Management chapter 14

What two key conclusions can we take away from behavioral approaches?

1. A leader's behavior is more important than his or her traits 2. There is no type of leader behavior that is best suited for all situations

What are the four basic skills for leaders? (list + description)

1. Cognitive abilities: to identify problems and their causes in rapidly changing situations 2. Interpersonal skills: to influence and persuade others 3. Business skills: to maximize the use of organizational assets 4. Conceptual skills: to draft an organization's mission, vision, strategies, and implementation

What are the four kinds of relationship-oriented behaviors

1. Consideration 2. Empowering leadership 3. Ethical leadership 4. Servant-leadership

What are the five traits that researcher Ralph Stogdill concluded were typical of successful leaders?

1. Dominance 2. Intelligence 3. Self-confidence 4. High energy 5. Task-relevant knowledge

What are the three dimensions of situational control?

1. Leader-member relations: Do my subordinates accept me as a leader? 2. Task structure: Do my subordinates perform unambiguous, easily understood tasks? 3. Position power: Do I have the power to reward and punish?

What are the four types of leadership behaviors that influence leadership effectiveness?

1. Task-oriented 2. Relationship-oriented 3. Passive leadership 4. Transformational

What four conclusions does the trait theory yield?

1. We cannot ignore the implications of leadership traits 2. The positive and "dark trait" traits suggest the qualities you should cultivate and avoid if you want to assume a leadership role in the future 3. Organizations may want to include personality and trait assessments in their selection and evaluation process 4. Cross-cultural competency is an increasingly valued task-oriented trait

What two conclusions resulted from studies conducted by DDI and the Conference Board regarding men and women managers?

1. Women leaders are less confident than men and less likely to rate themselves highly 2. Women and men are very similar on management skills like "building high-performance cultures; engaging employees; cultivating a customer-focused culture; creating alignment and accountability, etc.", and thus, "the disparity in gender diversity has little to do with competence levels"

Passive leadership (definition)

A form of leadership behavior characterized by a lack of leadership skills, such as management-by-exception style management

Pressure (definition)

A persuasion tactic that involves demanding compliance or using intimidation or threats

Activist investor (Definition)

A shareholder who owns more than 5 percent of a public company's voting stock and desires to change management practices

Exchange (definition)

A type of persuasion tactic that involves making explicit or implied promises and trading favors

Situational approach (definition)

Also called contingency approach; approach where its s believed that effective leadership behavior depends on the situation at hand

What do trait approaches to leadership attempt to do?

Attempts to identify distinctive characteristics that account for the effectiveness of leaders

What do adults value most in women?

Attractiveness (35 percent) and empathy/nurturing (30 percent)

The quote, "None of these accomplishments happened because of one individual's effort. They happened because, in Newark, we brought together new coalitions of grassroots neighborhood groups and elected leaders, nonprofits, labor unions, developers and philanthropists. I am proud of the unity that was forged here" is an example of what type of persuasion tactic?

Coalition tactics: getting others to support your efforts to persuade someone

_______ results from managers' authority to punish their subordinates

Coercive power

_________ ________ behavior promotes social interactions and identification with the team and leader

Consideration leader

It it better to consult or legitimate?

Consult: employees are more apt to accept change when mangers rely on a consultative strategy and more likely to resist change when managers use a legitimating tactic

"I end up asking a lot of questions," says Nike's CEO, Mark Parker. Known for encouraging and seeking ideas from even junior members of management, Parker deliberately avoids a micro-managing style. What type of persuasion does he most likely utilize?

Consultation: getting others to participate in planning, decision making, and changes

Contingency leadership model (Definition)

Developed by Fred Fiedler; determines if a leader's style is 1) task-oriented or 2) relationship-oriented, and if that style is effective for the situation at hand

_____ _______ is positively related to employee job satisfaction, organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, motivation, and task performance, and negatively associated with job stress, counterproductive work behavior, and intentions to quit

Ethical leadership

True or false: There are more women leaders in consumer products, transportation, tech, energy, and automative industries than in health care, education, and retail industries

False: There are more women leaders in health care, education, and retail industries

True or false: We can ignore the implications of leadership traits

False: Traits play a central role in the wa awe perceive leaders, and they do ultimately affect leadership effectiveness

True or false: A study conducted by DDI found many differences between men and women in their levels of hard or soft skills

False: they found almost no differences

True or false: Studies show that men preformed better than women on almost every criterion in regard to managers' personalities and characteristics

False: women performed better

True or false: you should try to impersonate someone you admire when trying to use persuasion tactics

False: you should be authentic when using persuasion tactics

True or false: Facilitating is associated with leadership

False; facilitating is associated with managing, while influencing is associated with leadership

True or false: Managerial leadership may only be demonstrated by managers appointed to their positions

False; managerial leadership can be demonstrated by managers appointed to their positions, and also by those who exercise leadership on a daily basis but don't carry formal management titles

What did studies find regarding female versus male CEO's and activist investors?

Female CEOs are more likely than male CEOs to come under threat from activist investors, and also are more likely to have simultaneous threats from multiple activist investors

Path-goal leadership model (definition)

Founded by Robert House; holds that the effective leader makes available to followers desirable rewards in the workplace and increases their motivation by clarifying the paths, or behavior, that will help them achieve the goals and providing them with support

What does John Kotter say in considering management versus leadership?

He suggests that one is not better than the other, but that they are complementary systems of action

What do adults value most in men?

Honesty and morality (33 percent), followed by professionalism and financial success (23 percent)

Situational control (definition)

How much control and influence a leader has in the immediate work environment

Subtle flattery and agreement with the other person's opinion (both forms of ingratiation) were shown to (increase/decrease) the likelihood that executives would win recommendation to sit on board of directors

Increase; its important to be subtle

_________ involves getting someone in a good mood prior to making a request, through means such as being friendly and helpful and using praise, flattery, or humor

Ingratiation

What time of persuasion involves trying to build enthusiasm by appealing to others' emotions, ideals, or values?

Inspirational appeals

Ingratiation (is/is not) a good long term strategy

Is not; it improves short-term sales goal achievement but reduced it in the long term

Consideration (leadership definition)

Leader behavior that is concerned with group members' needs and desires and that is directed at creating mutual respect or trust

Creating and articulating the plan and vision, managing people, and acting decisively describes the characteristics of ________

Leaders

________ is about coping with change

Leadership

___________ is a persuasion tactic that involves basing a request on authority or right, organizational rules or policies, or explicit/implied support from superiors

Legitimating tactics

Ineffective interpersonal behaviors were slightly ______ frequent among female managers but slightly ______ damaging to women than men

Less, more

__________ is about coping with complexity

Management

_________ is the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives

Managerial leadership

Executing plans and delivering goods and services, acting responsibly, and implementing a company's vision describes the characteristics of ________

Managers

Are men or women better at dealing with stress and remaining emotionally stable?

Men

Narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy are all _________ ________ attributes

Negative interpersonal

Ethical leadership (definition)

Normatively appropriate behavior that focuses on being a moral role model; includes communicating ethical values to others, rewarding ethical behavior, and treating followers with care and concern

According to this leadership model, a successful leader helps followers by tying meaningful rewards to goal accomplishment, reducing barriers, and providing support, so as to increase "the number and kinds of personal payoffs to subordinate for work-goal attainment"

Path-goal leadership

What type of persuasion involves referring to friendship and loyalty when making a request or asking a friend to do a favor?

Personal appeals

Personalized power versus socialized power

Personalized power is directed at helping oneself as a way of enhancing their own selfish ends Socialized power is directed at helping others

Examples of task-oriented leadership behaviors

Planning, clarifying, monitoring, and problem solving

Extraversion, agreeableness, and emotional intelligence are all _______ _________ attributes

Positive interpersonal

Intelligence, conscientiousness, openness to experience, emotional stability, and positive affect are all what kinds of traits?

Positive task-oriented traits

Expert power (definition)

Power resulting from one's specialized information or expertise

Legitimate power (definition)

Power that results from managers formal positions within then organization

Relationship-oriented leadership (purpose)

Primarily concerned with the leaders' interactions with his or her people; emphasis is on enhancing employees' skills and creating positive work relationships among co-workers and between the leader and the led

_______ ________ is trying to convince someone with reason, logic, or facts

Rational persuasion

It's important to rely on the core influence tactics when trying to persuade someone, as they are most effective at building commitment. What is included as core influence tactics?

Rational persuasion, consultation, collaboration, and inspirational appeals

What type of power is derived from one's personal attraction?

Referent power

Asking open questions and listening attentively are one of the simplest and best ways to engage in what type of leadership behavior?

Relationship-oriented

Leaders with ________ _________ leadership behavior often act as mentors, providing career advice, giving employees assignments that will broad their skills, and empowering them to make their own decisions

Relationship-oriented

Power that results from mangers' authority to reward their subordinates is called _________

Reward power

Initiating structure leadership and transactional leadership are two important kinds of ___________ behavior

Task-oriented leader behavior

Leadership (definition)

The ability to influence employees to voluntarily pursue organizational goals

Behavioral leadership approaches' focus is:

To determine the key behaviors displayed by effective leaders

Task-oriented leadership behaviors (purpose)

To ensure that people, equipment, and other resources are used in an efficient way to accomplish the mission of a group or organization

________, _______, and _______ affect our ability to effectively engage in leadership behaviors

Traits, gender, and leadership skills

True or false: Men were observed to display more task leadership than women

True

True or false: more adults believed women face pressure to be involved parents than believed men do

True. (77 percent versus 49 percent)

True or false: influence tactics can be taught and learned

True: its important to learn to influence

(Women/men) ranked ahead in initiative and communication, openness and innovation, sociability and supportiveness, and methodical approach to management and goal setting

Women

Peers, managers, direct reports, and judges/trained observers rated (men/women) executives as more effective

Women

(Women/men) use a more democratic or participative style, and (women/men) used a more autocratic and directive style

Women, men

Global mind-set (definition)

Your belief in your ability to influence dissimilar others in a global context