Lower Final

while performing a MMT for foot inversion the athlete is unable to inver his foot against gravity but has almost full ROM when doing this motion with gravity. the grade of this MMT is:

2

metatarsal stress fracture typically two which two metatarsals?

2nd and 3rd

as part of your exam of an athlete complaining of foot pain, you begin palpating the 3rd metatarsal from its distal head. working proximally, the next bone you would palpate is the:

3rd cuneiform

the optimal method for determining the presence of a stress fracture in its most acute stage is

CT scan

which of the following special tests is conferred to be static (no movement of the joint by the examiner during the actual examination)

Godfrey's sign

all but which of the following tests are used to identify a menisci injury?

NOT - sweep test DO - apley compression test, mcmurray's test, bounce home test

Palpable heel pain just below the achilles tendon attachment that increase with activity and diminishes with rest in adolescents between 10-12 years of age may be indicative of:

Sever's disease

the correct muscle movement term that corresponds to a grade 2 manual muscle test is:

active assisted ROM

resistance to anterior displacement or translation of the tibia on the femur is provided primarily by which ligament?

anterior cruciate

rapid swelling in the knee after an acute injury most likely will indicated damage to which of the following structures?

anterior cruciate ligament

a common injury in the lower leg of athletes or joggers who run downhill for an extended period of time is:

anterior tibialis tendinitis

if an athlete steps in a hole and the ankle is forced into significant dorsiflexion, which ligament is most likely involved?

anterior tibiofibular

an inflammatory condition involving the growth plate is:

apophysitis

treatment of an athlete with an acute, grossly unstable knee in which the neuromuscular structures are intact should include?

applying ice and immobilizing the knee and referring the athlte for definite evaluation and treatment

which of the following statements reflects the active movement of the patella?

as the knee extends, the patella moves superiorly as the knee flexes, the patella moves inferiorly as the knee flexes, the patella moves medially as the knee extends, the patella moves laterally

what specific examination criteria can you use to differentiate between medial stress syndrome versus a tibial stress fracture? compare and contrast these injuries

bump test, swelling, point tenderness, type of exercise, the type of work out surface and a bone scan

the condition that describes a gradual degenerative process of the articular cartilage under the patella is called:

chondromalacia

bursa about the knee are most commonly injured from _____ forces

compressive

AROM testing will determine injury to

contractile tissue

the menisci are attached to the tibia by way of what ligaments?

coronary

the talus articulates with each of the following except:

cuboid

you suspect that an athlete has an acute anterior compartment syndrome. which of the following signs would lead you to this conclusion:

decreaed dorsiflexion strength absent dorsalis pedis pulse pitting edema

findings associated with tarsal tunnel syndrome include:

decreased sensation along the medial and plantar aspects of the foot

a positive talar tilt test indicates damage to which ligament when everting the talus?

deltoid

which of the following is the strongest ligament to the ankle

deltoid

to determine the extent of sensation loss, the clinician would test:

dermatomes

in order to effectively assess the function of the neurological system this needs to be evaluated:

dermatomes myotomes reflexes

which body type is generally characterized as having a low or normal fat mass and a low muscle mass and as being typically underweight?

ectomorpic

this muscle extends the big toe

extensor hallicus longus

all of the following muscles help to evert the foot except:

extensor hallucis longus do evert = tibialis anterior, peroneus longus and brevis

the mechanism of injury that leaves the posterior cruciate ligament at greatest risk for injury is:

falling with the knee bent

anterior compartment problems are best treated by strapping with an open basket weave taping technique covered by a compression wrap

false

because the talus is wider posteriorly than anteriorly, the most stable position of the ankle is with foot in plantar flexion

false

morton's toes are caused by a bony growth on the head of the first and fifth metatarsals

false

of the two bones of the leg, fibula supports more of the weight

false

osteochondritis dissecans is a condition that results from an increase in blood supply to an area of the bone beneath the surface of a joint

false

second degree eversion ankle sprains elicit pain and laxity upon anterior drawer testing

false

the distal end of the tibia becomes enlarged, rounded and projecting as it approaches the ankle, thus forming the lateral malleolus

false

the person with a caves foot typically has hammer toes

false

there is the potential for avulsion fractures of the lateral or medial malleolus as the result of an inversion ankle sprain

false

to ensure there is proper blood circulation to the foot, the pulse is palpated at the anterior tibial and dorsal pedis arteries

false

anteromedial instability typically involved injury to all of the follwing structures except the ______

fibular collateral ligament

to isolate the soleus during the plantar flexion manual muscle test, you need to also:

flex the knee

when preforming a valgus stress test, the MCL is best isolated when the knee is:

flexed 20-30 degrees

this muscle flexes the lateral four toes

flexor digitorum longs

During an on-the-field assessment of an acute ankle injury, ________ should always be ruled out before moving the injured athlete

fracture

jogging, figure-eights, cutting, backing up and jumping are what types of tests?

functional

Specific observations are made to examine which of the following components?

gait posture body type

ankle plantar flexion

gastrocnemius soleus 50 degrees

swelling caused by synovial or by blood in the joint is called:

hemarthrosis

which of the following characteristics of the lateral meniscus is likely to decease the incidence of injuries to this structure?

increased mobility

stress testing a ligament that has sustained a 2nd degree sprain would reveal which of the following:

increased pain with soft end-feel

Which of the following factors is common to all cases of compartment syndrome?

increased tissue pressure

what specific structures make up the syndesmosis of the ankle

interosseous membrane anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments

a fracture that could be caused by severe foot eversion would most likely occur to which of the following bones?

lateral malleolus

all but which of the following are intracapsular structures of the knee:

medial collateral ligament

the ______ of the knee acts as the major shock absorbency structure and bears as much as 45% of the total load

meniscus

a general term to describe pain in the ball of the foot is:

metatarsalgia

the calcaneus articulates with the:

navicular cuboid talus

a painful condition involving partial or complete separation of a piece of articular cartilage or subchondral bone is:

osteochondritis dissecans

if the patient has a positive tenel's sign over the perennial nerve, he would most likely demonstrate symptoms of...

paresthesia

an Athlete has received a blow to the anterior knee and has defuse extra-articular swelling and cannot contract their quadriceps or extend their knee. what injury do you suspect?

patella fracture

foot eversion

peroneal longus and brevis 15-20 degrees

an athlete has received a blow to the lateral aspect of the knee and is experienced paresthesia along the lateral lower leg. what structure may have been injured?

peroneal nerve

the main supporting ligament of the medial longitudinal arch is :

plantar calcaneonavicular (spring ligament)

a common foot condition with a sudden onset of pain in the arch region that is often relieved by becoming non-weight-bearing and gives extreme point tenderness at the plantar surface of the calcaneus may be indicative of:

plantar fasciitis

the inaccurate measure of range of motion may result from which of the following steps?

positioning of the patient positioning of the goniometer stabilizing the patient

a 20 y/o female runner who previously had bilateral posterior tibial pain now has pain in the distal third of the right tibia. she has been trying to "run through" the pain but the pain is worse now. physical examination reveals a desecrate area of localized tenderness with sight swelling. the athlete's signs and symptoms suggest:

posterior compartment syndrome

the strongest ligament of the knee and the main stabilizer is the:

posterior cuciate ligament

the bursa that commonly becomes inflamed from repetitive kneeling is the:

prepatellar bursa

the grading system for manual muscle testing is based on the patient's:

presence of movement presence of a muscle contraction presence of strength

If you observe that the patient has refract values, it can be determined the he also....

pronates and has pes planus

excessive _______ is often associated with achilles tendon stress, planter fasciitis, and medial tibial stress syndrome

pronation

the following goniometer alignment is used to measure the Q-angle

proximal arm: ASIS distal arm: tibial tuberosity axis: midpoint of patella

identify five malaignments of the foot, ankle a lower leg the clinician should observe for especially in the case of an overuse or chronic injury to this region of the body

rearfoot valgus rearfoot varus tibial torsion pes cavus pes planus

a bursa functions to:

reduce friction between adjacent tissues

the _______ nerve courses down the posterior aspect of the thigh

sciatic

the synovial flip of the knee is under the least amount of pressure during _______. this is why patients with swelling in their knee typically keep thriven in this position to decrease pain.

semiflexion

positive findings on this test indicate an anteromedial rotary instability

slocum drawer with external tibial rotation

the most likely type of fracture that occurs when torque is applied along the axis of the bones is the _______ fracture

spiral

a basketball player collides with another player while jumping to shoot. when the athlete falls to the court, there is a loud crack, and he immediately grabs his right ankle. the athlete has obvious deformity with the foot displaced laterally with respect to the leg, but the skin is intact. the AT should:

splint the ankle and then transport the athlete to the hospital

the ______ of the secondary survey helps determine the severity of the injury

stress tests

the peroneus brevis muscle inserts on the:

styloid process of the 5th metatarsal

anterolateral rotary instability in the knee joint is characterized by

subluxation of the lateral tibial plateau with anterior translation

the _________ joint is considered the true ankle joint because this is where plantar flexion and dorsiflexion occur

talocrural

a fracture caused by severe inversion an dorsiflexion would occur to which of the following bones?

talus

a bunion is usually associated with a bony growth on:

the first and fifth toes

the combination motion of dorsiflexion and inversion is performed by this muscle

tibialis anterior

ankle dorsiflexion

tibialis anterior 20 degrees

if this tendon ruptures, collapse of the arch and hyperpronation may be visible:

tibialis posterior

foot inversion

tibialis posterior 35 degrees

to increase strength of the plantar surface of the foot, an athlete could perform:

toe flexion exercises

a thickening of the tissue around a nerve typically found between the 3rd and 4th toes is a morton's neuroma

true

athletes who have biomechanical foot problems are more prone to stress fractures of the lower leg

true

of the three foot types, the most difficult one to manage is the cavus foot

true

rupture of the plantaris muscle often exhibits minimal symptoms

true

the anterior talofibular ligament is the most frequently injured ligament in the ankle

true

the running gait inclues an airborne phase

true

the same stress forces that cause ligament injuries can cause fractures around the foot

true

atrophy of the _______ is nearly always evident in patella formal dysfunction

vastus medialis oblique