Logic Midterm

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Children should be seen and not heard. Therefore, it was wrong for that drowning child to scream for help.

Accident.

The Constitution guarantees freedom of speech for everyone. Therefore, children have a right to sass their parents.

Accident.

The speed limit in this neighborhood is 25 miles per hour. Therefore, it was illegal for that ambulance to drive through here at 50 miles per hour.

Accident.

Categorical Proposition 1B Given the categorical proposition: "Some forest fires that are not started by campers are conflagrations that are not easily extinguished." In Categorical Proposition 1B, the quality is:

Affirmative.

Categorical Proposition 1D Given the categorical proposition: "All email messages that are solicitations for private information are communications that are not entitled to responses." In Categorical Proposition 1D, the quality is:

Affirmative.

Given the categorical proposition: "All wiretaps that are approved without a warrant are surveillance techniques that are not legal." In Categorical Proposition 1A, the quality is:

Affirmative.

Given the categorical proposition: "Some ID cards that are not easy documents to duplicate are forgeries that are not readily available on the Internet." In Categorical Proposition 1F, the quality is:

Affirmative.

Anderson was elected.

All people identical to Anderson are people who were elected.

None but benefactors are philanthropists.

All philanthropists are benefactors.

Wherever there is water there is life.

All places there is water are places there is life.

Given the categorical proposition "No soccer balls are tetrahedrons." If the quality but not the quantity is changed, the resulting proposition is

All soccer balls are tetrahedrons.

Which of the following categorical propositions is in standard form?

All tailor made suits are garments guaranteed to fit.

He shoots anything that moves.

All things that move are things he shoots.

Easter never occurs in February.

All times in February are not times Easter occurs.

None but scoundrels are villains.

All villains are scoundrels.

None but kind people are well intentioned.

All well intentioned people are kind people.

Categorical Proposition 1A Given the categorical proposition: "All wiretaps that are approved without a warrant are surveillance techniques that are not legal." In Categorical Proposition 1A, the quantifier is:

All.

The ad for the Ajax house cleaning service reads "Never clean again." Obviously you should never hire that service, because if you do, your house will never be clean again.

Amphiboly.

The president of our college has promised to stop drinking on campus. Apparently the president has a drinking problem.

Amphiboly.

Johnny, you better not tell anyone that I stole the apple from the teacher's desk. I'm sure you don't want to come to class with a bloody nose and a black eye tomorrow.

Appeal to force.

Mr. President, I would advise you to go along with our plan to use your country as a base of operations for invading Iran. After all, I'm sure you don't want your country bombed back to the stone age.

Appeal to force.

You had better believe in God, because if you don't, then you'll suffer the torment of eternal damnation.

Appeal to force.

Nobody has ever proved that the Big Bang theory of the universe is true. Therefore, we must conclude that the Big Bang theory is false.

Appeal to ignorance.

Nobody has ever proved that the universe wasn't created in six days. Therefore, we must conclude that the universe was indeed created in six days, just like it says in Genesis.

Appeal to ignorance.

Nobody has ever proved there is intelligent life outside our solar system. Therefore, these efforts to communicate with extraterrestrials are ridiculous.

Appeal to ignorance.

Harry shouldn't be thrown out of college for cheating. He's been on academic probation for the past year, and this has caused terrible stress. The poor guy hasn't been able to sleep at night, he can't keep his food down, and he's constantly sick with worry about his future. Surely you can find it in your hearts to give him a second chance.

Appeal to pity

Poor Scooter Libby should never have been sent to jail for lying to a grand jury. Scooter is an honorable man. He devoted his whole life to working for his country. One administration after another asked for his help. And Scooter was always there, ready to serve. Scooter deserved a medal—not jail time.

Appeal to pity

Members of the jury, surely you will not find defendant Carlos guilty of burglary. Carlos is a visitor from our neighbor to the south, where he has eight young brothers and sisters. Those poor kids and their impoverished mother live a desperate hand-to-mouth existence. Carlos was hoping only to send a few more dollars home to ease their suffering. In the name of humanity, you must vote to acquit this caring brother.

Appeal to pity.

Can you believe that some parents want to control their kids' access to the Internet? Who are these autocrats who insist on imposing their views on others? This country was born in a spirit of freedom and self determination. Countless patriots have died to preserve our sacred values. We must cherish those values! We must nurture them in our children! End all mind control now and forever!

Appeal to the people.

Practically everyone has driven home at one time or other after having had a few drinks. Therefore, you shouldn't have any problem with driving home now, even though you're a bit tipsy.

Appeal to the people.

The U.S. has a right to eradicate dictatorships wherever it finds them. Dictators crush the right of self-governance given by God to all of his children. Dictators suppress liberty and freedom. They sacrifice the lives of their people to satisfy their own corrupt aims and desires. Dictators are vile monsters! They embody the power of Satan wherever they dwell. Down with dictatorships everywhere!

Appeal to the people.

The time has come to outlaw the use of tobacco in all public places. The noxious vapors from burning cigarettes and the stench of smoldering cigars is revolting to say the least. And that nasty brown slime squirting forth from the foul mouths of chewers is enough to turn one's stomach. End this assault on our health and senses this very instant! Send the filthy tobacco hounds back to where they came from!

Appeal to the people.

The vast majority of Americans believe in God. Therefore, you should believe, too.

Appeal to the people.

Mr. Quigley, who is a lobbyist for the oil industry, says that the government should subsidize oil exploration. In view of Mr. Quigley's credentials, it follows that the government should certainly do this.

Appeal to unqualified authority.

Categorical Proposition 1C Given the categorical proposition: "Some corporations that are operating in the United States are not enterprises that are earning a profit." In Categorical Proposition 1C, the copula is:

Are not.

Categorical Proposition 1E Given the categorical proposition: "Some federal budgets that are bloated by war spending are not burdens that are fair to taxpayers." In Categorical Proposition 1E, the copula is:

Are not.

Are.

Categorical Proposition 1F Given the categorical proposition: "Some ID cards that are not easy documents to duplicate are forgeries that are not readily available on the Internet." In Categorical Proposition 1F, the copula is:

Are.

All S are P. (Boolean standpoint) After filling in the diagram,

Area 1 is shaded, and there are no other marks.

No S are P. (Boolean standpoint) After filling in the Venn diagram,

Area 2 is shaded, and there are no other marks.

Syllogistic Form 5A Given the following syllogistic form: All M are P. Some M are S. Some S are not P. For Syllogistic Form 5A, after filling in the Venn diagram,

Areas 1 and 2 are shaded, and there is an X in area 3.

Syllogistic Form 3E Given the following syllogistic form: All M are P. Some M are not S. Some S are P. For Syllogistic Form 3E, after filling in the Venn diagram,

Areas 1 and 2 are shaded, and there is an X in area 4.

Syllogistic Form 2F Given the following syllogistic form: Some P are M. All M are S. Some S are P. For Syllogistic Form 2F, after filling in the Venn diagram,

Areas 1 and 4 are shaded, and there is an X in area 3.

Given the following syllogistic form: All M are P. No M are S. No S are P. For Syllogistic Form 4D, after filling in the Venn diagram,

Areas 1, 2, and 3 are shaded, and there are no other marks.

Syllogistic Form 6F Given the following syllogistic form: All M are P. No S are M. All S are P. For Syllogistic Form 6F, after filling in the Venn diagram,

Areas 1, 2, and 3 are shaded, and there are no other marks.

Syllogistic Form 3C Given the following syllogistic form: All M are P. No S are M. All S are P. For Syllogistic Form 3C, after filling in the Venn diagram,

Areas 1, 2, and 3 are shaded.

Syllogistic Form 3A Given the following syllogistic form: No P are M. All M are S. No S are P. For Syllogistic Form 3A, after filling in the Venn diagram,

Areas 1, 3, and 4 are shaded.

Syllogistic Form 6D Given the following syllogistic form: All P are M. All M are S. All S are P. For Syllogistic Form 6D, after filling in the Venn diagram,

Areas 1, 4, 6, and 7 are shaded, and there are no other marks.

Syllogistic Form 1D Given the following syllogistic form: All P are M. No S are M. All S are P. For Syllogistic Form 1D, after filling in the Venn diagram,

Areas 2, 3, 6, and 7 are shaded, and there are no other marks.

Syllogistic Form 2E Given the following syllogistic form: All P are M. No M are S. Some S are not P. For Syllogistic Form 2E, after filling in the Venn diagram,

Areas 2, 3, 6, and 7 are shaded, and there are no other marks.

Syllogistic Form 5F Given the following syllogistic form: All P are M. No S are M. Some S are not P. For Syllogistic Form 5F, after filling in the Venn diagram,

Areas 2, 3, 6, and 7 are shaded, and there are no other marks.

Syllogistic Form 1F Given the following syllogistic form: No P are M. No S are M. No S are P. For Syllogistic Form 1F, after filling in the Venn diagram,

Areas 2, 3, and 4 are shaded, and there are no other marks.

Syllogistic Form 6C Given the following syllogistic form: No M are P. Some M are not S. Some S are not P. For Syllogistic Form 6C, after filling in the Venn diagram,

Areas 3 and 4 are shaded and there is an X in area 1.

Syllogistic Form 1E Given the following syllogistic form: No P are M. Some S are not M. Some S are not P. For Syllogistic Form 1E, after filling in the Venn diagram,

Areas 3 and 4 are shaded, and there is an X on the line between areas 5 and 6.

Given the following syllogistic form: No M are P. All S are M. Some S are not P. For Syllogistic Form 5D, after filling in the Venn diagram,

Areas 3, 4, 5 and 6 are shaded, and there are no other marks.

Syllogistic Form 5C Given the following syllogistic form: No P are M. All S are M. Some S are not P. For Syllogistic Form 5C, after filling in the Venn diagram,

Areas 3, 4, 5, and 6 are shaded.

Syllogistic Form 5E Given the following syllogistic form: All P are M. Some M are S. Some S are P. For Syllogistic Form 5E, after filling in the Venn diagram,

Areas 6 and 7 are shaded, and there is an X on the line between areas 2 and 3.

April Bradley's arguments in favor of solar power are hardly worth listening to. After all, look where she graduated from—Northeast Texas State. That's hardly Ivy League. And look at how she dresses. Yuck!

Argument against the person, abusive.

Professor Smyth argues for the adoption of stronger standards covering food imported from China. But Smyth is a disgusting leftist ex hippie who reportedly has sex with his female students. Smyth's arguments are trash, just as he is.

Argument against the person, abusive.

Benny has argued for a long time for a new national park in Montana, but you really shouldn't listen to him. Benny owns a general store in the proposed vicinity, and if the park is created, he stands to profit handsomely from the flow of visitors.

Argument against the person, circumstantial.

Mrs. Gladstone's arguments against cuts in Social Security are worthless. As a recipient of Social Security benefits, she would naturally be expected to argue exactly the way she does.

Argument against the person, circumstantial.

Sarah argues that all of us should support the school bond issue on the September ballot. But it's obvious why she argues this way. She has six kids currently attending public school. Clearly her argument is worthless.

Argument against the person, circumstantial.

Ending one's own life is morally permissible because people are rightfully in charge of their own lives. And this is so because people have the freedom to determine their own destiny. And this follows from the fact that people have the moral right to decide whether they live or die. And this is true because ending one's own life is morally permissible.

Begging the question.

It's good to exercise 30 minutes per day because it rejuvenates your body. And we know it rejuvenates your body because people who exercise live longer than those who don't. And we know they live longer because people who exercise feel better. And this is true because it's good to exercise 30 minutes per day.

Begging the question.

Stem cell research is immoral because anything that involves killing innocent human beings is immoral.

Begging the question.

The Bible is unquestionably true because deep in my heart I feel that it is.

Begging the question.

The government has no right to spy on its citizens because citizens have a right to privacy. And this is true because such a right is guaranteed by the Constitution—which follows from the fact that our founding fathers recognized the sanctity of individual privacy against the intrusive power of the government. And of course this is true because the government has no right to spy on its citizens.

Begging the question.

Burdens that are fair to taxpayers.

Bob, in most respects you seem to be a bright guy. So that leads me to ask: Do you intend to continue voting for stupid Republicans?

Complex question.

Eddie, one of your friends was asking about you the other day. He wanted to know if you were still having sex with 14-year-old girls. What should I tell him the next time I see him? Are you still doing it?

Complex question.

My goodness, Jackie, I haven't seen you since high school. Tell me, are you still as vain as you used to be?

Complex question.

An instant has no duration. But an hour is composed of instants. Therefore, an hour has no duration

Composition.

Every member of the Viking Society was born in Norway. Therefore, the Viking Society was born in Norway.

Composition.

Conflagrations that are not easily extinguished.

Corporations that are operating in the United States.

The song "I lost My Love in Nashville" is very sad. But every song is composed of notes. Therefore, every note in that song is very sad.

Division.

This cherry pie is delicious. Therefore, every ingredient in this pie is delicious.

Division.

The statement "No government bonds are securities that pay high interest" is a(n):

E-proposition.

The proposition "No flight delays are occurrences welcomed by passengers" is an:

E-type.

Email messages that are solicitations for private information.

Enterprises that are earning a profit.

After spending an entire day fishing, Terry came back with a large minnow. But every minnow is a fish. Therefore, Terry came back with a large fish.

Equivocation.

Astronomers study stars. Nicole Kidman is a star. Therefore, astronomers study Nicole Kidman.

Equivocation.

Attorney Jane Welch has over 20 suits. Therefore, her wardrobe must be rather substantial.

Equivocation.

Irving is a wonderful cook. But every cook is a human being. Therefore, Irving is a wonderful human being.

Equivocation.

Performance enhancing drugs are banned from professional sports. But Viagra is a performance enhancing drug. Therefore, Viagra is banned from professional sports.

Equivocation.

After eating a Big Mac for breakfast, poor Steve had a heart attack and died. The message is clear: Never eat a Big Mac for breakfast.

False cause.

Ferguson has directed the college orchestra for the past 8 years, and during that time 5 women players have gotten pregnant. Therefore, to prevent any more pregnancies, Ferguson should be fired immediately.

False cause.

My friend Connie used a green Bic pen to solve the problems on her last algebra test, and after the test was graded she got an A. So if you want to get an A in algebra, you should work all the test problems with a green Bic pen.

False cause.

Old Mrs. Fogarty has won at Bingo on the last six weekends, which is quite remarkable. Therefore, she is almost certain to lose next weekend.

False cause.

Shortly after retiring from his job, Mr. Lopez had a heart attack and died. The same thing happened to Mrs. Harris. I think the message is clear: Whatever you do, never retire from your job.

False cause.

The number of alcoholics has risen steadily for the past 20 years, and so has the number of treatment centers. Therefore, to cut down on alcoholism we should eliminate the treatment centers.

False cause.

Either you spend $200 on a pair of True Religion jeans, or everybody will think you're out of style. It's up to you.

False dichotomy.

Either you vote for Senator Rogers or you don't care about the environment. The choice is yours.

False dichotomy.

Forgeries that are not readily available on the Internet.

United Airlines flight 863 was late arriving in Houston, and flight 722 was late getting into LA—as was flight 429. Apparently all United Airlines flights are late these days.

Hasty generalization

Carol has a Rottweiler dog, and it attacked and seriously injured one of her neighbors. David has a Rottweiler and it chewed up his wife. The conclusion is obvious that Rottweilers are just plain vicious.

Hasty generalization.

While driving on the freeway a big truck cut me off when it changed lanes. A few days earlier another truck tailgated me, and yet another refused to dim its lights. The conclusion is obvious that truckers these days are as rude as they are reckless.

Hasty generalization.

The statement "Some climatic changes are occurrences caused by interstellar dust" is a(n):

I-proposition.

The statement "Some glass buildings are structures hazardous to birds" is a(n):

I-proposition.

The categorical proposition "Some debts are causes of insomnia" is an:

I-type.

Jim, it's clear that you want that job with the Acme accounting agency. Therefore, to improve your chances, you should tell the interviewer that if he doesn't give you the job you will kidnap one of his children.

Missing the point.

More and more cars in this state are unable to pass the fuel emissions test. Therefore, it seems clear we should relax the emissions standard.

Missing the point.

Most of the residents of the City Heights neighborhood are illiterate. Therefore, it would be a good idea to close the City Heights library. After all, nobody uses it.

Missing the point.

Given the categorical proposition: "Some federal budgets that are bloated by war spending are not burdens that are fair to taxpayers."

Negative.

Neither the subject nor the predicate.

Given the categorical proposition "Some franchises are moneymakers." If both the quality and the quantity are changed, the resulting proposition is:

No Franchises are moneymakers.

Which of the following categorical propositions is in standard form?

No action movies are occasions for relaxation.

All the desserts except the creampuffs are available.

No creampuffs are desserts that are available and all desserts that are not creampuffs are desserts that are available.

Bowser, a German shepherd, had a terrible flea problem. But after one application of FleasOff, Bowser had no fleas for four months. Tango is also a German shepherd with a terrible flea problem. Therefore, FleasOff should also be useful in eliminating Tango's fleas.

No fallacy.

By accident Shelley left her old fashioned flashlight turned on all night. Therefore, it's likely that the batteries are dead.

No fallacy.

Colleen, you know something about American history. Tell me, did the Civil War start in 1860 or 1861?

No fallacy.

Connor hasn't a shred of athletic ability, and he does well even to breathe. Therefore, he couldn't have swum across Diamond Lake, as he claims to have done. After all, the lake is 3 miles across.

No fallacy.

Dr. David Sherman of the National Skin Cancer Society reports that tanning salons pose a serious risk for skin cancer. Therefore, we should consider legislation to regulate the tanning industry.

No fallacy.

Dr. Sylvia Newman, the world famous biochemist, says that the widespread use of pesticides poses a serious threat to public health. Therefore, we should take this warning seriously and investigate further the extent of the threat.

No fallacy.

Either Coleridge or Longfellow wrote the "Rime of the Ancient Mariner." But it certainly wasn't Longfellow. Therefore, Coleridge wrote it.

No fallacy.

Either Honda or Nissan makes the Altima. But it isn't Honda. Therefore Nissan makes the Altima.

No fallacy.

Either Kansas or Ohio is situated on the Mississippi River. But Ohio is not on the Mississippi. Therefore, it must be Kansas.

No fallacy.

Every component in this table is made of wood. Therefore, the entire table is made of wood.

No fallacy.

Every hair on Jane's head is blond. Therefore, Jane is a blond.

No fallacy.

Every squirrel that has ever been observed likes nuts. Therefore, probably every squirrel likes nuts.

No fallacy.

Every tile on this kitchen floor is light blue in color. Therefore, the entire floor is light blue in color.

No fallacy.

I know that Harper is a millionaire, but he couldn't have earned that money all by himself—at least not honestly. Harper is a total fool without a shred of business sense, and he wastes every spare nickel on idiotic video games.

No fallacy.

If a piece of jewelry is ugly, then it won't sell. Therefore, if a piece of jewelry sells, then it isn't ugly.

No fallacy.

If you pay him $200 up front, Freddie promises to paint your garage. But you'd be crazy to pay him anything up front because Freddie lies all the time, and every dime he gets his hands on he uses to feed his methamphetamine habit.

No fallacy.

In his testimony to the grand jury, Steve Porter said that the CEO of the Syntex Corporation conspired with the CFO to defraud investors. Therefore, since Porter is in a position to know and has no reason to lie, we can conclude that these officers did indeed engage in such a conspiracy.

No fallacy.

It's not possible that Jessica prepared this delicious meal all by herself. Jessica is too stupid to read a cookbook, she can't measure anything, she has absolutely no sense of taste, and she doesn't even know how to boil water.

No fallacy.

No spoiled brats are good childhood companions. Therefore, no good childhood companions are spoiled brats.

No fallacy.

Nobody has ever heard a monkey talk. Therefore, probably monkeys don't talk.

No fallacy.

Nobody has ever seen Tyler play football, baseball, or go skiing or swimming, or engage in any other sport. Probably Tyler doesn't engage in sports.

No fallacy.

Pop singer Beyoncé Knowles says on TV, "Embrace your past, but live for now (by drinking Pepsi)." But you really shouldn't take these Pepsi ads too seriously because Beyoncé is paid millions of dollars to make them.

No fallacy.

Randy, you have a good eye. Tell me: Do you think this dress makes me look too fat?

No fallacy.

Some halfwits manage to succeed in business. Therefore, some people who manage to succeed in business are halfwits.

No fallacy.

The Ionic Blast hairdryer does a great job removing the frizz from Francesca's hair. Therefore, since Gabriella's hair is virtually identical to Francesca's, probably the Ionic Blast would do a good job removing the frizz from Gabriella's hair.

No fallacy.

The Northern Express railway train is headed north. Therefore, every car on that train is headed north.

No fallacy.

There is no possibility that Jenny could have knitted this beautiful scarf. Jenny can hardly count to 10, she has the dexterity of a bull moose, and she has absolutely no sense for style or color.

No fallacy.

This .75 liter bottle of Jack Daniels whiskey is 40% alcohol. Therefore, every one-ounce shot of it is 40% alcohol.

No fallacy.

This cup of coffee contains caffeine. Therefore, every spoonful of it contains caffeine.

No fallacy.

Given the categorical proposition "Some inventions are not success stories." If the quantity but not the quality is changed, the resulting proposition is:

No inventions are success stories.

Pamela is not in the room.

No people identical to Pamela are people in the room.

Which of the following categorical propositions is in standard form?

No recessions are times of economic expansion.

Which of the following categorical propositions is in standard form?

No romantic poets are supporters of conventional mores.

All except the skaters won a medal.

No skaters are people who won a medal and all non-skaters are people who won a medal.

All of the tools except the wrenches are rusted.

No wrenches are tools that are rusted, and all tools that are not wrenches are tools that are rusted.

The categorical proposition "Some clinical trials are not pointless experiments" is an:

O-type.

Particular.

Betty is opposed to capital punishment by lethal injection. But doctors inject patients with all sorts of medicines every day. For example, vaccines against flu, pneumonia, and tetanus are injected into millions of patients. Antibiotics are injected for a whole host of bacterial infections, and insulin is injected for diabetes. Obviously Betty's views are not supported by the evidence.

Red herring.

Pet owners argue for a law to ensure that pet food is free of lethal contaminants. Apparently they are unaware that half the children of the world eat contaminated food and drink polluted water every day. Thousands of these kids die regularly from cholera. The nations of the world should unite to halt this ongoing tragedy. In the mean time, we can forget about pets.

Red herring.

Your little Tommy wants a slingshot for his birthday, but you shouldn't give him one. If you do, next he'll want a B-B gun. Then a 22 rifle. After that it will be a high powered rifle, and then an Uzi and an AK-47. Soon he'll want a bazooka and after that an antiaircraft gun. In no time your home will become an armory.

Slippery slope.

Given the categorical proposition "All Emmy winners are celebrities." If both the quality and the quantity are changed, the resulting proposition is:

Some Emmy winners are not celebrities.

Given the categorical proposition "All banks are lending institutions." If the quantity but not the quality is changed, the resulting proposition is:

Some banks are lending institutions.

There is a bed in the attic.

Some beds are things in the attic.

There is a bird in the tree.

Some birds are animals in the tree.

Which of the following categorical propositions is in standard form?

Some carwashes are solar powered operations.

A child peered through the window.

Some children are people who peered through the window.

Given the categorical proposition "No corporations are real persons." If the quantity but not the quality is changed, the resulting proposition is:

Some corporations are not real persons.

Given the categorical proposition "Some drugs are not effective medicines." If the quality but not the quantity is changed, the resulting proposition is:

Some drugs are effective medicines.

An eagle circled overhead.

Some eagles are birds that circled overhead.

Given the categorical proposition "All elections are turning points." If both the quality and the quantity are changed, the resulting proposition is:

Some elections are not turning points.

Which of the following categorical propositions is in standard form?

Some face lifts are less than successful procedures.

A few paintings are not for sale.

Some paintings are not items for sale.

Few students are truly dedicated.

Some students are truly dedicated people, and some students are not truly dedicated people.

There is a tavern in the town.

Some taverns are things in the town.

Given the categorical proposition "Some teaching careers are not rewarding occupations." If the quality but not the quantity is changed, the resulting proposition is:

Some teaching careers are rewarding occupations.

Frank Larsen argues for stricter gun control. It appears that Frank wants to abolish access to guns altogether. But if law-abiding citizens can't own a gun, then they will have no means of defending themselves against criminals. Obviously Frank's argument is no good.

Straw man.

Karen argues that it's not right to post the photographs of convicted child molesters on the Internet. Obviously Karen supports child molestation. But these monsters have completely ruined the lives of thousands of children. They can't be allowed to wreak their havoc any longer. Clearly, Karen's argument is misguided.

Straw man.

Sheri argues in favor of reducing the Defense Department budget. It appears what Sheri wants is no Defense Department at all. But without a Defense Department, we would have no army, navy, or air force, and any foreign nation could invade our country at will. Clearly we can't allow this. Thus, Sheri's argument is crazy.

Straw man.

Global warming has never been a big problem in the past. Therefore, it won't be a big problem in the future.

Suppressed evidence.

Given the categorical proposition: "Some federal budgets that are bloated by war spending are not burdens that are fair to taxpayers."

The predicate but not the subject.

The subject but not the predicate.

Categorical Proposition 1C Given the categorical proposition: "Some corporations that are operating in the United States are not enterprises that are earning a profit." In Categorical Proposition 1C:

The subject term is undistributed and the predicate term is distributed.

Some S are not P. (Boolean standpoint) After filling in the Venn diagram,

There is an X in Area 1, and there are no other marks.

Some S are P. (Boolean standpoint) After filling in the diagram,

There is an X in Area 2, and there are no other marks.

Syllogistic Form 6E Given the following syllogistic form: Some M are P. Some S are not M. Some S are not P. For Syllogistic Form 6E, after filling in the Venn diagram,

There is an X on the line between areas 3 and 4 and between areas 5 and 6.

If U.S. Presidents start more wars, then the U.S. will go broke. If U.S. Presidents start more wars, then every country will boycott U.S. products. Therefore, if every country boycotts U.S. products, then the U.S. will go broke.

This argument contains a formal fallacy.

If cleaner cars are produced, then there will be fewer greenhouse gasses. There will be fewer greenhouse gasses. Therefore, cleaner cars will be produced.

This argument contains a formal fallacy.

Universal.

Steel wool is excellent for cleaning dirty pots and pans. Therefore, it would be a good idea to use steel wool to clean your dirty car.

Weak analogy

Anyone who fails a drivers test is allowed to retake it. But a calculus test is no less of a test than a drivers test. Therefore, anyone who fails a calculus test should be allowed to retake it.

Weak analogy.

Those boarding a bus are never required to pass through a security checkpoint. Therefore, those boarding an airliner should not be required to pass through a security checkpoint.

Weak analogy.

Wiretaps that are approved without a warrant.

Carol's arguments against abortion aren't worth a hoot. I have it on good evidence that Carol got an abortion herself after a high school sweetheart got her pregnant.

You, too (tu quoque).

Our weightlifting coach argues with great conviction about the dangers of steroids, but you really can't take him seriously. I've been told by a trustworthy source that when the coach was our age he popped steroid pills every day.

You, too (tu quoque).

Paul's argument against hiring undocumented immigrants is totally worthless. For six years Paul hired an undocumented nanny from Guatemala to take care of his kids.

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