Management Chapter 12

John has a strong desire to perform difficult tasks well. He is motivated by personal standards of excellence. John has a high need for ______.

Achievement

According to the 2019 Jobvite survey of 1,500 Americans, which is the most important motivating criteria to job seekers?

Career growth opportunities

What are characteristics of motivating goals according to goal-setting theory? (Choose every correct answer.)

Challenging Specific Achievable

According to self-determination theory, people's behavior and well-being are influenced by what three innate needs?

Competence, autonomy and relatedness

What are the three major elements of Hackman and Oldham's job characteristics model? (Choose every correct answer.)

Core job characteristics Work outcomes Psychological states

What types of justice are the components of organizational justice? (Choose every correct answer.)

Distributive Interactional Procedural

What are the stages of Victor Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation? (Choose every correct answer.)

Effort to performance Performance to outcomes

The concept of fitting jobs to people is based on what ideas? (Choose every correct answer.)

Employees are underutilized. Employees want more responsibility, challenges, and variety.

The model of motivation called equity theory is based on which of the following ideas?

Employees want to see fairness in how they are rewarded for task performance.

Which theories of motivation are characterized as process perspectives? (Choose every correct answer.)

Equity theory Goal-setting theory Expectancy theory

Which of the following are levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs? (Choose every correct answer.)

Esteem Safety Love Physiological

What theory asserts that motivation is essentially a decision about how much effort to exert to get what you want in a particular situation?

Expectancy

According to equity theory, which of the following would be characterized as inputs? (Choose every correct answer.)

Experience Effort Training

Which types of reinforcement are intended to weaken a behavior?

Extinction Punishment

Money is the best motivator.

False

How does goal setting motivate employees? (Choose every correct answer.)

Fostering employee use of action plans Regulating employee efforts Increasing employee persistence Directing employee attention

Which guidelines should be followed when giving positive reinforcement? (Choose every correct answer.)

Give rewards as soon as possible. Be clear about what behavior is desired.

Marie has been given a goal to sell five cars by the end of the weekend. During the workday, she approaches every potential customer and makes an effort to engage with them and make a sale. When customers seem unsure about buying a car, she points out the car's best features and talks about the great deal she can give the customers if they buy. Marie is demonstrating what motivational mechanism of goal setting?

Goals increase your persistence.

Which of the following focuses on five core job characteristics that affect the psychological states of an employee, which in turn affect work outcomes?

Job characteristics model

What are the two means by which jobs are fitted to people? (Choose every correct answer.)

Job enrichment Job enlargement

Equity theory is focused on explaining how people work to achieve which of the following? (Choose every correct answer.)

Justice Fairness

The theory of motivation that asserts that people are motivated by physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization needs is ______ theory.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

What theories of motivation would be characterized as content perspectives?

Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory McClelland's acquired needs theory Herzberg's two-factor theory

The theory of motivation that asserts that achievement, affiliation, and power are the major motives determining people's behavior in the workplace is called ______.

McClelland's acquired needs theory

Which statements about motivation are true?

Multiple contextual and personal factors create motivation. Motivation can only be inferred from a person's behavior.

How does McClelland view needs?

Needs are something we learn from our culture.

Which statement about incentive compensation plans is true?

No one plan will boost the performance of all employees

What area of equity theory is concerned with the extent to which people believe they are being treated fairly at work?

Organizational justice

In equity theory, the outputs received from an organization include which of the following?

Pay Bonuses Praise

Hillary knows she needs a full-time job so she can buy groceries and clothing for her three children. Which level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs does this describe?

Physiological

Merilee is a seamstress in a garment factory, and she is paid $10 for each skirt she produces. What compensation plan does this describe?

Piece rate

What is important to Marie in the workplace is to be in charge and in a position of control over her co-workers. This reflects which of the following needs identified by McClelland's acquired needs theory?

Power

Which perspectives on motivation are concerned with the thought progression that leads to people deciding how to act?

Process perspectives

What type of incentive compensation plan involves the distribution of a portion of the company's profits to employees?

Profit sharing

What does the technique called scientific management seek to do? (Choose every correct answer.)

Raise employee productivity Reduce the number of tasks a worker performs Increase employee efficienc

Which are principal perspectives on motivation? (Choose every correct answer.)

Reinforcement Process Content Job design

"Consequences influence behavior" best describes which theory of motivation?

Reinforcement theory

What are the three critical psychological states identified by the job characteristics model? (Choose every correct answer.)

Responsibility for work outcomes Meaningfulness of work Knowledge of actual results of the work

What Tamika loves about her job is that every day brings new challenges, and she can use different talents and abilities to complete her job tasks. This is an example of which core job characteristic?

Skill variety

Asked to describe what was most meaningful about his job at the senior citizen center, Marc answered, "I make a difference every day to the lives of elderly people in our community." This is an example of which element of the job characteristics model?

Task significance

Which core job characteristic refers to the degree to which the individual perceives that the job affects the lives of others, whether inside or outside of the organization?

Task significance

Which of the following are core job characteristics in the Hackman and Oldham job characteristics model? (Choose every correct answer.)

Task significance Feedback Autonomy Skill variety

What are characteristics of the best incentive compensation plans?

They are agreed on by both employees and managers. They link rewards to performance.

True or false: Pay for performance allows different salaried employees to get different pay raises and other rewards.

True

What are three types of learning opportunities?

Tuition reimbursement Learning and development Studying co-workers

A survey showed that while most employees were pleased with the company's advancement opportunities and merit system, they were dissatisfied with factors such as pay scale and sharing an office with someone they disliked. These results exemplify which theory of motivation?

Two-factor theory

Which of the following would be characterized as hygiene factors in Herzberg's two-factor theory? (Choose every correct answer.)

Working conditions Salary

Elaine surpassed her sales goal and earned a small cash award for her strong performance. This is an example of a ___.

bonus program

Cash awards given to employees who achieve specific performance objectives are called ______.

bonuses

Louisa is a real estate salesperson. When she sells a house, she earns a sales ______ equal to 6 percent of the sales price of the house.

commission

According to equity theory, when people believe there is equity, they will ______.

continue their current behavior

Dividing work among employees and applying motivational theories to increase employee satisfaction are the two components of job:

design

Raises and other monetary incentives are examples of ______ rewards.

extrinsic

Janeen's boss is so pleased with her sales performance during the past quarter that he gives her a bonus. In terms of the model of motivation, the bonus represents a(n) ______.

extrinsic reward

What is the modern way of designing jobs?

fitting jobs to people

When rewarding an employee for a behavior, you should ______.

give rewards as soon as possible

The economic or protective potential of employee experience, actions, and knowledge is referred to as ______.

human capital

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, ______ are associated with job dissatisfaction.

hygiene factors

In equity theory, the education, experience, and skills that individuals contribute to their organizations are examples of ______.

inputs

Power that is used as a means to further organizational goals is known as ______ power.

institutional

Liu wants to better understand how to motivate employees at her company. Because she knows there is no single leading theory accepted by everyone on what motivates people, she looks into the top four perspectives: content, process, reinforcement, and ______.

job design

Scientific ______ is the process of reducing the number of tasks a worker performs.

management

To be successful, an incentive compensation plan must be ______.

measurable

Pay for performance, basing pay on one's results, is also known as ______ pay.

merit

The use of reinforcement theory to change human behavior is called behavior ______.

modification

The goal of an incentive compensation plan is to ______.

motivate employees to work harder for more money

The psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior are collectively called ______.

motivation

Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior are called ______.

needs

When analyzing the pay scale of her staff, Nanci saw that several equivalent positions in the department were paid at various rates. She felt that they needed to be balanced. Which aspect of equity theory is Nanci taking into consideration?

outputs

According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, ______ power is expressed in an individual's desire to dominate others.

personal

Contingency factors refer to the degree to which individuals want ___.

personal and psychological development

A pay-for-performance plan in which employees are paid according to their productivity is referred to as ______.

piece rate

To encourage Mikayla to help around the house, her mother offers to pay her $1 each time she makes her bed in the morning and puts her laundry in the hamper. This is an example of ______.

positive reinforcement

Your professor awards five bonus points for coming to class on time. This is an example of ______.

positive reinforcement

The distribution to employees of a percentage of the company's profits is known as ______.

profit sharing

In equity theory, people compare their ______.

ratio of inputs and outputs to the ratio of others in similar jobs

Anything that causes a given behavior to be repeated or inhibited is known as ______.

reinforcement

Sales representatives are paid a percentage of the earnings the company made from their sales in the form of a ______.

sales commission

The theory of motivation that asserts that people are driven to try to grow and attain fulfillment, with their behavior and well-being influenced by the three innate needs of competence, autonomy, and relatedness, is known as the ______ theory.

self-determination

According to the job characteristics model, the extent to which a job requires the job holder to use a wide range of different talents and abilities is known as ______.

skill variety

Jakob thought he would enjoy his job as a web designer, but it turns out that he is responsible only for updating web pages and not for creating them, too. According to the jobs characteristics model, Jakob has low ______.

task identity

Which core job characteristic describes the extent to which a job requires the worker to perform all of the tasks needed to complete the job from beginning to end?

task identity