Lymphatic and Immune Systems

What type of cells allow for long-term protection against antigens?

Memory cells

Antibodies are produced by:

Plasma cells

Under the influence of cytokines from helper T-cells, B-cells enlarge and divide, forming:

Plasma cells and memory cells

Interferon

Prevents viral reproduction

What types of antigens are recognized by T-cells?

Processed fragments of protein antigens displayed on surfaces of body cells.

What is meant by an autoimmune disease?

antibodies act against the individual's own tissue

When antibodies develop against a person's own cells, this is an example of:

autoimmune disease.

T-cells are responsible for __________ immunity.

cell-mediated

The process whereby neutrophils and othe rwhite blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called;

chemotaxis

In increase in white blood cell numbers at sites of injury, which is characteristic of inflammation, is called:

leukocytosis

Lymphatic capillaries owe their permeability to the presence of:

minivalves in their walls.

Macrophages are derived from:

monocytes.

Acid secretion occurs in the:

Stomach

B-cells provide this kind of immunity.

(antibody-mediated) Humoral

If you were to draw an antibody, how might you sketch out its basic shape?

--As a Y --The arms of the Y are the variable regions that bind to an antigen. --The stem of the Y determines the response by the immune system against a particular antigen.

What contributes to the flow of lymph through lymphatic vessels?

--milking action of skeletal muscles --one-way valves --pressure changes with breathing (pressure changes in thorax) --Pulsing of nearby arteries --Contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of lymphatic ducts.

_________ cells are the only T lymphocytes that can directly attack and kill other cells.

Cytotoxic T-cells.

The only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells are the :

Cytotoxic T-cells

Which of the following is NOT true of antibodies? A. They have a constant region that binds to an antigen. B. They are a Y-shaped protein molecule C. there are five classes of antibodies D. Antibodies act by neutralization

A. They have a constant region that binds to an antigen. Note: The correct statement would be that VARIABLE region binds to an antigen.

In which case does the recipient start making antibodies to the specific disease?

Active immunity

What is a bubo?

An infected lymph node

________are lymphocytes that directly kill virus infected cells.

Cytotoxic T-cells

Allergies are due to:

Antibodies being produced for substances that ordinarily would do no harm to the body

B-cells are responsible for:

Antibody-mediated immunity

Lymphocytes recognize foreign antigens because of the the _________ ________ on their cell membranes.

Antigen Receptors

Cytotoxic T-cells may attack:

Antigen-bearing cells Cancer cells Virus-infected cells

Portions of bacteria, viruses, molds, parasites, and cancer cells that cause specific responses from the immune system are called:

Antigens

A vaccine contains:

Antigens (dead or attenuated)

What mobilizes the adaptive/specific defenses and provokes an immune response?

Antigesn

As a child, you received an MMR immunization against measles, mumps, and rubella. What kind of immunity do you have?

Artificial active

A child is bitten by a rabid dog. He is given a series of injections to fight the rabies infection. What kind of immunity does the child have?

Artificial passive

Which of the following produce antibodies? A. T-Lymphocytes B. Macrophages C. B-Lymphocytes D. All of the above

B-lymphocytes

Which is NOT true of antibodies? A. They are found in plasma and other body secretions B. They are cells C. They bind to a single, specific antigen D. They are produced by plasma cells

B. They are cells

B-lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the:

Bone marrow

Which of the following is NOT a part of the lymphatic system: A. lymph nodes B. Lymphatic vessels C. Blood vessels D. Lymph

C. Blood vessels

Passive immunity:

Can be given in breast milk Is short lived Means that antibodies are not made by the recipient

Lymphatic ______ are more permeable than blood capillaries.

Capillaries

Once a B cell has been activated by a specific antigen, it will divide, making many copies of itself. This process is known as:

Clonal selection

In the tonsils, these structures trap bacteria and other foreign material:

Crypts

Which of the following are found in lymph nodes? A. B lymphocytes B. Macrophages C. T lymphocytes D. All of the above E. None of the above

D. All of the above

What occurs because of increased capillary permeability at the site of inflammation?

Escaped fluids cause swelling increased pressure from fluid causes pain clotting factors move into the tissues

Which cell of the immune system is absolutely required for an adaptive/specific immune response?

Helper T-cell

________are lymphocytes that coordinate both cellular and humoral and immune responses.

Helper T-cells

What type of cell does HIV infect?

Helper T-cells (CD4)

___________, released by damaged tissue and mast cells, causes capillaries to dilate and become more permeable.

Histamine

B-cells provide this kind of immunity:

Humoral

Antibody-mediated immunity is also known as:

Humoral immunity

What type of antibody is the main one in circulation?

IgG

During clonal selection, most B cells become plasma cells, but others will become:

Memory B cells

__________ refers to the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it.

Immunocompetence

What constitutes the body's first line of defense against disease?

Intact skin (and mucous membranes)

Which antimicrobial protein is produced by a virus infected cell?

Interferon

Special lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine are called:

Lacteals

The thymus is: A. Larger in adults B. Larger in children C. The same size in adults and children

Larger in children

What is/are the principal lymphoid organ(s) in the body?

Lymph nodes

Lymphatic system vessels begin with:

Lymphatic capillaries

T and B cells are: A. Antigens B. Lymphocytes D. Fungus infected cells E. All of the choices are correct

Lymphocytes

Which of the following are considered the primary immune cells?

Lymphocytes

The basis of immunity is the presence of ______ cells.

Memory

As a child, you had the chicken pox. You are exposed to chicken pox several years later, but you do not get them again. What kind of immunity do you have?

Natural Active

_____ ______ cells can kill cells before specific immunity is activated.

Natural Killer

Which of the following is a form of a NONSPECIFIC-DEFENSE? a. Antibody-mediated immunity b. Cell-mediated immunity c. Natural killer cells d. All of the choices are correct

Natural killer cells

A mother, who had the measles as a child, has a baby. At the age of 1 month, the baby is exposed to measles but does not get sick. What kind of immunity does she have?

Natural passive

_____Immunity protects a baby who is fed breast milk:

Natural passive.

Which of the following is NOT a tonsil?

Oral

The _____ is(are) the most likely to become infected.

Palatine tonsils

What specific process has been occurring if pus is present around an infected area?

Phagocytosis

B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by:

Producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells.

Cilia are located in the:

Respiratory tract

The _____ is the largest lymphoid organ.

Spleen

Cellular immunity is attribute to the action of ____ cells.

T cells.

What type of cell reaches maturity in the thymus?

T-lymphocytes

Memory B cells can produce a faster and more intense response to a subsequent exposure to the antigen (TRUE/FALSE).

TRUE

The lymphatic capillaries function to absorb the excess protein-containing interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream.

TRUE

Lysozyme is found in:

Tears and Saliva

While passing through a village on a safari, you notice a man with one enormous leg aond one normal-sized leg. What is the most likely reason for the swollen leg.

The man has lymphatic filariasis, elephantiasis, which is caused by parasitic worms that gets in the lymph system and reproduce to levels that block the vessels. The swelling is due to edema.

The right lymphatic duct drains ____ into the right subclavian vein.

The right side of the head and neck and the right arm.

What effect does age have on the size of the thymus?

The thymus initially increases in size and then decreases in size from adolescence through old age.

What characteristics do all inflammatory chemicals share?

They are all vasodilators

Which lymphoid organ serves as the site where T-lymphocytes become immunocompetent T-cells?

Thymus

Lymphatic ____ are formed from the union of the largest collecting vessels.

Trunks

Lymph vessels are similar to cardiovascular:

Veins

Pus consists of:

dead tissue dead bacteria living white cells

Lysozyme

enzyme that kills bacteria by lysing (piercing wall

Activity immunity occurs as a result of:

exposure to antigens

Pyrogens induce:

fever

The ability of the body to react to antigens and remain free of disease is:

immunity

What is the role of the mini-valves in lymph capillaries?

increase permeability

Interferons:

interfere with viral replication within cells.

The white pulp of the spleen contains:

lymphocytes

What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?

redness, inflammation, pain, heat

Lymphoid tissue is mainly _______ connective tissue:

reticular

Edema is:

swelling due to excess tissue fluid