Management Ch. 7
Design Iteration
a cycle of repetition in which a company tests a prototype of a new product or service, improves on that design, and then builds and tests the improved prototype.
Technology Cycle
a cycle that begins with the birth of a new technology and ends when that technology reaches its limits and is replaced by a newer, substantially better technology.
Organizational Change
a difference in the form, quality, or condition of an organization over time.
Product Prototype
a full scale, working model that is being tested for design, function, and reliability.
Organizational Decline
a large decrease in organizational performance that occurs when companies don't anticipate, recognize, neutralize, or adapt to the internal or external pressures that threaten their survival.
Dominant Design
a new technological design or process that becomes the accepted market standard
S curve
a pattern of technological innovation characterized by slow initial progress, then rapid progress, and then slow progress again as a technology matures and reaches its limits.
Organization Development
a philosophy and collection of planned change interventions designed to improve an organization's long-term health and performance.
Flow
a psychological state of effortlessness, in which you become completely absorbed in what you're doing and time seems to pass quickly.
General Electric Workout
a three day meeting in which managers and employees from different levels and parts of an organization quickly generate and act on solutions to specific business problems.
Experiential Approach to Innovation
an approach to innovation that assumed a highly uncertain environments and uses intuition, flexible options, and hands-on experience to reduce uncertainty and accelerate learning and understanding.
Compression Approach to Innovation
an approach to innovation that assumed that incremental innovation can be planned using a series of steps and that compressing those steps can speed innovation.
Generational Change
change based on incremental improvements to a dominant technological design such that the improved technology is fully backward compatible with the older technology.
Results Driven Change
change created quickly by focusing on the measurement and improvement of results.
Discontinuous Change
characterized by technological substitution and design competition.
Design Competition
competition between old and new technologies to establish a new technological standard or dominant design.
Change Forces
forces that produce differences in the form, quality, or condition of an organization over time.
Resistance Forces
forces that support the existing state of conditions in organizations.
Milestones
formal project review points used to assess progress and performance.
Unfreezing
getting the people affected by change to believe that change is needed.
Resistance to Change
opposition to change resulting from self interest, misunderstanding and distrust, and a general intolerance for change.
Innovation Streams
patterns of innovation over time that can create sustainable competitive advantage
Refreezing
supporting and reinforcing new changes so that they stick.
Change Agent
the person formally in charge of guiding a change effort
Incremental Change
the phase of a technology cycle in which companies innovate by lowering costs and improving the functioning and performance of the dominant technological design.
Change Intervention
the process used to get workers and managers to change their behavior and work practices.
Creativity
the production of novel and useful ideas.
Technological Substitution
the purchase of new technologies to replace older ones.
Organizational Innovation
the successful implementation of creative ideas in organizations.
Testing
the systematic comparison of different product design or design iterations.
Coercion
using formal power and authority to force others to change.
Technological Lockout
when a new dominant design (i.e. a significantly better technology) prevents a company from competitively selling its products or makes it difficult to do so.
Technological Discontinuity
when a scientific advance or a unique combination of existing technologies creates a significant breakthrough in performance or function; what an innovation stream begins with
Multifunctional Teams
work teams composed of people from different departments.
Creative Work Environments
workplace cultures in which workers perceive that new ideas are welcomed, valued, and encouraged.