maclaughlin unit 1+2 test
validity
The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure (accuracy)
dependent variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
mode
The value that occurs most frequently in a given data set
structuralsim
Wilhem wundt; early school of thought, used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind, each individual process and the nitty gritty, "i dont know", we only know what we can clearly observe (behaviors)
functionalism
William james; explored how mental AND behavioral processes function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish, more larger picture, we know what we can kind of assume or gather
standard deviation
a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
standard of deviation
a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
confounding variable
a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment
scatterplot
a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables
central tendency
a measure that represents the typical response or the behavior of a group as a whole (mean, mode, median)
random sample
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
experiment
a scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact.
correlation coefficient
a statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other (what kind of shape is the graph going to make)
statistical significance
a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance
case study
a study of a small group or one individual (ex. genie) - participants may not be interested in continuing the study - isolated events that can not be replicated -
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions
humanism
abraham maslow + carl rogers; living your best life, achieving self-actualization, being the healthiest mentally and physically, how our environment can affect us
hypothesis
an idea that can be tested
random assignment
assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance
mean
average
biological
charles darwin-esk; physical components of the brain, cognitive thoughts cause by genes and hormones, endocrine system
evolutionary
charles darwin; human thoughts and behaviors in terms of natural selection
statistics
collection adn analysis of data involving mental processes and behaviors
reliability
consistency of measurement (precision)
operational definition
defining a variable in a testable manner, something that you can know for a fact (percent of increase, sweaty palms or increased heart rate)
margaret washburn
first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology
cognitive
gestalt; mental processes, how we interpret + process + remember events
informed consent
giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate
statistical significance
how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance - p < 5%, statistically significant (less than 5% chance that results are by luck) - p > 5%, not statistically significant (more than 5% chance that results are by luck)
apa ethical guidlines
informed consent before, debriefing after, limited risks, animals treated humanely 1. beneficence & nonmalficence 2. fidelity & responsibility 3. integrity 4. justice 5. respect for peoples rights 6. dignity
behavioral
john b watson; only behaviors, examines learning process, reward/punishment, psychology is an objective science, conditioning (classical- pavlov, operant- skinner)
negative skewed distribution
negative slope
placebo
no effect besides someones belief in it
descriptive statistics
numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups
inferential statistics
numerical methods used to determine whether research data support a hypothesis or whether results were due to chance, used to generalize
naturalistic observation
observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation (ex. going to a park) - researchers cannot interact with subjects - researches may interpret subjects responses incorrecty
population
people in one group being studied
positive skewed distribution
positive slope
belmont report
protects people/subjects in clinical trials/research studies respect for persons, beneficence, justice
dorthea dix
reformed treatment of the mentally ill
longitudinal study
research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period (ex people take the same survey every five years) - most expensive
psychoanalysis/dynamic
sigmund freud; study of the unconcious mind/mental process, repression
two academic disciplines that shaped psychology
sociology and philosophy
double blind study
study in which neither the experimenter nor the subjects know if the subjects are in the experimental or control group
single blind study
study in which the subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group but the experimenter does
survey
the collection of data by having people answer a series of questions
volunteer bias
the concept that people who volunteer to participate in research studies often differ from those who do not volunteer
range
the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
experimental group
the group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested
median
the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it
illusory correlation
the perception of a relationship where none exists
debriefing
the postexperimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants
psychology
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
ochsams razor
the simplest explanation is probably the correct explanation
normal curve
the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes (parabola)
hindsight bias
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
independent variable
variable that is manipulated
sociocultural
vygotsky; the influence society and culture and history has on our mental processes and behaviors
non random sampling
where the sample is not chosen at random, it can be opportunistic, stratified or systematic
institutional review board
A committee at each institution where research is conducted to review every experiment for ethics
theory
A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data contributing to its trueness
correlation
A measure of the relationship between two variables
cross sectional study
A study in which a representative cross section of the population is tested or surveyed at one specific time (people ages 10-12 adn 40-50 are taking the same survey) - not time consuming, results almost instantly - may be differences not attributed to age or development that would not be determined from this method
mary calkins
First female president of the APA