M15: Adolescence, LearningCurve: 4c. Adolescence, psych

frontal lobes are not fully developed.

"Teens are less guilty by reason of adolescence" because their:

natural selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

Functionalism

A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.

Empirical Approach

A study conducted via careful observations and scientifically based research.

intimacy with others.

According to Erik Erikson, one positive outcome of the struggle for identity is a comfortable sense of who one is and a developing capacity for:

formal operations

According to Piaget, when adolescents are able to reason abstractly, they have reached the _____ stage of cognitive development.

identity

Alexia is 16 years old. One day she has blonde hair; the next day it is blue. One day she looks "goth" and the next she looks like a hippie. She recently asked her parents if she could get a nose ring. Alexia is probably trying to find her _____.

postconventional

Amath has decided to volunteer for Habitat for Humanity this summer because he wants to give back to people who are not as fortunate as he is. Amath has probably reached the _____ stage of moral development.

frontal lobes

At 19, Abbey is beginning to plan for her future. She wants to become a doctor, so she knows she has buckle down in school. Most likely, Abbey's _____ are developing.

Culture

Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.

adolescence

Caitlyn is 16 years old. She is in the midst of puberty. Caitlyn is in what stage of development?

postconventional

Critics have argued that Kohlberg's _____ stage is culturally defined because it seems to appear mostly among people who prize individualism.

conventional

Eric is 17 years old and has decided to volunteer at Buddy Ball this summer, helping disabled children play baseball. Eric knows that this will look good on his college applications. He is probably in the _____ stage of moral development.

generativity vs. stagnation

Erik Erikson proposed that at this stage of life, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or else they may feel a lack of purpose.

formal operational

Following the death of a local teenager, Melissa came to believe that the teen had been profiled as a potential threat because he was African-American. She decided to join in the protests and actively engaged in public demonstrations in her community and high school. Melissa has entered which stage of development, according to Piaget?

a sense of purpose.

Gerard just celebrated his 25th anniversary at the company and was given a gold watch. He feels that this gold watch is just a meaningless trinket and is glad that he is able to balance his work with family life. According to Erik Erikson, Gerard is probably feeling:

social identity.

James walks into the gas station to prepay for his gas. It seems like everyone pauses and looks at him. He is now aware that he is the only Muslim male in the store. He is aware of his:

preconventional

Jarrud thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are watching him. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrud demonstrates a(n) _____ morality.

intimacy vs. isolation.

Jenny has a job, a cat named Jake, and 31 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the "right man." She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. According to Erik Erikson, Jenny is in the stage of development called:

sex

Jerry is a star basketball player on the high school team. He is very tall. He is also very popular with both boys and girls. Jerry is more likely to experiment with _____.

Jason is 16 years old. One day he has blonde hair; the next day it is green. One day he looks goth and the next he looks like a jock. He recently asked his parents if he could get a tattoo. Should Jason's parents be worried?

No, this is just Jason trying to find his identity.

menarche

Nyla is 11 years old and has breast buds and visible pubic hair. What physical change is likely to happen next?

hypothetical reasoning

Paulette is 15 years old. She has stopped going to church with her family because she does not agree with everything the church preaches. She doesn't understand how her parents still go every weekend when they don't always practice their religion during the week. By seeing the hypocrisy in her parents' lives, Paulette has become capable of: _____.

sexual

Puberty is the period of _____maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

postconventional

Robin is 17 years old and has decided to volunteer for Habitat for Humanity this summer because she wants to give back to people who are not as fortunate as she is. Robin has probably reached the _____ stage of moral development.

road construction; brake pedal

The selective pruning of unused neurons and connections in the adolescent brain are to _______ as adolescent impulsivity and risk taking are to an absent _______.

conventional

Thirteen-year-old Amata repeatedly tells her mother not to drive too fast and to make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.

"Don't look at me. I must look terrible."

Thirteen-year-old Erin and her mother were in a car accident. Her mother was fine, but Erin had a cut on her forehead. When the attractive emergency medical technician came over to her, Erin MOST likely said:

struggling with intimacy issues.

Thirty-year-old Ana frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. She is worried about finding the "right man." According to Erik Erikson, Ana is MOST likely:

The emotion areas of the brain were activated when they thought about pushing the person.

Why did research participants state that they would kill one person to save five when it involved flipping a trolley switch but then refuse to apply the same "kill one to save five" when it involved pushing a person?

Frontal

_____ lobe development during adolescence includes the growth of myelin, the fatty tissue around axons that speeds transmission.

psychiatry

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy

community psychology

a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

clinical psychology

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

Structuralism

a method of interpretation and analysis of aspects of human cognition, behavior, culture, and experience that focuses on relationships of contrast between elements in a conceptual system that reflect patterns underlying a superficial diversity.

SQ3R

a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review

humanistic psychology

an approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings

biopsychosocial approach

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

Even though all her friends tried marijuana and cocaine in the 1980s, Monica refused to experiment with drugs because it is against the law. Based on Kohlberg's theory, Monica's reasons for refusing drugs reflect _____ moral reasoning.

conventional

Sixteen-year-old Michael begins growing a marijuana plant in a corner of his family's garden. His stepfather asks him to remove it because it is illegal. In Kohlberg's terms, Michael's stepfather is demonstrating _____ reasoning.

conventional

Sensory adaptation can be defined as:

diminished sensitivity as a result of repeated stimulation.

Gabriela is a 22-year-old recent college graduate. She is preparing to move to the largest city in her region to complete a prestigious internship. She has dated several young men but does not envision settling into a serious relationship for at least a few years yet. Gabriela is in a life stage many developmental psychologists call _____ adulthood.

emerging

testing effect

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

According to Jonathan Haidt, moral intuition is associated with _____ first, followed by _____ second.

feelings; reasoning

counciling psychology

focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems

_____ lobe development during adolescence also includes the growth of myelin, the fatty tissue around axons that speeds transmission.

frontal

At 19, Celia is beginning to plan for her future. She no longer lives for the moment. She wants to become a doctor, so she knows she has to buckle down in school. What is probably happening to Celia?

frontal lobes are growing

Teens are less guilty by reason of adolescence because their:

frontal lobes are not fully developed.

Marcia has the intense desire to create a mentoring program at her company. According to Erik Erikson, she is likely experiencing the _____ versus stagnation state.

generativity

Erik Erikson proposed that at the _____ versus _____ stage of life, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or else they may feel a lack of purpose.

generativity, stagnation

Erik Erikson proposed that at the _____ versus _____ stage of life, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or else they may feel a lack of purpose.

generativity; stagnation

Keith is 16 years old and is trying different clothes and hairstyles. His father is confused and sometimes shocked by his son's pairing of shirts and pants, the earrings, chains, and hair colors. His mother, on the other hand, just laughs. According to Erik Erikson, Keith is in the stage of development called _____ versus role confusion.

identity

The process of developing a sense of _____ during adolescence was highlighted by Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory.

identity

According to Erik Erikson, older adults can MOST effectively cope with the prospect of their own death if they have achieved a sense of _____.

integrity

The years after age 65 are known as _____ adulthood.

late

Donna's parents divorced when she was a little girl. Her mother works two jobs and they eat a lot of fast food. It is likely that Donna will:

mature at an earlier age.

Chanice is 12 years old. When she woke up this morning she noticed blood on her bed. This has never happened before. Chanice is experiencing:

menarche

Bernice is 62. She is in a life stage known as _____ adulthood.

middle

June is 56 years old and is in _____ adulthood.

middle

A series of small strokes that progressively damage an older adult's brain is MOST likely to produce:

neurocognitive disorder

Physical exercise in adulthood encourages the birth of new neurons in areas responsible for learning and memory. MOST specifically, therefore, exercise facilitates _____ in the _____.

neurogenesis hippocampus

For most adolescents, the MOST important people in their lives are their:

peers

Kohlberg's theory of moral development MOST closely reflects:

piagets theory

Mark believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.

postconventional

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, the majority of children younger than age 9 have a _____ morality.

preconventional

Jarrud thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrud demonstrates a(n) _____ morality.

preconventional

basic research

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

applied research

research undertaken to solve a specific problem

Laurent is 16 years old and is trying different clothes and hairstyles. His father is confused and sometimes shocked by his son's pairing of shirts and pants, earrings, chains, and hair colors. His mother, on the other hand, just laughs. According to Erik Erikson, Laurent is in the stage of development called identity versus _____.

role confusion

At Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning, moral decisions are based on:

self-interest.

Preconventional moral reasoning is to conventional moral reasoning as _____ is to _____.

self-interest; social relationships

_____ is the process by which we detect physical energy in the environment and encode that energy as neural signals.

sensation

Marc is driving his 12-year-old car. He notices a sound coming from the engine, which involves _____ processing. He immediately starts thinking that the sound is similar to the sound his car made the last time he had it repaired, which involves _____ processing.

sensation, perception

While playing golf, James forgets that his sunglasses are on top of his head. As the day goes on, he forgets that he placed them there. This demonstrates the process of:

sensory adaptation

Physical exercise in adulthood does NOT:

shorten telomeres

Dennis, a nurse, notes that some parents of asthmatic children respond to very small changes in their children's breathing and seek care accordingly. However, other parents do not notice the same small changes. This type of difference in reaction to stimuli is BEST explained by:

signal detection theory

Two Transportation Security Administration officers are scanning bags at the airport. One of the officers lets a bag go through, but the other officer yells, "Wait, didn't you see that?" Why one officer saw a weapon and the other did not is BEST explained by:

signal detection theory

_____ stimulation occurs below your absolute threshold for conscious awareness.

subliminal

Tips of chromosomes are called _____.

telomeres

Belle was admitted to hospice care several weeks before her ninetieth birthday. She remarked at least once that she "just wanted to make 90." Belle died 2 days after a small family celebration of her birthday at her bedside. This vignette BEST illustrates:

the death deferral phenomenon

levels of analysis

the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon

cognitive neuroscience

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

nature-nurture issue

the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture

Cognitive Psychology

the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Psychology

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

positive psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

evolutionary psychology

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

behavior genetics

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

Behaviorism

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

critical thinking

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

The phrase "THE CAT" appears in block letters as part of an advertising slogan on a billboard. The "A" and "H" are actually nearly identical in the stylized font that is used. However, the context of the words in the which the letters appear encourages readers to perceive the arrangement of three line segments as completely different letters in each case. This example reflects_____ processing.

top down

Charlie has high blood pressure and diabetes. His physician has prescribed medications to treat his conditions. However, Charlie often forgets to take his medication. What could he do to help remember to take his medication on time? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. use mnemonics

write a note to himself