LS7C Week 2

Which of the following insect hormones acts on the body tissues to stimulate molting and metamorphosis? -All of these choices are correct. -ecdysone -juvenile hormone -brain peptide -PTTH

ecdysone

In vertebrates, the nervous system directly interacts with the _________ to control endocrine function in the body. -hypothalamus -anterior pituitary -posterior pituitary -adrenal cortex

hypothalamus

Oocytes are produced in which of the following structures? -vagina -cervix -fallopian tubes -uterus -ovaries

ovaries

You are working with a team of scientists who are investigating the biochemical control system involved in how animals digest fats in their meals. You have evidence that there must be a signal molecule involved that is released soon after the fats are consumed. When this signal molecule is present it triggers activation of appropriate digestive enzymes and cellular uptake transporters until the meal has been fully digested. Based on this information, what type of signal molecule would you predict is involved in this process? -hydrophobic hormone -peptide or amine hormone -cAMP -steroid hormone -protein kinase

peptide or amine hormone

Pheromones are generally detected by the vomeronasal organ in most mammals, reptiles, and amphibians. -True -False

true

Which of the following statements correctly describe(s) peptide hormones? Select all that apply. -Insulin and glucagon are good examples of peptide hormones. -Most peptide hormones act on cells by binding to receptors on cell surfaces and triggering signaling cascades inside the cell. -Enzymes modify cholesterol compounds to produce peptide hormones. -The action of peptide hormones can cause changes in gene expression or can affect the function of metabolic enzymes in cells. -Peptide hormones bind to intracellular receptors and the peptide-receptor complex acts as a transcription factor.

-Insulin and glucagon are good examples of peptide hormones. -Most peptide hormones act on cells by binding to receptors on cell surfaces and triggering signaling cascades inside the cell. -The action of peptide hormones can cause changes in gene expression or can affect the function of metabolic enzymes in cells.

Which of the following correctly describe(s) the functioning of steroid hormones in the animal endocrine system? Select all that apply. -Steroid hormones can change which mRNAs are produced in a cell. -Steroid hormones have their primary effects in the cell's nucleus. -In general, peptide hormones are slower to act than steroid hormones and their actions last longer than those of steroid hormones. -Steroid hormones bind to cell-surface receptors, which then trigger second messengers.

-Steroid hormones can change which mRNAs are produced in a cell. -Steroid hormones have their primary effects in the cell's nucleus.

Which of the following are true for the hypothalamus and pituitary gland? Select all that apply. The general chemical nature of a hormone can be used to predict: -The action of the neurons from the hypothalamus is direct for the posterior pituitary, that is, the neurons extend from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary where the axon terminal releases hormones that go directly into the blood. -The action of the neurons from the hypothalamus is indirect for the anterior pituitary, that is, the action potentials in the neurons in the hypothalamus cause formation of new action potentials in different neurons in the anterior pituitary. -Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus secrete releasing factors that enter the anterior pituitary via a portal system to cause release of hormones from the anterior pituitary. -Release factors from neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus cause release of hormones into the blood from the posterior pituitary gland. -Release factors from the posterior pituitary stimulate release of specific hormones into the blood from the anterior pituitary.

-The action of the neurons from the hypothalamus is direct for the posterior pituitary, that is, the neurons extend from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary where the axon terminal releases hormones that go directly into the blood. -Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus secrete releasing factors that enter the anterior pituitary via a portal system to cause release of hormones from the anterior pituitary.

Which of the following are correct descriptions about the pituitary gland? Select all that apply. The general chemical nature of a hormone can be used to predict: -The pituitary gland controls signaling from the hypothalamus. -The anterior pituitary gland is under the control of the hypothalamus. -The posterior pituitary gland is under the control of the hypothalamus. -The pituitary gland acts as the control center for most other endocrine glands in the body. -Even though the anterior and posterior pituitary have distinctly different functions, they formed from the same embryonic tissue.

-The anterior pituitary gland is under the control of the hypothalamus. -The posterior pituitary gland is under the control of the hypothalamus. -The pituitary gland acts as the control center for most other endocrine glands in the body.

Which of the following statements correctly describe(s) the relationship between the classes of hormones and their behavior or function? Select all that apply. The general chemical nature of a hormone can be used to predict: -how soluble the hormone is in water. -whether the hormone will be able to move through the cell membrane. -whether the hormone interacts with receptors on the cell membrane. -whether the hormone interacts with receptors inside the cell. -whether the hormone will increase or decrease a specific cell function

-how soluble the hormone is in water. -whether the hormone will be able to move through the cell membrane. -whether the hormone interacts with receptors on the cell membrane. -whether the hormone interacts with receptors inside the cell.

Positive feedback loops: -cause a response in the same direction as the initial stimulus. -are activated by a stimulus. -continue until interrupted or broken by an external signal. -move the system farther and farther away from the set point. -All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

Assume you haven't eaten in the last 24 hours. Which of the following would you predict? -Glucagon release from the pancreas will increase. -Insulin release from the pancreas will increase. -Glucagon release from the pancreas will decrease. -Glycogen storage by the liver will increase.

Glucagon release from the pancreas will increase

Which of the following is false? -The actions of both the beta and alpha cells in the pancreas are stimulated or inhibited by the amount of glucose they detect in the blood as it passes through the pancreas. -In the pancreas, the action of the beta cells opposes the action of the alpha cells in regulating blood glucose levels. -High blood glucose levels can result from an overproduction of insulin. -The pancreas releases glucagon into the blood in response to low blood sugar and releases insulin into the blood in response to high blood sugar.

High blood glucose levels can result from an overproduction of insulin

What is the difference between negative feedback and positive feedback mechanisms? -Negative feedback mechanisms return a system to a set point; positive feedback mechanisms amplify a response. -Negative feedback mechanisms move a system away from a set point; positive feedback mechanisms stabilize a system at a set point. -Negative feedback mechanisms stabilize a system at a set point; positive feedback mechanisms change the set point.

Negative feedback mechanisms return a system to a set point; positive feedback mechanisms amplify a response.

Which of the following does NOT occur during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle? -The uterine lining is shed. -All of these choices are correct. -FSH levels increase. -Ten to twelve oocytes begin to mature. -Progesterone levels increase to high levels.

Progesterone levels increase to high levels

How is synaptic signaling different from paracrine signaling? -Synaptic signaling specifically involves neurotransmitters that are released from neurons. -Synaptic signaling is longer in duration than paracrine signaling. -All of these choices are correct. -Synaptic signaling requires receptors to elicit a response in the target cell. -Synaptic signaling acts over a longer distance than paracrine signaling.

Synaptic signaling specifically involves neurotransmitters that are released from neurons

If secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is inhibited, then which of the following will result? -The adrenal glands would not release cortisol. -The posterior pituitary gland would not release ADH. -The thyroid gland would not release thyroid hormone. -None of the answer options is correct. -The anterior pituitary gland would not release TSH.

The adrenal glands would not release cortisol

Which of the following statements about the corpus luteum is FALSE? -None of the other answer options is false. -The corpus luteum is maintained first by FSH and then by hCG. -It is composed of follicle cells that remain in the ovary following ovulation. -If the egg is not fertilized then the corpus luteum degenerates. -Progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum maintains the uterine lining.

The corpus luteum is maintained first by FSH and then by hCG

Which of the following best describes the function of the hypothalamus? -The hypothalamus produces the hormones that make up the endocrine system. -The hypothalamus connects the nervous system to the endocrine system. -The pituitary gland is that part of the hypothalamus that produces hormones. -The hypothalamus has endocrine hormone receptors that trigger the action potentials of the neurosecretory cells.

The hypothalamus connects the nervous system to the endocrine system.

A botanist working in the Amazon rain forest discovers a new species of orchid. Interestingly, males but not females of a certain wasp species keep visiting the flowers of these orchids. Why? -Male wasps are likely attracted by growth factors produced by the orchid. -Male wasps are likely attracted to the sweet nectar produced by the orchid. -Male wasps are likely attracted to the bright colors of the orchids' flowers. -Male wasps are likely attracted by paracrine signals produced by the orchid. -The orchid might produce a pheromone similar to that produced by female wasps.

The orchid might produce a pheromone similar to that produced by female wasps

Oxytocin and cholecystokinin are transported through the bloodstream and arrive at the uterus at the same time. Oxytocin causes the uterus to contract, whereas cholecystokinin has no effect. Why? -Oxytocin alters gene expression patterns, whereas cholecystokinin does not. -The uterus has receptors for oxytocin, but not for cholecystokinin. -Oxytocin is at a higher concentration in the bloodstream than cholecystokinin. -Oxytocin blocks the activity of cholecystokinin. -Oxytocin can diffuse through the plasma membrane of uterine cells, whereas cholecystokinin cannot.

The uterus has receptors for oxytocin, but not for cholecystokinin.

Which of the following statements about K-strategists is FALSE? They give birth frequently. There is a lot of parental investment in the offspring. They produce few offspring. They evolve in environments with intense competition for limited food. They evolve in stable environments.

They give birth frequently.

A new hormone has been isolated from an organism. Although the structure of the hormone has not yet been determined, the hormone is known to exert its effects by forming a hormone-receptor complex that acts as a transcription factor within target cells. What type of hormone is this MOST likely to be? -either an amine or a peptide hormone -either a steroid hormone or an amine hormone -either a steroid or a peptide hormone -a peptide hormone -a steroid hormone

a steroid hormone

Tropic hormones: -are released from the thyroid gland. -suppress the appetite. -regulate the metabolic state of the body. -suppress the immune system. -act on other endocrine organs.

act on other endocrine organs.

The two main classes of hormones are: -steroid hormones and lipid hormones. -nucleic acid hormones and lipid hormones. -amine/peptide hormones and steroid hormones. -polysaccharide hormones and protein hormones. -lipid-soluble hormones and water-soluble hormones.

amine/peptide hormones and steroid hormones

Animals faced challenges when moving from water to land. What was the single most important adaptation that led to the uncoupling of reproduction and the need for an aquatic habitat? -flagellated sperm -amniotic egg -internal fertilization

amniotic egg

High blood glucose stimulates the _________ cells in the pancreas to secrete _________. -alpha; glucagon -beta; glucagon -alpha; insulin -beta; insulin

beta; insulin

When circulating _____ levels are too high, production of parathyroid hormone would be _____. -cortisol; inhibited -glucose; inhibited -glucose; stimulated -calcium; inhibited -calcium; stimulated

calcium; inhibited

A newly developed drug works by blocking thyroid hormone receptors throughout the body. Which of the following would be expected to occur in a patient who is taking this drug? -changes in metabolism -decreased resorption of bone -increased uptake of glucose by body cells -inability to release cortisol -production of more dilute urine

changes in metabolism

A researcher is working with mutant mice that demonstrate defects in the formation of connective tissue. These mice likely carry a mutation in a gene encoding what type of growth factor? -fibrinogen growth factors (FGFs) -bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) -histamine -neurotransmitters -nerve growth factors (NGFs)

fibrinogen growth factors (FGFs)

An individual who is experiencing a prolonged period of stress would likely have _____ levels of circulating _____ than an individual who was not experiencing stress. -lower; ADH -higher; ADH -lower; ACTH -lower; cortisol -higher; cortisol

higher; cortisol

Insulin injections are an important treatment for some diabetics. A serious potential side effect of insulin injections is hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). This would most likely occur under which of the following circumstances? -failure to inject enough insulin -injecting too much insulin -failure to inject any insulin

injecting too much insulin

Ovulation is triggered by a surge of which of the following hormones? -testosterone -progesterone -luteinizing hormone -estrogen -follicle stimulating hormone

luteinizing hormone

At which point on the phylogeny shown did the amnion FIRST appear? -node C (humans) -node D -node E -node A -node B

node C (humans)

_____ are chemical signals that, instead of being secreted into the bloodstream, are introduced by animals into their habitats. They can be used to attract mates and mark territories. -Hormones -Growth factors -Pheromones -Neurotransmitters

pheromones

Which of the following is the CORRECT path taken by sperm from site of production to site of ejection? -seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra -vas deferens, epididymis, seminiferous tubules, ejaculatory duct, urethra -epididymis, seminiferous tubules, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra -seminiferous tubules, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, epididymis, urethra -epididymis, seminiferous tubules, vas deferens, urethra, ejaculatory duct

seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra

Muscle and liver cells respond to insulin by: -taking up glucose and storing it as glycogen. -breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose. -breaking down glycogen and storing glucose. -breaking down glucose and releasing glycogen

taking up glucose and storing it as glycogen

In response to LH and FSH, testes secrete: -ejaculate. -TDF. -sperm. -testosterone. -estrogen.

testosterone

The pituitary gland and a part of the hypothalamus are among only a few parts of the brain that are not protected by the blood-brain barrier. One explanation for this could be: -they are not actually part of the brain. -they cannot produce sufficient hormone quantity without a blood supply. -the barrier would block hormone secretion. -the toxic substances blocked by the barrier do not affect them. -they developed from epithelial cells, not neurons.

the barrier would block hormone secretion.

In vertebrates, which of the following frequently serves as the first intermediary between the areas of the brain that perceive sensory stimuli and the rest of the endocrine system? -the hypothalamus -the posterior pituitary gland -the thyroid gland -the adrenal glands -the anterior pituitary gland

the hypothalamus

The hypothalamus uses action potentials to directly stimulate hormone release from: -the anterior pituitary only. -the posterior pituitary only. -both the anterior and posterior pituitary. -neither the anterior nor the posterior pituitary.

the posterior pituitary only.