Management Exam 2 Review

A key difference between affirmative action and diversity is that ____.

Diversity has a broader focus

Which of the following statements explains why diversity actually makes good business sense?

Diversity helps companies attract and recruit talented employees.

Which of the following diversity practices is a special kind of mentoring?

Diversity pairing

To ensure that sexual harassment laws are followed and not violated, companies should ____. a. make sure they are acting in compliance with not only federal but also local laws b. respect the privacy of the accused and the accusers c. write a clear, understandable, strongly worded policy that is well publicized within the company d. do all of these e. respond immediately when sexual harassment is reported

Do all of these

With divisions that focus on business clients and consumer clients, companies like Sprint, American Express, and others are examples of ____ departmentalization.

Customer

Job specialization can result in ____.

Employee boredom

An individual's ____ refers to his or her tendency to respond to situations and events in a predetermined manner.

Disposition

____ are both examples of cooperative contracts.

Franchising and licensing

Which of the following statements about functional departmentalization is true?

Functional departmentalization allows work to be done by highly qualified specialists

The trade agreement that represented the most significant change to the regulations governing global trade during the 1990s was the:

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

When incremental improvements are made to a dominant technological design such that the improved version of the technology is fully backward compatible with the older version, ____ is said to have occurred.

Generational change

Organizational development ____.

Is a philosophy and collection of planned change interventions

The chain of command ____.

Is described by none of these

A __________ is a purposeful, systematic process for collecting information on the important work-related aspects of a job.

Job analysis

An organization that has increased the number of different tasks that a worker performs within one particular job has engaged in ____.

Job enlargement

__________ means increasing the number of tasks in a particular job and giving workers the power to make decisions about their own work.

Job enrichment

____ help companies meet the legal requirement that their human resource decisions be job-related.

Job specifications, job analyses, and job descriptions

In order to be considered ____, recruitment, selection, training, performance appraisals, and employee separations must be valid and be directly related to the important aspects of the job and identified by a careful job analysis.

Job-related

A technology cycle occurs whenever there are major advances or changes in the ____ in a field or discipline.

Knowledge, tools, and techniques

Which of the following training methods is most appropriate for imparting information or knowledge to trainees?

Lectures and planned readings

____ is the process of gathering information about job applicants to decide who should be offered a job.

Selection

Which of the following types of teams have the authority to change their composition as well as all of their tasks and work methods?

Self designing teams

When a CEO opened the nationwide sales force meeting with a crude sexually explicit joke it was an example of ____.

Sexual harassment

Which of the following statements about sexual harassment is true?

Sexual harassment can occur between people of the same sex

An organization that rewards its team members through gainsharing is ____.

Sharing the financial value of performing gains

Affective conflict ____.

Typically decreases team cohesiveness

The term ____ is used by Hofstede to describe the degree to which people in a country are uncomfortable with unstructured, ambiguous, unpredictable situations.

Uncertainty avoidance

Which of the following is one of the three steps in the basic process of managing organizational change outlined by Kurt Lewin?

Unfreezing

Which of the following is an example of a diversity principle that will help managers do a better job of managing company diversity programs? a. Treat group differences as important, but not special. b. Find the common ground. c. All of these are examples of diversity principles. d. Tailor opportunities to individuals, not groups. e. Set high but realistic goals.

All of these are examples of diversity principles

A country or region that has an attractive business climate for companies that want to go global has ____.

An effective but cost-efficient place to build an office or manufacturing site

In the typical S-curve pattern of innovation, increased effort (i.e., money, research and development) brings only small improvements in technological performance ____,

At both the beginning and the end of the cycle

When significant improvements in performance can ONLY be gained through radical new designs or new performance-enhancing materials, it is likely that a company is ____ in the S-curve pattern of innovation.

At the end of the innovation cycle

____ is the degree to which a job gives workers the discretion, freedom, and independence to decide how and when to accomplish their jobs.

Autonomy

To improve traditional performance appraisal feedback sessions, it is recommended that managers ____.

Base performance appraisal feedback sessions on self-appraisals

The first stage of organizational decline is:

Blinded

The fact that a 98-pound job candidate is not hired as a dock worker to move 60-pound boxes of produce is legal as a result of ____.

Bona fide occupational qualifications (BFOQs)

Organizational authority is traditionally characterized by:

Chain of command

A(n) ____ is the individual who is formally in charge of guiding a change effort.

Change agent

Which of the following types of tests accurately predicts job performance in almost all kinds of jobs?

Cognitive ability tests

Before beginning to recruit, organizations must ____.

Conduct a job analysis

People with the Big Five dimension of ____ respond well under stress.

Emotional stability

Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality dimensions?

Empathy

Hofstede's research has shown there are:

Five consistent dimensions of cultural differences across countries

Minority domination tends to be a particular problem in ____.

Group of ten or larger

According to Hofstede, when people in a culture are oriented to the present and seek immediate gratification, that culture is described as ____.

Having a short-term orientation

The evidence clearly shows that __________ is the most important factor in determining the success or failure of an international assignment.

How well an expatriate's spouse and family adjust to the foreign culture

The organizational process ____.

Is the collection of activities that transform inputs into outputs that customers value

____ determines the number, kind, and variety of tasks that individual workers perform in their jobs.

Job design

Decentralization ____.

Leads to faster decision making and more satisfied customers and employees

A(n) __________ function is an activity that contributes directly to creating or selling the company's products.

Line

In terms of the chain of command, ____ authority is the right to command immediate subordinates, while ____ authority is the right to advise but not command others who are not subordinates.

Line; staff

A(n) ____ organization is an organization that is characterized by specialized jobs and responsibilities; precisely defined, unchanging roles; and a rigid chain of command based on centralized authority and vertical communication.

Mechanistic

A(n) ____ organization is one that is characterized by broadly defined jobs and responsibilities; loosely defined, frequently changing roles; and decentralized authority and horizontal communication based on task knowledge.

Organic

A team has finally matured into a fully-functioning team at the ____ stage of development.

Performing

Which of the following is one of the stages that teams pass through as they develop and grow, rather than decline?

Performing

____ is the relatively stable set of behaviors, attitudes, and emotions displayed over time that makes people different from each other.

Personality

Historically, most companies have used the ____ to successfully enter foreign markets.

Phase model of globalization

Starbucks is expanding its global operations into South America in spite of the real probability of civil wars and terrorist activities in many of the continent's nations. As Starbucks expands into South America, it must deal with ____.

Political uncertainty

What are the two types of political risk that affect companies conducting global business?

Political uncertainty and policy uncertainty

____ is the process of solving problems by consistently applying the same rules, procedures, and processes.

Standardization

____ is the ability to change organizational structures, policies, and practices if it helps teams meet their stretch goals.

Structural accommodation

The __________ interview uses only standardized, job-related interview questions that are prepared ahead of time and asked of all candidates.

Structured

In 2000, the United States imposed a tax on all steel imports in an effort to protect about 5,000 jobs. This tax is an example of a(n) ____.

Tariff

The two general kinds of trade barriers are:

Tariff barriers and non tariff barriers

Which of the following is the most commonly used paradigm for managing diversity?

The discrimination and fairness paradigm

Which of the following statements about team development is true?

The growth stages are forming, norming, and performing

One of the major questions that a company must typically answer about its future, once it has decided to go global is ____.

To what extent should the company standardize or adapt business procedures?

Which of the following statements about job validation tests is true?

Validation refers to the process of determining how well a selection test or procedure predicts future job performance.

According to the text, a(n) ____ is a small number of people with complementary skills who hold themselves mutually accountable for pursuing a common purpose, achieving performance goals, and improving interdependent work processes.

Work team

A __________ is a performance appraisal process in which feedback is obtained from the boss, subordinates, peers and co-workers, and the employees themselves.

360-degree feedback

Which of the following size teams usually provides the best performance?

6 to 9

The ____ is a rule of thumb used by the courts and the EEOC to determine whether there is evidence of adverse impact. A violation of this rule occurs when the selection rate for a protected group is less than a specified level of the selection rate for a nonprotected group.

80 percent rule

____ undermines team effectiveness by preventing teams from engaging in the kinds of activities that are critical to team effectiveness.

Affective conflict

The purposeful steps taken by an organization to create employment opportunities for minorities and women is called ____.

Affirmative action

Unlike ____, which punishes companies for not achieving specific gender and race differences in their work forces, ____ programs seek to benefit both organizations and their employees by encouraging organizations to value all kinds of differences.

Affirmative action; diversity

Which of the following statements describes an advantage of the results-driven change approach to managing change? a. It supplants the sole emphasis on activity with a focus on quickly measuring and improving results. b. Managers actually test to see if changes make a difference. c. Quick, visible improvements motivate employees to continue to make additional changes. d. Managers introduce changes in policies, procedures, rules, and regulations only when they will improve measured performance. e. All of these were cited as advantages of the results-driven change approach

All of these were cited as advantages of the results-driven change approach

Older workers ____.

Are accurately described by none of these

The two basic types of diversity training programs are ____.

Awareness training and skills-based diversity training

How are organizations using teams to help increase customer satisfaction?

By creating problem-solving teams to study ways to improve customer satisfaction and make recommendations for improvements

According to social psychologist Kurt Lewin, ____ lead to differences in the form, quality, or condition of an organization over time, while ____ support the status quo, or the existing state of conditions in an organization.

Change forces; resistance forces

Which of the following methods for managing resistance to change should only be used as a last resort or under crisis conditions? a. coercion b. reinforcement modification c. mentoring d. arbitration e. negotiation

Coercion

Which of the following statements regarding cohesiveness is true?

Cohesive groups have lower turnover

____ is the extent to which team members are attracted to a team and motivated to remain with it.

Cohesiveness

Affirmative action programs are typically designed to ____.

Compensate for past discrimination

The term ____ refers to both the financial and nonfinancial rewards organizations give employees in exchange for their work.

Compensation

The ____ approach to managing innovation assumes that innovation is a predictable process made up of a series of steps and that compressing the time it takes to complete those steps can speed up innovation.

Compression

The __________ approach to managing innovation assumes that innovation is a predictable process made up of a series of steps and that compressing the time it takes to complete those steps can speed up innovation.

Compression

Which of the Big Five personality measures has the greatest impact on behavior in organizations?

Conscientiousness

The ____ strategy of minimizing or adapting to the political risk inherent to global business makes use of joint ventures and collaborative contracts.

Cooperation

A(n) ____ is an agreement in which a foreign business owner pays a company a fee for the right to conduct that business in his or her country.

Cooperative contract

____ are workplace cultures in which workers perceive that new ideas are welcomed, valued, and encouraged.

Creative work environments

The ____ is purposefully composed of employees from different functional areas of the organization.

Cross-functional team

Which of the following statements about team training is true?

Cross-training is less appropriate for teams of highly skilled workers.

A technology ____ begins with the birth of a new technology and ends when that technology reaches its limits and dies as it is replaced by a newer, substantially better technology.

Cycle

____ involves assigning direct authority and responsibility to a subordinate to complete tasks for which the manager is normally responsible.

Delegation of authority

____ is a general term that refers to subdividing work and workers into separate organizational units that are responsible for completing particular tasks.

Departmentalization

____ is a method of investment in which a company builds a new business or buys an existing business in a foreign country.

Direct foreign investment

____ is the phase of a technology cycle characterized by technological substitution and design competition.

Discontinuous change

____ is intentional discrimination that occurs when people are purposefully not given the same hiring, promotion, or membership opportunities because of their race, sex, age, ethnic group, national origin, or religious beliefs.

Disparate treatment

____ helps companies grow by improving the quality of problem solving and improving marketplace understanding.

Diversity

____ is a term that describes a situation in organizations when there is a variety of demographic, cultural, and personal differences among the people who work there and the customers who do business there.

Diversity

____ within P&G's management has led the company to realize that Hispanic consumers "are more likely to support a company or brand that is active in their community."

Diversity

A(n) ____ is a formal assessment that measures employee and management attitudes, investigates the extent to which people are advantaged or disadvantaged with respect to hiring and promotions, and reviews companies' diversity-related policies and procedures.

Diversity audit

An ESOP is an:

Employee stock ownership plan

Fran Wilson Creative Cosmetics is a medium-sized U.S. company that sells 1.5 million tubes of its lipstick annually in Japan. It has no physical presence within the country beyond the fact its products are sold there. Fran Wilson Creative Cosmetics uses ____ to reach the Japanese market.

Exporting

____ occurs when a company sells domestically produced products to customers in foreign countries.

Exporting

Which of the following represents the correct sequence for the phase model of globalization?

Exporting; cooperative contracts; strategic alliances; wholly owned affiliates

____ departmentalization is defined as organizing work and workers into separate units responsible for particular business functions or areas of expertise.

Functional

Which of the following is a method used for compensating employees for team participation and accomplishments?

Gainsharing

The acronym GATT stands for the ____.

General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade

Which of the following questions is deemed acceptable (i.e., "legal") for employers to ask applicants during the selection process?

Have you ever been convicted of a crime?

Organizational ____ is the successful implementation of creative ideas in organizations.

Innovation

Which of the following is an example of an objective performance measure?

Input/output measures

Two of the most important results of a job analysis are ____.

Job descriptions and job specifications

An expatriate is someone who:

Lives and works outside of his or her own country

In terms of Hofstede's cultural differences, the people who are described as happy-go-lucky and are people who are comfortable with an unstructured life and deal well with sudden changes. In terms of Hofstede's cultural differences, these people have a ____.

Low degree of uncertainty avoidance

Except for the core business activities that they can perform better, faster, and cheaper than others, __________ outsource all remaining business activities to outside companies, suppliers, specialists, or consultants.

Modular organizations

____ is the set of shared values and beliefs that affects the perceptions, decisions, and behavior of people from a particular country.

National Culture

Hallmark has four departments. These departments are (1) Flowers and Gifts, (2) Cards and E-cards, (3) Hallmark Collectibles, and (4) Photo Albums and Scrapbooks. Hallmark uses ____ departmentalization.

Product

The ____ is created to complete specific, one-time projects or tasks within a limited time.

Project team

The development of the DVD player was a source of ____ to companies in the movie industry just as VHS tapes had once been.

Technological discontinuity

Which of the following is a paradigm for managing diversity?

The learning and effectiveness paradigm

In the autonomy continuum (which shows how five kinds of teams differ in terms of autonomy), the correct sequence, from low team autonomy to high team autonomy, is ____.

Traditional work groups, employee involvement teams, semi-autonomous work groups, self-managing teams, and self-designing teams

____ means providing opportunities for employees to develop the job-specific skills, experience, and knowledge they need to do their jobs or improve their performance.

Training

A(n) ____ is defined as a team composed of geographically and/or organizationally dispersed coworkers who use telecommunications and information technologies to accomplish an organizational task.

Virtual team

Which of the following jobs would be most likely to require someone who has high degree of extraversion?

Salesperson

Former female employees of a national real estate brokerage firm claimed that they were subjected to lewd remarks, unwanted groping, and sexual propositions by male co-workers. According to their attorney, "The firm created a frat-house culture and then failed to do anything about it." Their suit claims the women were victims of ____.

A hostile work environment

Which of the following statements about disabilities is true?

Accommodations for disabilities needn't be excessive

When managers delegate work, three transfers occur. The three transfers are responsibility, authority, and ____.

Accountability

Team norms in an organization can create ____. a. more trust in management b. increased job satisfaction c. stronger organizational commitment d. negative behaviors, such as breaking rules e. all of these

All of these

To which of the following aspects of the human resource management process does federal employment law apply? a. all of these b. performance appraisals c. selection decisions d. compensation decisions e. training and development activities

All of these

Which of the following factors should be considered when choosing an office/manufacturing location in the Brazilian market for a U.S. company that operates cinemas and wants to open a chain of movie theatres there? a. tariff and nontariff barriers b. all of these c. exchange rates d. work force quality e. the strategy of the movie theater chain

All of these

Which of the following is a component of a creative work environment that encourages creativity? a. organizational encouragement b. the development of challenging work c. all of these d. the removal of organizational impediments e. the granting of autonomy

All of these

Which of the following is one of the ways in which training can be evaluated? a. on how much employees learned b. how job performance improved c. how much employees actually modified their on-the- job behavior d. all of these e. reactions of employees

All of these

Which of the following types of information would typically be collected as part of a job analysis? a. job context b. tools and equipment used c. work activities d. all of these e. knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to do the job

All of these

Which of the following is a reason teamwork can be more satisfying than traditional work? a. Teamwork gives workers a chance to improve their skills. b. All of these are reasons why teamwork can be more satisfying than traditional work. c. Teamwork often allows teams to receive proprietary business information that is only available to managers. d. Teamwork gives workers unique leadership responsibilities which enable them to build individual leadership skills. e. Teamwork provides team members with unique work opportunities.

All of these are reasons why teamwork can be more satisfying than traditional work

Which of the following statements describe an advantage teams have over individuals in the decision-making process? a. Teams are able to view problems from multiple perspectives. b. Teams generate more commitment to making the decisions work. c. Teams can identify problems more efficiently and more quickly. d. All of these describe advantages teams have over individuals in the decision-making process. e. Teams generate more alternative solutions.

All of these describe advantages teams have over individuals in the decision-making process.

With ____, teams no longer have to go through the frustratingly slow process of multilevel reviews and signoffs to get management approval before making changes.

Bureaucratic immunity

It is appropriate to use a(n) ____ approach to manage innovation in more certain environments during periods of incremental change, in which the goals are lower costs and incremental improvements in the performance and function of the existing technological design.

Compression

____ is the process of finding, developing, and keeping the right people for the company.

Human resource management

Diversity helps companies grow by ____.

Improving marketplace understanding

Patterns of innovation over time that can create sustainable competitive advantage are called:

Innovation streams

The central concern of the job characteristics model (JCM) is ____.

Internal motivation

To make sure that people with disabilities have the same opportunities as everyone else, organizations can ____.

Make a commitment to reasonable workplace accommodations

With ____ departmentalization, most employees report to two bosses.

Matrix

A(n) __________ organization is an organization that is characterized by specialized jobs and responsibilities, precisely defined, unchanging roles, and a rigid chain of command based on centralized authority and vertical communication.

Mechanistic

Which of the following statements about performance appraisal is true?

Most employees and managers intensely dislike the performance appraisal process.

All global new ventures share two common factors. One is the bringing of a good or service to several different foreign markets at the same time. The other is ____.

None of these

Group cohesion tends to be relatively strong at the ____ stage of team development.

Norming

____ are informally agreed-on standards that regulate team behavior.

Norms

According to John Kotter's analysis of the errors managers make when leading change, the first and potentially most serious of these errors is:

Not establishing a great enough sense of urgency

Creativity was needed to improve efficiency without raising costs at one automobile maker. Over the last few years, the company has successfully implemented a creative engineering program that allows its plants to produce more than one type of car from the same assembly line. This successful change to a flexible manufacturing system is an example of ____.

Organizational innovation

The term ____ refers to a work environment where (1) each member is empowered to contribute in a way that maximizes the benefits to the organization, customers, and themselves; and (2) the individuality of each member is respected by not segmenting or polarizing people on the basis of their membership in a particular group.

Organizational plurality

While ____ emphasizes jobs and their authority relationships, ____ emphasizes the activities through which work gets done in the organization.

Organizational structure; organizational process

Procter & Gamble has divisions for personal and beauty, house and home, health and wellness, baby and family, and pet nutrition and care. These divisions indicate that the company uses ____ departmentalization.

Product

Two factors help determine the growth potential of foreign markets. They are foreign competition and:

Purchasing power

Which of the following factors helps a company determine the growth potential of a foreign market?

Purchasing power

From a legal perspective, there are two kinds of sexual harassment. They are ____.

Quid pro quo and hostile work environment

Which of the following might account for the disparities between the percentages of African, Hispanic, and Asian Americans among the general population and their smaller representation in management positions?

Racial or ethnic discrimination in the workplace

The three types of task interdependence are

Reciprocal, pooled, and sequential

__________ is a fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical measures of performance, such as cost, quality, service, and speed.

Reengineering

Which of the following statements about resistance to change is true?

Resistance to change will always occur; it is inevitable

Nearly all technology cycles follow the typical ____ pattern of innovation.

S-curve

____ is the degree to which group members are psychologically attracted to working with each other to accomplish a common objective.

Social integration

____ occurs when workers withhold their efforts and fail to perform their share of the work.

Social loafing

____ are long-term, low-interest loans, cash grants, and tax deductions used to develop and protect companies or special industries.

Subsidies

____ is the degree to which a job is perceived to have a substantial impact on others inside or outside the organization.

Task significance

Teams are typically required when ____.

Tasks require multiple perspectives

____ describes the average level of ability, experience, personality, or any other factor on a team.

Team level

Team rewards that depend on __________ are the key to rewarding team behaviors and efforts.

Team performance rather than individual performance

In order from beginning to end, the phases of a technology cycle within an innovation stream consist of ____.

Technological discontinuity, discontinuous change, dominant design, and incremental change

Discontinuous change in an innovation stream is characterized by ____.

Technological substitution

Global business is defined as____.

The buying and selling of goods and services to people from different countries

Conscientiousness is ____.

The degree to which someone is organized, hardworking, responsible, and achievement-oriented

Organizational plurality is consistent with ____.

The learning and effectiveness paradigm

Organizational plurality is consistent with:

The learning and effectiveness paradigm