1. Telling the client that ECGs are done routinely for all clients taking imipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant, is an honest and direct response. Additionally, it provides some reassurance for the client . Commonly, a client with depression will ruminate, leading to needless increased anxiety. Tricyclic antidepressants may cause tachycardia, ECG changes, and cardiotoxicity. Telling the client that it's probably a precautionary measure because the nurse is not aware of a cardiac condition instills doubt and may cause undue anxiety for the client . Telling the client not to worry because the doctor is very thorough dismisses the client's concern and does not give the client adequate information. Explaining that the client had an ECG before initiating therapy with imipramine and that the procedure will be the same does not answer the client's question.

37. A client with depression who is taking doxepin (Sinequan) 100 mg PO at bedtime has dizziness on arising. Which of the following suggestions is most appropriate? 1. "Try taking a hot shower." "Get up slowly and dangle your feet before standing." 3. "Stay in bed until you are feeling better." 4. "You need to limit the fluids you drink."

...37. 2. Doxepin and other tricyclic antidepressants may cause postural hypotension, especially in the morning. Postural hypotension occurs because the tricyclic antidepressant inhibits the body's natural vasoconstrictive reaction when a person stands. The nurse regularly monitors the client's vital signs, both lying and standing. The nurse should instruct the client to rise slowly and dangle his feet before standing. Advising the client to take a hot shower is detrimental to the client's safety. Heat causes vasodilation, which could further exacerbate the dizziness, placing the client at risk for falls and subsequent injury. Telling the client to stay in bed until he is feeling better is not helpful and is impractical. The client with depression would rather stay in bed and withdraw from others. Placing the client on fluid restriction is detrimental to the client with depression whose fluid and food intake may be inadequate.

4. The client is receiving 6 mg of selegiline transdermal system every 24 hours for major depression. The nurse should judge teaching about Emsam to be effective when the client makes which statement? "I need to avoid using the sauna at the gym." 2. "I can cut the patch and use a smaller piece." 3. "I need to wait until the next day to put on a new patch if it falls off." 4. "I might gain at least 10 lb (4.5 kg) from the medication."

...4. 1. Selegiline transdermal system is the first transdermal monoamine oxidase inhibitor. The client needs to avoid exposing the application site to external sources of direct heat , such as saunas, heating lamps , electric blankets , heating pads, heated water beds, and prolonged direct sunlight because heat increases the amount of selegiline that is absorbed, resulting in elevated serum levels of selegiline. Cutting the patch and using a smaller piece will result in a decreasedamount of medication absorption, most likely leading to a worsening of the symptoms of depression. The client should apply a new patch as soon as possible if one falls off to ensure an adequate amount of medication absorption. Selegiline is not associated with significant weight gain, although a weight gain of 1 to 2 lb (2.2 to 4.4 kg) is possible.

40. When developing a teaching plan for a client about the medications prescribed for depression, which of the following components is most important for the nurse to include? 1. Pharmacokinetics of the medication. 2. Current research related to the medication. 3. Management of common adverse effects. 4. Dosage regulation and adjustment.

...40. 3. Compliance with medication therapy is crucial for the client with depression. Medication noncompliance is the primary cause of relapse among psychiatric clients. Therefore , the nurse needs to teach the client about managing common adverseeffects to promote compliance with medication. Teaching the client about the medication's pharmacokinetics may help the client to understand the reason for the drug . However, teaching about how to manage common adverse effects to promote compliance is crucial. Current research about the medication is more important to the nurse than to the client. Teaching about dosage regulation and adjustment of medication may be helpful , but typically the primary health care provider, not the client, is the person in charge of this aspect.

42. A client taking paroxetine (Paxil) 40 mg PO every morning tells the nurse that her mouth "feels like cotton." Which of the following statements by the client necessitates further assessment by the nurse? 1. "I'm sucking on ice chips." 2. "I'm using sugarless gum." 3. "I'm sucking on sugarless candy." "I'm drinking 12 glasses of water every day."

...42. 4. Dry mouth is a common, temporary side effect of paroxetine . The nurse needs to further assess the client's water intake when the client states she is drinking lots of water. Excessive intake of water could be harmful to the client and could lead to electrolyte imbalance. Dry mouth is caused by the medication, and drinking a lot of water will not eliminate it. Sucking on ice chips or usingsugarless gum or candy is appropriate to ease the discomfort of dry mouth associated with paroxetine.

43. The client with depression has been consistent with taking 12.5 mg of paroxetine (Paxil) extended release daily. The nurse judges the client to be benefiting from this drug therapy when the client demonstrates which of the following behaviors? Select all that apply. 1. Takes 2-hour evening naps daily. 2. Completes homework assignments. 3. Decreases pacing. 4. Increases somatization. 5. Verbalizes feelings.

...43. 2, 3, 5. Symptoms of depression include depressed mood, anhedonia, appetite disturbance, sleep disturbance, psychomotor disturbance, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, excessive or inappropriate guilt, decreased concentration, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide. Paroxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant that also can be used to treat anxiety. Improved concentration, verbalization of feelings, and decreased agitation or pacing are signs of improvement. Taking 2-hour evening naps daily is still a sign of fatigue or lack of energy, and the increased use of somatization (bodily problems) could be signs of continued symptoms of depression.

44. A client diagnosed with majordepression has sleep and appetite disturbances and a flat affect and is withdrawn. The client has been taking fluvoxamine (Luvox) 50 mg twice daily for 5 days. Which client behavior is most important to report to the next shift? 1. Client's flat affect. 2. Client's interacting with a visitor. 3. Client sleeping from 11 pm to 6 am. 4. Client spending the entire evening in her room.

...44. 3. The most important behavior to report to the next shift is that the client was able to sleep from 11 pm to 6 am. This indicates that improvement in the symptoms of depression is occurring as a result of pharmacologic therapy. The nurse would expect to observe improvement in sleep, appetite, and psychomotor behavior first before improvement in cognitive symptoms. The client's flat affect is still a symptom of depression. The fact that the client had avisitor is not as important as changes in the client's behavior. Spending the evening in her room is a continuation of the client's withdrawn behavior and is important to report but not as important as the improvement in sleep.

46. A nurse is educating a client who has been diagnosed with dysthymia about possible treatment for the disorder. Which response by the nurse is most appropriate? 1. "Antidepressants, particularly the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) group , offer you the best treatment for your dysthymia." 2. "Doctors recommend that clients experiencing dysthymia receiveelectroconvulsive therapy (ECT) to treat their disorder." "Because you have a mild, though long -lasting dysthymic mood, psychotherapy can usually bring improvement with less likelihood of the need for medication." 4. "Since your dysthymia indicates a long-lasting mild depression , long-term psychoanalysis would be the best treatment for you."

...46. 3. Dysthymia is a milder, persistent type of depression in which sufferers are able to minimally carry on their work . Antidepressant and ECT are treatments used for occurrences of major depression with ECT being used as a last resort when several medications fail. Psychoanalysis is a very involved, long-term treatment rarely used now due to its cost and the long period of treatment required for results. CN: Psychosocial integrity;

47. A client comes to the mental health clinic for a follow-up visit for a diagnosis of major depressive disorder. He says that he has been taking his escitalopram oxalate as prescribed since his second hospitalization 3 months ago. He tells the nurse that he is feeling "like my old self again." Now he wants to stop taking medication. "I don't want to be dependent on meds like my father." What is the nurse's best initial response to him? 1. "After another 3 months of stability, it might be safe for you to go off the escitalopram." 2. "After two significant episodes, you will need to take an antidepressant indefinitely." "Research indicates that individuals who have had two major depressive episodes have a 70% chance of having a third episode." 4. "It is likely that you can learn to manage your depression with a regular exercise regime and a healthy diet."

...47. 3. After two episodes of a major depressive disorder, the likelihood of a third episode increases to 70%. This informationwould be useful to convey prior to discussing the importance of continuing his medication. This client also has a family history of depression. A healthy diet and exercise are very significant adjuncts to the therapeutic plan but may not be sufficient as stand-alone therapy.

49. Which of the following statements made by an adolescent who has just begun taking an antidepressant would indicate the need for further teaching about the action of antidepressants in treating depression? "Now that I have been taking my antidepressant for a week , I'm going to feel better about myself." 2. "A week ago when I started my antidepressant, I didn't care about eating, but now I want to eat a bit more." 3. After a week of taking my antidepressant, I can sleep a little better— 6 hours or so each night." 4. "Now that I've had a week of my antidepressant, it is a little easier to get up in the morning."

...49. 1. In the first week or so of taking an antidepressant, the vegetative symptoms of depression (poor sleep, appetite, and energy level) improve. However, it takes 3 to 4 weeks for improvement in self-concept/ self-esteem to take place.

5. A client has been taking 30 mg of duloxetine hydrochloride (Cymbalta) twicedaily for 2 months because of depression and vague aches and pains. While interacting with the nurse, the client discloses a pattern of drinking a six-pack of beer daily for the past 10 years to help with sleep. What should the nurse do first? 1. Refer the client to the dual diagnosis program at the clinic. 2. Share the information at the next interdisciplinary treatment conference. 3. Report the client's beer consumption to the primary health care provider. 4. Teach the client relaxation exercises to perform before bedtime.

...5. 3. The nurse should report the client's beer consumption to the primary health care provider. Duloxetine should not be administered to a client with renal or hepatic insufficiency because the medication can elevate liver enzymes and, together with substantial alcohol use, can cause liver injury . Referring the client to the dual diagnosis program, sharing information at the next interdisciplinary treatment conference, and teaching the client relaxation exercises are helpful interventions for the nurse to implement. However, reporting the findings to the primary health care provider is most important.

50. A client comes to the mental health clinic saying that he feels so down and lacking in energy with "loss of interest in everything." He tells the nurse that he received some samples of a new medication from his primary care physician last week to relieve his depression . The nurse recalls that this client has a history of bipolar I disorder with hospitalization for a significant manic episode. With this knowledge, the nurse would have special concern if he is taking which of the following categories of medication? 1. Atypical antipsychotics. 2. Mood stabilizers/ antimanics. 3. Antianxiety agents (benzodiazepines). 4. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant.

...50. 4. The most urgent consideration for intervention and for teaching is the fact that for individuals with a history of bipolar disorder, antidepressants when taken alonecan push the person into mania . Antipsychotics are sometimes prescribed for clients with bipolar disorder and would not pose a special concern . Individuals with bipolar disorder are typically treated with mood stabilizers, and benzodiazepines are sometimes used in the short term to give a client relief before the mood stabilizers can take effect.

53. A young woman comes to the mental health clinic for her routine medication follow-up. She has been married for 2 years and reports that she and her husband are ready to start a family. She has a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder and has been well managed on divalproex sodium (Depakote) for at least 3 years . What is the most essential counsel for the nurse to give her? 1. "Schedule an appointment for a complete gynecological exam if you have not had one in the past year." 2. "Pay careful attention to eating healthy from this point on in order to maximize the health of both mother and baby." "Check with your prescriber today as Depakote carries an increased risk forbirth defects, especially during the first 3 months of pregnancy." 4. "It is very important for you to take steps to reduce your stress and this will help you to stay in balance during your pregnancy and reduce your chances of developing post-partum depression."

...53. 3. All of these options need to be addressed. However, it is vital that this youngwoman receive counseling about the serious birth defects that have an increased incidence with the taking of Depakote during the first trimester of pregnancy. These problems include craniofacial abnormalities (cleft palate), organ malformations (holes in the heart and urinary tract problems), limb deficiencies, and developmental delays. The chances of preeclampsia and premature labor are also increased.

6. A client was admitted to the inpatient unit 3 days ago with a flat affect , psychomotor retardation, anorexia, hopelessness, and suicidal ideation. The primary health care provider prescribed 75 mg of venlafaxine extended release (Effexor XR) to be given every morning. The client interacted minimally with the staff and spent most of the day in his room. As the nurse enters the unit at the beginning of the evening shift, the client is smiling and cheerful and appears to be relaxed. What should the nurse interpret as the most likely cause of the client's behavior? 1. The Effexor is helping the client's symptoms of depression significantly. 2. The client's sudden improvement calls for close observation by the staff. 3. The staff can decrease their observation of the client. 4. The client is nearing discharge due tothe improvement of his symptoms.

...6. 2. The client's sudden improvement and decrease in anxiety most likely indicate that the client is relieved because he has made the decision to kill himself and may now have the energy to complete the suicide . Symptoms of severe depression do not suddenly abate because most antidepressants work slowly and take 2 to 4 weeks to providea maximum benefit. The client will improve slowly due to the medication. The sudden improvement in symptoms does not mean the client is nearing discharge and decreasing observation of the client compromises the client's safety.

64. The client with an Axis I diagnosis of bipolar disorder, manic phase, states to the nurse, "I'm the Queen of England. Bow before me." The nurse interprets this statement as important to document as which of the following areas of the mental status examination? 1. Psychomotor behavior. 2. Mood and affect. 3. Attitude toward the nurse. 4. Thought content.

...64. 4. The client's statement, "I'm theQueen of England. Bow before me," is an example of a grandiose delusion and refers to thought content of the mental status examination. Examples of psychomotor behavior to be documented would include excited, typically exaggerated and repetitive physical movements, and excessive talking and gesturing. Mood is a subjective state, and affect is an observable expression of emotion . Mood is what a client tells you she is feeling , and affect is what you see the client feeling. For example , the client may state that she feels sad or happy in reference to mood . Affect refers to the display of physical emotion, commonly described as "appropriate" or "flat." Attitude toward the nurse refers to the client's behavior in the presence of the nurse during the mental status examination (pleasant and cooperative, irritable, and guarded).

69. The nurse overhears a client with acute mania who is euphoric and flirtatious attempting to be sexually inappropriate with other clients by talking about a sexual exploit to a group of clients seated at a table. Which of the following should the nurse do next? 1. Continue walking down the hall, ignoring the conversation. 2. Speak to the client later in private while saying nothing at this time. 3. Tell the client others may not want to hear about sex and invite him to play a game of ping-pong. 4. Inform the client that if he continues to talk about sex no one will want to be around him.

...69. 3. Telling the client that others may not want to hear about sex and inviting him to play a game of ping-pong with the nurse informs the client that even though his behavior is unacceptable, the nurse considers him worthy of help. The client's thoughts and actions are out of control, and directing him to an activity with the nurse is an appropriate way of regaining control . The nurse is responsible for providing safety and security to this client and others on the unit . Continuing to walk down the hall while ignoring the conversation does nothing to meet the needs of this or other clients. Doing so also diminishes trust in the nurse. Speaking to the client later in private while saying nothing at the time allows the client to continue his provocative behavior instead offocusing his energy toward productive activity. Informing the client that if he continues to talk about sex, no one will want to be around him is not helpful because his behavior is a symptom of his illness and the statement diminishes his self-worth.

72. The client with bipolar disorder, manic phase , appears at the nurse's station wearing a transparent shirt, miniskirt, high heels, 10 bracelets, and eight necklaces. Her makeup is overdone, and she is not wearing underwear. A pair of inverted underpants is on her head. The nurse should: 1. Tell the client to dress appropriately while out of her room. 2. Ask the client to put on hospital pajamas until she can dress appropriately. 3. Instruct the client to go to her room and change clothes. 4. Escort the client to her room and assist with choosing appropriate attire.

...72. 4. The nurse escorts the client to her room and assists with choosing appropriate attire to preserve the client's dignity and self-esteem and prevent ridicule from others on the unit. It is common for a client with bipolar disorder , manic phase, to exhibit poor judgment, provocative behavior, and hyperactivity. The client in the manic phase commonly dresses inappropriately and changes clothes many times throughout the day. The nurse needs to assist the client with hygiene, grooming , and proper attire until her judgment improves. Telling the client to dress appropriately while out of her room may be perceived by the client as an attack. Additionally, the client may be incapable of making that decision. Asking the client to put on hospital pajamas until she can dress appropriately is punitive and demeaning. Because of the client's cognitive difficulties , the client may not understand the instructions to go to her room to change clothes. Additionally, the client may becomedistracted by stimuli on the unit and may not reach her room.

76. The wife of a client with bipolar disorder, manic phase , states to the nurse, "He's acting so crazy. What did he do to get this way ?" The nurse bases the response on the understanding of which of the following about this disorder? 1. It is caused by underlying psychologicaldifficulties. 2. It is caused by disturbed family dynamics in the client's early life. 3. It is the result of an imbalance of chemicals in the brain. 4. It is the result of a genetic inheritance from someone in the family.

...76. 3. Bipolar disorder is a biochemical disorder caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain. Manic episodes seem to be related to excessive levels of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine. Psychopharmacologic therapy aims to restore the balance of neurotransmitters. In the past, it was thought that bipolar disorder may have been caused by early psychodynamics or disturbed families, but the current view emphasizes the role of biology. Bipolar disorder could be genetic or inherited from someone in the family, but it is best for the client and family to understand the disease concept related to neurotransmitter imbalance. This understanding also helps them to refrain from placing blame on anyone. Siblings and close relatives have a higher incidence of bipolar disorder and mood disorders in general when compared with the general population.

80. After the nurse teaches a client with bipolar disorder about lithium therapy, which of the following client statements indicates the need for additional teaching? 1. "It's important to keep using a regular amount of salt in my diet." "It's okay to double my next dose of lithium if I forget a dose." 3. "I should drink about 8 to 10 eight-ounce glasses (240 to 300 mL) of water each day." 4. "I need to take my medicine at the same time each day."

...80. 2. The therapeutic and toxic range of lithium is very narrow. If the client forgets to take a scheduled dose of lithium, the client needs to wait until the next scheduled time to take it, because taking twice the amount of lithium can cause lithium toxicity. The client needs to maintain a regular diet and regular salt intake. Lithium and sodium are eliminated from the body through the kidneys. An increase in salt intake leads to decreased plasma lithium levels because lithium is excreted more rapidly. A decrease in salt intake leads to increased plasma lithium levels. The client needs to drink 8 to 10 eight-ounce glasses (240 to 300 mL) of water daily to maintain fluid balance and decrease thirst. Decreased water intake can lead to an increase in the lithium level and consequently a risk of toxicity. Lithium must be taken on a regular basis at the same time each day to ensure maximum therapeutic effect.

83. During morning community meeting, a client with bipolar disorder, manic phase , interrupts others to the point where no one can finish their statements . The nurse should tell the client: "Please stop interrupting others. You can speak when it's your turn." 2. "Stop talking . It's time for you to leave the meeting." 3. "If you can't control yourself, we'll have to take action." 4. "Please behave like an adult. Your behavior is childish."alcohol is safe.

...83. 1. For this client, the nurse needs to set limits on the client's intrusive , interruptive behavior by saying, "Please stop interrupting others; you can speak when it's your turn." This statement also clearly points out to the client the specific unacceptable behavior. The nurse helps the client to attain control and helps the other clients become more tolerant of the situation. Saying, "Stop talking; it's time for you to leave themeeting," is not helpful because it leaves the client unaware of what has happened or the behavior that is unacceptable. Also, such a statement may seem punitive. The statement , "If you can't control yourself, we'll have to take action," is threatening to the client and diminishes the client's self-worth. Using the statement, "Please behave like an adult. Your behavior is childish," is demeaning and scolding to the client, thereby diminishing the client's self-esteem.

84. The primary health care provider prescribes valproic acid for a client with bipolar disorder who has achieved limited success with lithium carbonate. Which of the following should the nurse include in the client's medication teaching plan? 1. Follow-up blood tests are unnecessary. 2. The tablet can be crushed if necessary. 3. Drowsiness and upset stomach are common side effects. 4. Consumption of a moderate amount of

...84. 3. Valproic acid, an anticonvulsant agent, is used as a mood stabilizer in the client with bipolar disorder. Common side effects include drowsiness and gastrointestinal upset. The client needs to be cautioned not to drive or perform tasks requiring alertness and to take the medication with food or milk or eat frequent, small meals. Blood tests are required to evaluate the serum level and to check for possible hematologic effects. Valproic acid can cause changes in liver function and blood dyscrasias. The tablet must be swallowed whole and not chewed or crushed to prevent irritation of the mouth and throat. Alcohol as well as over-the-counter drugs and sleep -inducing agents must be avoided to prevent oversedation.

87. A client's wife states, "I don't know what to do sometimes. It's so hard having a husband with a mental illness like bipolar disorder." After talking with the client's wife about her feelings and difficulties, which of the following actions is most appropriate? 1. Suggest that the wife see her primary health care provider. 2. Give the wife information about a support group. 3. Recommend that the wife talk with her close friend. 4. Have the wife share her feelings with her husband.

...87. 2. The nurse's most appropriate action is to give the wife information about a support group in her area. Family members need and want education and support. Suggesting that the wife see a primary health care provider is not necessary in this situation. She needs support and education . Recommending that she talk with her close friend may be helpful if she so chooses.However, this is not as helpful as attending a support group. Here the wife can learn, share, obtain support from, and provide support to others with similar situations . Having the wife share her feelings with her husband may or may not be appropriate or helpful to her or her husband. The husband may be unable to help his wife with adaptive coping, and therefore the client's self-esteem could be diminished.

88. The client with bipolar disorder is approaching discharge after being hospitalized with her first episode of acute mania. The client's husband asks the nurse what he can do to help her. Which of the following recommendations for the husband should the nurse anticipate including in the teaching plan? 1. Help the client to be free from worry and anxiety. 2. Communicate openly and offer support. 3. Relieve the client of all responsibilities. 4. Remind the client to control her symptoms.

...88. 2. The nurse should encourage the husband to support and communicate openly with his wife to maintain effective family-client interactions. During any illness, open communication and support helps the relationship between husband and wife. It is unrealistic for any individual to be free from anxiety or worry and impossible for the husband to be able to control what his wife may think or feel. Relieving the client of all responsibilities is unrealistic and not helpful . The client needs to resume activities as soon as she can manage them. Reminding his wife to control her symptoms is not appropriate and indicates that the husband needs further teaching about this condition.

91. After the nurse administers haloperidol (Haldol) 5 mg PO to a client with acute mania, the client refuses to lie down on her bed, runs out on the unit, pushes clients in her vicinity out of the way, and screams threatening remarks to the staff. Which of the following should the nurse do next? 1. Follow the client and ask her to calm down. 2. Tell the client to lie down on the sofa in the community room. 3. Seclude the client and use restraints if necessary. 4. Tell the staff to ignore the client's remarks.

...91. 3. The client is visibly out of control , and other measures have not helped . Therefore, the nurse needs to seclude the client and use restraints if necessary toprotect the client and others from harm. Following the client and asking her to calm down or telling the client to lie down on the sofa is not helpful because the client's level of anxiety is too high for her to attempt to calm down on her own and she cannot control her behavior. Telling the staff to ignore the client's remarks is not helpful because the client needs external means of control to protect the client, other clients on the unit , and the staff. Safety is the priority.

94. The nurse manager in the emergencydepartment (ED) is conducting an in-service for the nursing staff about screening clients for suicide. One of the nurses states , "Questioning adolescents about suicide will only increase their thinking about self-harm and they would not admit it to me anyhow." How should the nurse manager respond? 1. "You could be correct. Let's assess only adults because they'll be more honest." 2. "We will limit the assessment to adolescents with psychiatric diagnoses." 3. "It's a myth that talking about suicide leads to suicide attempts. Adolescents will disclose suicidal thoughts when asked directly." "If you think the adolescent is not telling you the truth, you can question the parents."

...94. 3. Assessing for suicide risk in the ED is important because suicidal clients can be discharged without being assessed for suicide potential. Many visitors to the ED are there for comprehensive health care needs and lack primary care providers. It is a myth that talking about suicide will cause young people to think about suicide, and evidence exists that they will talk about suicide if asked directly. Assessing adults only because they will be more honest is an incorrect assumption. Limiting the assessment of suicide risk only to adolescents withpsychiatric diagnoses falsely assumes that other young people are not at risk for suicide. Questioning the parents about their adolescent's suicide risk may be an unreliable method because the parents may not be aware that suicide risk is present.

96. The nurse manager overhears two staff members talking in the snack room. One of the staff members states, "Her superficial cuts are just a means of getting our attention. She never should have been admitted. I hope she's out of here soon." Which of the following responses by the nurse manager is 1. "It's our job to help her no matter how we feel about her or what she did. She'll be discharged soon." 2. "I won't tolerate that kind of discussion from my staff. Now, it is time for you to go back to work." 3. "I know it's hard to understand, but we need to do the best we can even though she'll be back." "No matter what the intent, all suicidal behavior is serious and deserves our serious consideration."

...96. 4. The statement, "No matter what the intent, all suicidal behavior is serious and deserves our serious consideration," is most appropriate because it provides accurateinformation for the staff . Superficial cuts may be termed suicide gestures. Nevertheless, they still are a cry for help and may indicate ambivalence about dying. Clients have accidentally and unintentionally killed themselves because previous attempts were not taken seriously, they acted on impulse, or rescue attempts were foiled. Stating, "It's our job to help her no matter how we feel about her or what she did; she'll be discharged soon," is inappropriate because it does not provide the staff members with accurate information. Stating, "I won't tolerate that kind of discussion from my staff; now it is time for you to go back to work," is authoritarian and punitive. Additionally, it does not help the staff members gain insight. Stating, "I know it's hard to understand, but we need to do the best we can even though she'll be back," voices agreement with the staff's bias and lack of knowledge. As such , this statement is inappropriate.

101. A client who was recently discharged from the psychiatric unit telephones the unit to speak to the nurse. The client states that she took her children to the neighbors' house and has turned on the gas to kill herself. She is home alone and gives the nurse her address. Which of the following actions should the nurse do next? 1. Refer the caller to a 24-hour suicide hotline. 2. Tell the caller that another nurse willtelephone the police . 3. Ask the caller whether she telephoned her primary health care provider . 4. Instruct the caller to telephone her family for help.

...101. 2. The immediate priority is to save the caller's life. Therefore, the nurse should tell the caller that another nurse will telephone the police. The immediate goal is to rescue the caller because the suicide attempt has begun. Referring the caller to a 24-hour suicide hotline or instructing the caller to telephone her family for help may beappropriate as part of discharge planning . Asking the caller whether she has telephoned her primary health care provider is not appropriate. The nurse is responsible for notifying the primary health care provider.

102. A client walks into the clinic and tells the nurse she wants to die because her boyfriend broke up with her. The client states, "I'll show him, he'll be sorry." The nurse notes which of the following as the underlying theme and method to deal with the client? 1. Sadness— ask the client to reveal how long she has felt this way. 2. Escape— ask the client to indicate from what she wants to escape . 3. Loneliness— ask the client to state who she believes to be her friends. 4. Retaliation— ask the client about her specific plans to harm herself and/ or her boyfriend.

...102. 4. The statement refers to the suicidal client's wish to use her own death to retaliate or get even with her boyfriend. If a client wishes to retaliate, discovering the specific plans would be important to maintaining her safety as well as possibly her boyfriend's. Though sadness, escape, and loneliness can all be themes expressed by a suicidal client, they do not apply to the comment made by this client.

103. The client has been hospitalized for major depression and suicidal ideation. Which of the following statements indicates to the nurse that the client is improving? 1. "I couldn't kill myself because I don't want to go to hell." "I don't think about killing myself as much as I used to." 3. "I'm of no use to anyone anymore." 4. "I know my kids don't need me anymore since they're grown."

...103. 2. The statement, "I don't think about killing myself as much as I used to," indicates a lessening of suicidal ideation and improvement in the client's condition. The statement, "I couldn't kill myself because I don't want to go to hell," indicates that the client will not attempt suicide but could still be thinking about death. The statements "I'm of no use to anyone anymore" and "I know my kids don't need me anymore since they're on their own" indicate that the client feels worthless and may be experiencing suicidal ideation.

104. The client states to the nurse at the outpatient clinic, "I don't feel ready to go back to work. It's only been a week since I leftthe hospital." Assessment reveals a flat affect, disheveled appearance, poor posture, and minimal eye contact during interaction. The nurse asks the client whether he is thinking about harming himself. The client tells the nurse he has a loaded revolver at home and will probably use it. Which of the following should the nurse do next? 1. Tell the client to go and remove the gun from his home. 2. Ask the client to call the nurse every hour when he gets home. 3. Ask the client to promise not to harm himself. 4. Initiate plans for hospitalization immediately.

...104. 4. Based on the client's statement , the nurse must initiate plans for hospitalization immediately because the client has suicidal ideation with a definite plan, lethal method, and immediate access to the method.

105. The widow of a client who successfully completed suicide tearfully says, "I feel guilty because I'm so angry at him for killing himself. It must have been what he wanted." After assisting the widow with dealing with her feelings , which of the following is most helpful? 1. Referring her to a group for survivors of suicide. 2. Encouraging her to receive counseling from a chaplain. 3. Providing her with the local suicide hotline number. 4. Suggesting she receive individual therapy by the nurse.

...105. 1. The survivor of suicide, in this situation, would be referred to a group for survivors of suicide to help her with her feelings and to work through the grief reaction. This group provides support and understanding of what the individual is experiencing by members who are experiencing similar reactions, including anger and guilt. Depression and unresolved grief can occur when the survivor does not receive appropriate help. Counseling by a chaplain or individual therapy by the nurse may be appropriate in addition to referral to the group. Giving the survivor the suicide hotline number would be appropriate if the survivor herself were thinking about suicide.

111. A client who overdosed on barbiturates is being transferred to the inpatient psychiatric unit from the intensive care unit. Assessing the client for which of the following needs should be a priority for the nurse receiving the client in the intensive care unit? 1. Nutrition. 2. Sleep. 3. Safety. 4. Hygiene.

...111. 3. Client safety is the priority to prevent further self-harm. Nutrition, sleep, and hygiene are important concerns, but they are secondary to safety.

106. The husband of a client to be discharged from the hospital after an episode of major depression and a suicide attempt asks, "What can I do if she tries to kill herselfagain?" Which of the following responses is most appropriate? 1. "Don't worry. She'll be okay as long as she takes her medication." 2. "She told me she wants to live so I don't think she'll try again." "Let's talk about some behavioral clues and resources that can help." 4. "Tell her about your concern and just take care of her."

...106. 3. The most appropriate response is to discuss the behavioral clues and resources because it provides the husband with important information that he needs to cope with his wife's condition. Family members are commonly afraid of future suicidal activity and need helpful information and resources to turn to in a crisis. Telling the husband not to worry minimizes thehusband's concern and is not necessarily true. Additionally, past suicide attempts need to be considered when evaluating the client's future risk of suicide. The statement, "She told me she wants to live so I don't think she'll try again," ignores the husband's request and concerns. Additionally, there is no way for the nurse to know whether the client will attempt suicide again. The statement, "Tell her about your concern and just take care of her," is not helpful because the husband needs information and resources to turn to should a crisis develop.

107. A client with depression is exhibiting a brighter affect, ability to attend to hygiene and grooming tasks, and beginning participation in group activities. The nurse asks the client to identify three of her strengths. After much hesitation and thinking, the client can state she is usually a nice person, a good cook, and a hard worker. Which of the following should the nurse do next? 1. Ask the client to identify additional three strengths. 2. Volunteer the client to lead the cooking group later in the day. 3. Educate the client about the importance of medication. 4. Reinforce the client for identifying and sharing her strengths.

...107. 4. After the client identifies and shares her strengths, the nurse reinforces the client for her ability to evaluate herself in a positive manner. Doing so promotes self-esteem and offers hope for improvement. Asking the client to identify three additional strengths or volunteering the client to lead the cooking group could be too overwhelming for the client at this time and may increase her anxiety and feelings of worthlessness . Although educating the client about the importance of medication is important, doing so at another time would be more appropriate.

108. The friend of a client with depression and suicidal ideation asks the nurse, "How should I act around her?" Which of the following responses by the nurse is best? 1. "Try to cheer her up." "Be caring and genuine." 3. "Control your expressions." 4. "Avoid asking how she's feeling."

...108. 2. The best response would be for the nurse to advise the visitor to be caring and genuine to the client as a friend normally would. Family and friends are commonlyafraid or at a loss about how to act or what to say to someone with a mental illness or to someone who may voice thoughts of self -harm. The statement, "Try to cheer her up," is inappropriate because the client may feel overwhelmed and thus become more despondent when she cannot meet or match the cheerful demeanor. The statement, "Control your expressions," is inappropriate because the client is not helped when interactions are not natural and genuine. The statement, "Avoid asking how she's feeling ," is inappropriate because it conveys a lack of interest in and concern for the client.

109. A client with depression and suicidal ideation voices feelings of self-doubt and powerlessness and is very dependent on the nurse for most aspects of her care. According to Erikson's stages of growth and development, the nurse determines the client to be manifesting problems in which of the following stages? 1. Trust versus mistrust. 2. Autonomy versus shame/ doubt. 3. Initiative versus guilt. 4. Industry versus inferiority.

...109. 2. The client with feelings of self-doubt, inability to control her life, and dependency is manifesting problems evident in autonomy versus shame/ doubt. Because of illness, regression has occurred and the client's behaviors affect how the nurse will intervene with the client. With trust versus mistrust, some behaviors reflecting problems include suspiciousness, projection of blame, and withdrawal from others. With initiative versus guilt, some behaviors reflecting problems include excessive guilt, reluctance to show emotions, and passivity. With industry versus inferiority, some behaviors reflecting problems include feelings of being unworthy, poor work history, and inadequate problem-solving skills.

110. A 68-year-old client has improved with medication and treatment and no longer experiences suicidal ideation. She can manage her diabetic care and understands her diet requirements. She will be discharged to live alone in her apartment. Visits by which of the following caregivers are most important for the nurse to arrange before the client's discharge? 1. Psychiatric home care nurse. 2. Medical social worker. 3. Her minister. 4. Occupational therapist.

...110. 1. The nurse should arrange for a psychiatric home care nurse to visit the client and follow her care. The psychiatric home care nurse will help the client manage her psychiatric disorder, medications for her mental illness and diabetes, diabetic care , and nutrition. A medical social worker may be involved with the client's care after discharge to help with interactions among agencies and visits by clergy may be helpful, but a psychiatric home care nurse would be most important to help the client manage the many needs associated with her illness. An occupational therapist could help the client consider home management adjustments that might be needed after discharge but no ongoing disability is noted.

112. A client is brought to the psychiatric unit from the emergency department (ED) escorted by ED staff and a security officer . The client's shoulder is bandaged and his arm is in a sling because of a self-inflicted gunshot wound to his shoulder. Later, the client's wife follows with a bag of her husband's belongings. Which of the following nursing actions is most appropriate at this time? 1. Tell the wife to take her husband's things home because he is suicidal. 2. Instruct the wife to unpack the bag and put her husband's things in the dresser. 3. Ask the wife whether the bag contains anything dangerous. 4. Inspect the bag and its contents in the presence of the client and his wife.

...112. 4. The nurse inspects the bag and its contents in the presence of the client and his wife so that they know what is allowed on the unit and what should be returned home and why. The nurse is responsible for the client's safety and that of the other clients and staff. Telling the wife to take her husband's things home because he is suicidal diminishes the client's self-worth and is inaccurate. Instructing the wife to unpack the bag and put her husband's things away isinappropriate because it is the nurse's responsibility to manage safety issues pertaining to the client and the unit. Asking the wife whether the bag contains anything dangerous would be poor judgment on the part of the nurse because the wife would not be knowledgeable about the safety factors.

113. A suicidal client is placed in the seclusion room and given lorazepam (Ativan) because she tried to harm herself by banging her head against the wall. After 10 minutes , the client starts to bang her head against the wall in the seclusion room. Which of the following should the nurse do next? 1. Tell the client to stop doing that and act like a responsible adult. 2. Place the client in leather restraints. 3. Call the primary health care provider for additional medication prescriptions. 4. Instruct a staff member to sit in the room with the client.

...113. 2. The nurse and staff should place the client in leather restraints to protect her from further self-harm. The client's behavior is out of control and necessitates external controls for her safety. Telling the client to stop and act like a responsible adult is ineffective and not therapeutic. Calling the primary health care provider for additional medication prescriptions is not appropriate because the lorazepam (Ativan) given by the nurse may take effect if the client remains still. The nurse is responsible for judging whether additional medication is needed later. Instructing a staff member to sit in the room with the client is unsafe for the client and the staff member.

114. A client lives in a group home andvisits the community mental health center regularly. During one visit with the nurse, the client states, "The voices are telling me to hurt myself again." Which of the following questions by the nurse is most important to ask? 1. "When do you hear the voices?" "Are you going to hurt yourself?" 3. "How long have you heard the voices?" 4. "Why are the voices starting again?"

...114. 2. The nurse needs to ask the client whether he is going to hurt himself to determine the client's ability to cope with the voices and to assess the client's impulse control. The nurse's assessment will then determine the course of action to take regarding the client's safety. Asking when the client hears the voices and how long theclient has heard them is important but not as important as determining whether the client will act on what the voices are saying. Asking "Why are the voices starting again?" would be inappropriate because the client may not know why and may not be able to answer the nurse.

115. A 20-year-old client diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia is recovering from his first psychotic break . Before discharge from the hospital, the client becomes depressed and states, "I don't want this illness. I'm about to begin my junior year in college." Which of the following issues would be most important for the nurse to address at this time? 1. Disturbed thought process. 2. Disturbed sensory perceptions. 3. Communication problems. 4. Potential for medication noncompliance.

...115. 4. Though disturbed thoughts and sensory perceptions would be a concern to the nurse, as would communication issues, the primary issue for this client in terms of his comments would be the potential for medication noncompliance and relapse. Most college students want to be like their peers and perceive themselves as capable and well . These beliefs can lead a young client with schizophrenia to stop taking medication, which leads to relapse.

116. The nurse is teaching two nursing assistants who are new to the inpatient unit about caring for a client who is suicidal. The nurse determines that additional teaching is needed when which of the following statements is made? "I need to check the client precisely at 15-minute intervals." 2. "Documenting suicide checks is absolutely necessary." 3. "Clients on one-to-one suicideprecautions can never be left alone." 4. "All clients using razors must be supervised by staff."

...116. 1. Clients on 15-minute suicide checks must be observed by a staff member every 15 minutes. However , the staff member must stagger the timing of the check so that the client cannot predict the precise time. The staff member could check the client at 10 minutes and then at 8 minutes, and so on, to protect the client from self-harm. The nurse would further explain the necessity of this procedure to help the staff understand its importance. Documenting that suicide checks have been done is absolutely necessary. Clients on one-to-one suicide precautions cannever be left alone. All clients using razors must be supervised by staff.

118. Which of the following amounts of medications is appropriate for a client who is being treated with imipramine (Tofranil) on an outpatient basis for recurring depression and suicidal ideation to have at one time? 1. A 30-day supply. 2. A 21-day supply. 3. A 14-day supply. 4. A 7-day supply.

...118. 4. Because the client has a history of recurring depression and suicidal ideation, the nurse would give the client a 7-day supply of imipramine to prevent possible overdose. Giving the client a 14-, 21-, or 30-day supply of medication would provide the client with enough medication to complete a suicide attempt. Tricyclic antidepressants are associated with a higher rate of death than are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

119. The client with recurrent depression and suicidal ideation tells the nurse, "I can't afford this medicine anymore. I know I'll be okay without it." The nurse should: 1. Inform the primary health care provider of the client's statement. 2. Ask the social worker to find assistance for the client. 3. Schedule a follow-up appointment in 3 months. 4. Ask the client whether a family member could help.

...119. 2. Because the client is in danger of noncompliance with the medication due to financial concerns, the nurse should contact the social worker to assist with locating available resources for the client to ensure continuation of the medication needed for the recurrent illness. The client needs tocontinue the medications with no interruptions to minimize the chance of decompensation. Although the primary health care provider is the person responsible for prescribing the client's medication, routinely the primary health care provider is not involved in finding financial assistance for the client's medication needs. The client needs the medication at the present time. Three months is too long to wait for a follow -up appointment. The client could be severely depressed and could even attempt suicide. A family member's assistance may not be a sufficient or a permanent means of financial help for the client in terms of medication needs.

121. The nurse is caring for a client with bipolar disorder who was recently admitted to an inpatient unit and is experiencing a manic episode. What is a priority nursing intervention for this client? 1. Order and administer all medications in a liquid form. 2. Base permission for family visits on the client's attendance at therapy groups. 3. Closely monitor the client's eating and sleeping habits. 4. Encourage the client to keep a journal about feelings and emotions.

...121. 3. Distraction and disorganization may prevent clients from eating or sleepingMonitoring for needed intervention can prevent exhaustion and malnutrition. Liquid medications are indicated only if the client cannot or will not swallow tablets. Manic clients tend to disrupt group therapy, so this treatment usually is not for them. Family visits should not be tied to compliance with treatment. The client is unlikely to be able to concentrate and complete a journal at this time.

122. Which of the following reactions to learning about a diagnosis of being HIV positive would put the client at the greatest need of intervention by the nurse? 1. A person who is angry, hostile, and alienated from the family. 2. A person obsessed with cleanliness and showers many times a day 3. A person unable to make decisions, who is helpless and tearful. 4. A person who says "I have found a solution for this mess."

...122. 4. The statement by the person who says "I have found a solution for this mess" contains suicidal ideation and that person is more of a safety risk than the angry, alienated client or the obsessed or helpless one. The other clients may need intervention as well , but the potentially suicidal client has the greatest need for nursing intervention.

123. Which of the following represents a breach of the nursing Code of Ethics regarding the rights of clients in psychiatric care situations? 1. Nurse discusses client's care with out-of-town family members that the client has formally indicated are allowed to know about the client's hospital care 2. Nurse discusses the client's history and hospital course of treatment with a consulting primary health care provider. 3. Nurse discusses with a friend the progress of a local celebrity being cared for at the hospital. 4. Nurse discusses the client's care with the admission coordinator of a retirement home that the client plans to enter after discharge from the hospital.

...123. 3. The nurse communicates with consulting primary health care providers and referral agencies as part of the client's continuity of care to which the client consented when admitted to the unit. The communication with family also has the client's consent. The communication with someone outside the care team without the client's permission (talking to a friend) is a breach of ethics by the nurse.

124. A client diagnosed with schizophrenia for the last 2 years tells the nurse who has brought the morning medications "That is not my pill! My pill is blue, not green." The nurse should tell the client? 1. "Go ahead and take it. You can trust me. I am watching out for your safety and well being." 2. "I know I took the correct medication out of the Pyxis. Don't you trust me?" 3. "Don't worry; your medication is generic and sometimes the manufacturers change the color of the pills without letting us know." "I will go back and check the drawer as well as telephone the pharmacy to check about any possible changes in the medication color."

...124. 4. It is important for the nurse to listen to the client and respect theirknowledge about their medication. In the other options , the nurse dismisses the client's concern or gives a possible explanation without checking out the specific situation. If the nurse has taken the wrong medication, the client can prevent a medication error, and if there has been a color change, the nurse can let the client know that information. In either case , helping a psychotic client deal with reality appropriately is therapeutic.

125. A client who took an overdose of Tylenol in a suicide attempt is transferred overnight to the psychiatric inpatient unit from the intensive care unit. The night shift nurse called the primary health care provider on call to obtain initial prescriptions. The primary health care provider prescribes the typical routine medications for clients on this unit— milk of magnesia, Maalox, and Tylenol—as needed. Prior to implementing the prescriptions, the nurse should do which of the following? 1. Ask the primary health care provider about holding all the client's pm prescriptions. 2. Question the primary health care provider about the Tylenol prescription. 3. Request a prescription for a medication to relieve agitation. 4. Suggest the primary health care provider write a prescription for intravenous fluids.126. When developing appropriate assignments for the staff, which of the following clients should the nurse manager judge to be at highest risk for suicide

...125. 2. The nurse should question the Tylenol prescription because the client overdosed on Tylenol, and that analgesic would be contraindicated as putting further stress on the liver. There is no need to hold the pm milk of magnesia or Maalox. There is no indication that the client is agitated or needs medication for agitation. There is little likelihood that the client needs an IV after being transferred out of an intensive care unit, as the client will be able to take oral fluids.

126. When developing appropriate assignments for the staff, which of the following clients should the nurse manager judge to be at highest risk for suicidecompletion? 1. An 85-year-old Caucasian man who lives alone after his wife's death. 2. A 34- year-old single woman of Mexican descent who has recently been diagnosed with cancer. 3. A 15-year-old girl of African descent whose boyfriend broke up with her. 4. A 52-year -old Asian man who was terminated from his job because of downsizing.

...126. 1. High-risk factors that have been related to suicide include hopelessness, Caucasian race, male gender, advanced age , living alone, previous suicide attempts, family history of suicide attempts, family history of substance abuse, general medical illnesses, psychosis, and substance abuse. The highest suicide rate is among people over the age of 65, particularly Caucasian malesage 85 and over. Psychiatric diagnosis is considered to be the most reliable factor for suicide, especially for those with depression , schizophrenia, and substance disorders. Therefore, an 85-year-old Caucasian male who lives alone after his wife's death is at high risk for suicide completion.

127. A high school student tells a nurse in an outpatient clinic the reason he is depressed and suicidal is that he is being bullied at school. While discussing the circumstances of the bullying, the student indicates he is gay , which he thinks contributes to his being bullied. He tells the nurse his sexual orientation in confidence, stating that his parents do not know and that he does not want that information revealed to them. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? Select all that apply. 1. Give him the crisis phone line number and contact information for a support group for gay teens. 2. Notify the student's parents despite his objections because of the risk to him. 3. Question him about the bullying and his current status regarding suicidal thoughts/ plans. 4. Help him develop a safety plan regarding suicidal thoughts/ plans. 5. Notify the school about the bullying without identifying the specific

...127. 1, 3, 4, 5. Exploring the bullying and giving the student resources as well as planning for his safety will help the client remain safe. Notifying the school is essential to ensuring the safety of other students in the community. Notifying the parents against the client's wishes destroys trust and could make him feel more desperate. A better action would be to help the student prepare to reveal his sexual orientation to his parents.

90. The client with bipolar disorder, manic phase, states, "You're looking good. I'm taking you out to dinner." Which of the following replies by the nurse is most therapeutic? 1. "I don't want to go out to dinner." 2. "I can't go out to dinner with you." 3. "It doesn't matter how I look, the answer is no." "I'm Chris Smith, a nurse working on this unit."

...90. 4. The nurse should state her name and purpose on the unit to clarify her identity and to counteract other beliefs the client may have. Stating that the nurse doesn't want to or can't go out to dinner is not therapeutic because it fails to clarify the client's misperceptions or erroneous beliefs, as is the statement, "It doesn't matter how I look, the answer is no."

82. After the nurse teaches a client about

...82. 4. The client's statement , "I know I'm getting sick when I don't need much sleep and start buying things ," indicates insight into her illness because the client recognizes symptoms that can lead to relapse. The statement, "I enjoy feeling high; I don't need much sleep then and get really creative ," gives no indication that the client recognizes the detrimental effects of bipolar disorder . The statements about not needing medicine in another week or being cured indicate the client's lack of understanding about the chronic nature of the disorder. The client is not cured from bipolar disorder, but symptoms of the disorder are usually managed when she is stabilized on medication. Medication may be needed by the client for many years or throughout her life.

58. A client states to a nurse, "Heysweetie, you're looking good today." Which of the following responses by the nurse is best? 1. "Thank you for being so kind and thoughtful." 2. "I know you are only teasing me." "My name is Molly, and I am a nurse on the unit today." 4. "I am not here to receive compliments from clients."

...58. 3. The nurse states her identity and purpose for being on the unit to clarify any misperception by the client. "Thank you for being so kind,""I know you are only teasing me," and "I am not here to receive compliments from clients" are nontherapeutic statements and do not clarifythe nurse's identity and purpose.

10. A 16-year-old client is prescribed 10 mg of paroxetine (Paxil ) at bedtime for major depression. The nurse should instruct the client and parents to monitor the client closely for which adverse effect? 1. Headache. 2. Nausea. 3. Fatigue. 4. Agitation.

...10. 4. The nurse closely monitors the client taking paroxetine for the development of agitation, which could lead to self-harm in the form of a suicide attempt. Headache, nausea, and fatigue are transient adverse effects of paroxetine.

97. The history of a female client who has just been admitted to the unit and is very depressed reveals a weight loss of 10 lb (4.5 kg) in 2 weeks, sleeping 3 hours a night, and poor hygiene. The client states, "I'm no good to anyone. Everyone would be better off without me ." Which of the following questions should the nurse ask first? 1. "What do you mean?" "Are you thinking about hurting yourself?" 3. "Doesn't your family care about you?" 4. "What happened to make you think that?"

...97. 2. On hearing the client's statement, the nurse must ask the client directly if she plans to kill herself. It is erroneous to think that talking to the client about suicide will drive her to it. Asking directly about suicidal intent is absolutely necessary. Commonly, doing so provides the client with a sense of relief. In addition, the nurse conveys concern for and a sense of worth to the client, thus enabling appropriate planning for care. Asking "What do you mean?" is an indirectmethod of inquiry that provides the client with the opportunity to evade the nurse's intent. Asking "Doesn't your family care about you?" shows poor judgment on the nurse's part and is demeaning to the client . Asking "What happened to make you think that?" conveys a lack of knowledge of psychopathology.

98. When developing the plan of care for a client with suicidal ideation, developing goals to address which of the following is a priority? 1. Self-esteem. 2. Sleep. 3. Hygiene. 4. Safety.

...98. 4. For the client with suicidal ideation, client safety is the priority. The nurse protects the client from self-harm or self -destruction. Although self-esteem, sleep, and hygiene are common areas that require intervention for a client with suicidal ideation, ensuring the client's safety is the most immediate and serious concern.

99. Which of the following questions should the nurse ask to best determine theseriousness of a client's suicidal ideation? " How are you planning on harming yourself?" 2. "Have you made out a will?" 3. "Does your family know you're here?" 4. "How long have you been thinking about harming yourself?"

...99. 1. To determine the seriousness of the suicidal ideation , the nurse must ask directly about the intent and the plan. The nurse needs to determine whether the client has a concrete plan and will act on his thoughts. Then the nurse assesses the lethality of the method, immediacy, means to complete suicide, and possibility of rescue. Asking the client, "Have you made out a will?" is not as important and does not necessarily imply that he is planning self-harm. Many individuals have made out wills without planning self-harm. Asking the client, "Does your family know you're here?" provides no information about the client's intent andplan. Asking the client, "How long have you been thinking about harming yourself?" does provide information that the client is thinking about self-harm. However, it does not provide information about the client's immediate intent and plan.

12. The client exhibits a flat affect, psychomotor retardation, and depressed mood. The nurse attempts to engage the client in an interaction , but the client does not respond to the nurse . Which response by the nurse is most appropriate? "I'll sit here with you for 15 minutes." 2. "I'll come back a little bit later to talk. " 3. "I'll find someone else for you to talkwith." 4. "I'll get you something to read."

...12. 1. The most appropriate action is for the nurse to remain with the client even if the client does not engage in conversation with the nurse. A client with severe depression may be unable to engage in an interaction with the nurse because the client feels worthless and lacks the necessary energy to do so. However , the nurse's presence conveys acceptance and caring, thus helping to increase the client's self-worth. Telling the client that the nurse will come back later , stating that the nurse will find someone else for the client to talk with, or telling the client that the nurse will get her something to read conveys to the client that she is not important, reinforcing the client's negative view of herself. Additionally , such statements interfere with the client's development of a sense of security and trust in the nurse.

13. After a few minutes of conversation, a female client who is depressed wearily asks the nurse, "Why pick me to talk to? Go talk to someone else." Which of the following replies by the nurse is best? 1. "I'm assigned to care for you today, if you'll let me." 2. "You have a lot of potential, and I'd like to help you." 3. "I'll talk to someone else later." "I'm interested in you and want to help you."

...13. 4. The nurse tells the client that the nurse is interested in her to increase the client's sense of importance, worth, and self -esteem. Also, stating that the nurse wants to help conveys to the client that she is worthwhile and important. Telling the client that the nurse is assigned to care for her is impersonal and implies that the client is being uncooperative. Telling the client that the nurse is there because the client has potential for improvement will not help the client with low self-esteem because most people develop a sense of self-worth through accomplishment. Simply saying that the client has a lot of potential will not convince her that she is worthwhile. Telling the client that the nurse will talk to someone else later is not client focused and does not address the client's question or concern.

95. When assessing a client for suicidal risk, which of the following methods of suicide should the nurse identify as most lethal? 1. Aspirin overdose. 2. Use of a gun. 3. Head-banging. 4. Wrist-cutting.

...95. 2. A crucial factor in determining the lethality of a method is the amount of time that occurs between initiating the method and the delivery of the lethal impact of the method. Lethal methods of suicide include using a gun, jumping from a high place, hanging, drowning, carbon monoxide poisoning, and overdose with certain drugs , such as central nervous system depressants, alcohol, and barbiturates. The more detailed the suicide plan, the more lethal and accessible the method, and the more effort exerted to block rescue, the greater the chance is for the suicide to be completed. Impulsive attempts at suicide even with rescuers in sight may be lethal depending on the method. Less lethal methods may include overdosing on aspirin and wrist cutting . Head-banging is a self-injurious behavior that requires intervention and is not to be taken lightly; however, it is not considered a lethal method of suicide.