Lymphatic System

Fever is the maintenance of body temperature higher than

37.2°C, or 99°F.

T cells release cytokines to stimulate the activation of

B cells

The medullary sinus of a lymph node contains ________ lymphocytes and plasma cells.

B cells

Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions such as mucus, saliva, and tears are

IgA

Which of the following statements regarding lymph is false?

Lacteals are prominent lymphatic vessels in the cardiopulmonary system

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells.

NK

Of the following types of cells, the type that bind to cells bearing foreign antigens and kill them directly (no prior exposure to the antigen is required) is called:

NK cells

Adaptive immunity is the result of the actions of

T and B cells

If the thymus shrank and stopped functioning properly, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of

T cells

The cell that dominates the deep cortical region of a lymph node is the ________ cell.

T cells

The cells directly responsible for cell-mediated immunity are the ________ cells.

T cells

Immune surveillance against cancer is:

a function of cell-mediated immunity

The role of antigen-presenting cells in immunity is to

activate T cells, display antigen fragments, process antigens

All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it

activates B cells

Cytotoxic T cells attack target cells by doing what?

activating genes that trigger apoptosis

The process by which antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of cells, forming large immune complexes, is called

agglutination

Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are

allergies

A condition in which the body attacks itself as if it were a microbe is:

an auto-immune disease

A condition in which, for example, the body forms antibodies against its own red blood cells is called:

an auto-immune disease

An allergen circulating in the bloodstream affects mast cells throughout the body, dropping blood pressure to dangerously low levels. This response is termed

anaphylactic shock

MHC proteins:

are present on the surface of our bodies' cells, can be recognized by T cells, are "histocompatibility antigens"

Antibodies:

are specific to the antigen that stimulated their production

IgE

attaches to basophil and mast cell surfaces

A(n)______________ will develop when the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues.

autoimmune disorders

The B cell system is most effective against:

bacteria

Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with

blod vessels

In passive immunity, the

body receives antibodies produced by other humans or the body receives antibodies produced by an anima

Lymphocyte production involves

bone marrow, thymus tissue, peripheral lymphoid tissues

During an inflammatory response:

capillary permeability is incresased

The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called

chemotaxis

Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except

chemotaxis of phagocytes.

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells.

cytotoxic T (killer T cells)

Of the following, which directly defends against intracellular viruses by attacking infected cells?

cytotoxic T lymphocytes

The primary function of the lymphatic system is

defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats

Helper T cells do all of the following except

destroy target cells using perforins

T cells are important in:

detecting cancer cells

The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called

diapedesis.

The T-cells of the immune system are responsible for the production of antibodies.

false

The lymphocytes are most important in

fighting infection

IgM

first class of antibody secreted after an antigen is encountered

IgA

found in glandular secretions, attack before pathogens gain internal access

Cells that help regulate the antibody-mediated immune response are ________ cells.

helper T

B cells are primarily activated by the activities of

helper T cells

Destruction of antigens or cell lysis can be caused by all of the following except

helper T cells

An overreaction of the body's immune system can occur in some instances after a second exposure to a foreign antigen. Mild instances might include hay fever, a more serious reacion may produce anaphylactic shock. This is called:

hypersensitivity

Opsonization

immune process where particles such as bacteria are targeted for destruction by an immune cell known as a phagocyte

The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following except

inhibition of the immune response

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity.

innate

Which of the body's defenses is mainly directed against viruses?

interferon

After puberty, the thymus gradually shrinks and becomes more fibrous, in a process called

involution

A sample of Lori's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that Lori

is running a fever

All of the following are true of the primary response to antigen exposure except that

it is delayed by the memory stage

Antigen-detecting cells are found chiefly in the:

lymph nodes

The white pulp of the spleen is populated by

lymphocytes

The ________ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time.

memory

Someone who is vaccinated against diphtheria will respond almost immediately if later exposed to the disease. What cells are directly responsible for rapidly recognizing the pathogen and responding?

memory B cells

Chemotaxis

movement of a motile cell or organism, or part of one, in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substance.

Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity.

naturally acquired passive

The binding of an antigen to an antibody can result in

neutralization of the antigen, agglutination or precipitation, complement activation and opsonization

Antibodies may bind to superficial sites on bacteria or other toxins, making the toxin incapable of attaching itself to a cell. This mechanism is known as

neutralization.

Which type of blood cell is migratory and phagocytic, acting as a ready body defense against infection, and comprises 50% to 70% of all leukocytes?

neutrophil

The most immediate reaction launched against a bacterial infection involves:

neutrophils (phagocytes)

IgD

on B cell where it binds to antigens in extracellular fluid and plays role in B cell sensitization

The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called

opsonization

A patient is given an injection of immunoglobulin after an exposure to hepatitis. This is known as:

passive humoral immunity

The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the

phagocytes/neutrophils

Nonspecific defenses include

phagocytic cells, physical barriers, inflammation, interferons.

The cells responsible for producing antibody molecules are ________ cells.

plasma

Which cell is directly responsible for antibody production?

plasma cell

In response to tissue damage and infection, circulating proteins called pyrogens

produce a fever

Lymph nodes do all of the following except

remove excess nutrients from the lymph.

Lymphocytes

respond to antigens

IgG

responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins

Lymph draining from your right shoulder flows into

right lymphatic duct

Examples of physical barriers against pathogens include

sebaceous glands, mucus, epithelia, epidermal layers

Which of the following is a response of cell-mediated immunity?

secretion of chemotactic factors by T cells

B cells prepare for activation by presenting an antigen bound to Class II MHC proteins in a process called

sensitization

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by

specific immunity.

In general, lymphocytes

spend most of their time in lymphoid tissue, have relatively long life spans, have one nucleus

The largest single collection of lymphoid tissue in the adult body is located in the

spleen

B and T cells are similar in that they both:

stem from precursors in the bone marrow

Inflammation produces localized:

swelling, redness, heat, pain

A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably

tears

Leslie has a bad sore throat, and the lymph glands in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that

the affected lymph glands contain an increased number of lymphocytes

Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except

the brain

Transplanted tissue may be tolerated if:

the tissue involves few cells or has a limited blood supply, lymphatic tissue is destroyed by irradiation or chemicals, the histocompatibility antigens of donor and recipient are very similar

Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the

thoracic duct.

The thymus produces several complementary hormones called

thymosins

Recognition of self and non-self is a function related to the:

thymus gland

The large lymphoid nodules located in the walls of the pharynx are called

tonsils

The site on an antibody that is specifically tailored to fit a specific antigen is called the

variable segment

The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except

vena cava

Interferons are released by some macrophages and lymphocytes, but also by cells carrying what pathogen?

viruses

All of the following are true of the secondary response to antigen exposure except that it

weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two

Penicillin allergy is termed a hypersensitivity reaction. The statement that is true of most people allergic to penicillin is that these individuals:

will respond strongly the second time they are given penicillin