Long term memory - ch5

What are the levels of processing framework? (Craik & Lockhart)

-Memory a byproduct of level of processing performed at encoding

What are the levels of processing?

-input -structural processing -Acoustic processing -Semantic processing

What is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?

A feeling that one knows a response yet is unable to produce it?

What is retrieval? (The retrieval process)

A progression from one or more retrieval cues to a target through associative connections

What are semantic memories?

- The neurocognitive memory system that encodes, stores, and retrieves information concerning knowledge of the world - All of our knowledge is essentially our semantic memory, such as: What is a duck? -These are memories which are independent of learning context

What are episodic memories?

- The neurocognitive memory system that encodes, stores, and retrieves memories of our personal experiences. - Often conceived of as context dependent memory - These are also hippocampal dependent memories - Can be thought of as mental time travel

What focused on Mood-dependent memory?

- Bower, Monteiro, and Gilligan (1978) - - During learning hypnotically induced either a positive or a negative state - During the test, hypnotically induced either a positive or a negative state - Better memory when emotional state during study matched that during the test.

What is the encoding specificity principle?

- Memory depends on interaction between the how the items were studied and how they are tested - We recall more if the retrieval context is similar to the encoding context - Any encoded aspect of the event could can be considered a context

According to the study by brewer and Treyens (1981) what were participants more able to remember in terms of schemas?

- Participants remembered more schemas-consistent than incosistent items - this was true both for items that were present and items that weren't

What are procedural memories?

- Procedural memories are memories for how to do things -These memories are generally accessed without control or conscious attention - When needed, procedural memories are automatically retrieved and utilized for the execution of the procedures involved in both cognitive and motor skills, from tying shoes to flying an airplane to reading

What are the type of context for encoding?

- physical environment - internal "environment" (e.g., mood, psychoactive state) - semantic context (JAM when studied in with STRAWBERRY vs. TRAFFIC)

Why does self-referencing work?

Because of elaborative processing - creating additional information that relates and expands on what it is that needs to be remembered

What are retrieval cues?(The retrieval process)

Bits of information about the target memory that guide the search

Are flashbulb memories more accurate than

Both memories showed ordinary forgetting (Talarico & Rubin (2003), 9/11 memory)

What was Brwon and McNeil (1966) study?

Brown and McNeil (1966) - Retrieve the word corresponding to its provided definition e.g. "A musical instrument comprising a frame holding a series of tubes struck by hammers" - Participants were asked to indicate if they were in a ToT state If so, guess the number of syllables and any other information about the word (e.g. first letter) - Results: - Participants are better at remembering associated information than they were at producing the actual word (e.g.)

What focused on state-dependent memory?

Eich, Weingartner, Stillman, & Gilin (1975) - Study words after regular cigarette or marijuana - At test, smoke same or different kind of cigarette

What study focused on physical context?

Godden & Baddeley (1975): Diver's Study Task is to study words, then recall them - Studied under water or on land - Tested under water or on land

What was the Nickerson and Adams(1979) study?

Had participants view pennies like these - only 42% chose the correct one - Asked other people to draw a penny from memory -90% forget "Liberty" -50% had lincoln facing the wrong way

What does elaborative processing involve?

Involves creating additional information that relates and expands on what it is that needs to be remembered

What does long term memory cover?

It covers a span that stretches from about 30 seconds ago to your earliest memories. Thus, all this students memories. Thus, all of this students memories except the memory "i just sat down" and anything the student was rehearsing, would be classified as long-term memories

How much of the information that our memory has can we access?

Memory contains more information than we can access at any given moment.

When is memory worse in terms of context?

Memory is worse when tested in a context different from one in which it was originally encoded

If can remember something is memory lost forever?

No only because you are unable to remember something now doesn't mean the memory is lost forever

What was true about items that were falsely recognized (brewer and Treyens (1981)?

Objects that weren't present in the room but were falsely "recognized" with high confidence were uniformly schema- consistent

Can the after events of affect the original memory?

Post-event misleading information can cause retroactive interference with the originally encoded event memory

What can improve recall of memories?

Providing hints (e.g first letter of words) can dramatically improve recall

What is the self-reference effect?

Refers to the fact that memory is better when we relate the information to ourselves specifically

What is a study that demonstrated the self-reference effect?

Rogers el. al (1977) - Does this word <generous> apply to you? - self -referencing produces best recall

What way of learning if not sufficient for learning?

Simple repetition of learning is not sufficient

What is shallow processing?

The most basic (visual form) to phonology (how it sounds/rhymes with)

What is memory trace?(The retrieval process)

The particular memory were seeking

What is deep processing?

elaborate processing, such as its meaning

What are the factors influence memory?

encoding processes Retrieval processes

What are implicit memories?

hose which we are not consciously aware of - Procedural memory - Amnesia (more on this later)

What are flashbulb memories?

memory for the situation when you first learned of a surprising and emotionally arousing event

What is reconstructive retrieval?

refers to schema-guided construction of episodic memories that alter and distort encoded memory representations

What does level of processing lead to?

shallow (processing) - poor memory deep (processing) - better memory

What are explicit memories?

those with conscious awareness - Episodic memory - Semantic memory - Working memory