Management Test Chapter 2

A _____ is a graphical chart that shows which tasks must be completed at which times in order to complete a project or task.

Gantt chart

Which of the following is true of a Gantt chart?

It shows time in various units on the x-axis and tasks on the y-axis.

Which of the following is true of the contingency approach to management?

It suggests that managers need to spend more time analyzing problems, situations, and employees before taking action to fix them.

_____ invented the printing press in the 14th century.

Johannes Gutenberg

_____ contributed to the history of management thought and practice by using the four functions of management—planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.

Xenophon

_____ was the first individual to recognize management as a separate art.

Xenophon

_____ is a set of interrelated elements or parts that function as a whole.

A system

The aim of bureaucracy is to:

Achieve an organization's goals in the most efficient way possible.

In the context of systems management, _____ can function without interacting with their environments.

Closed systems

A systems view of organizations forces managers to:

Be aware of how the environment affects specific parts of the organization.

_____ is best known for his ideas about cooperation and the acceptance of authority.

Chester Barnard

Which of the following is a characteristic of a bureaucracy as described by Max Weber?

Clear division of tasks, responsibilities, and authority

Danielle is a manager at a restaurant. The employees bring to her notice that they are dissatisfied with their jobs; they feel they are not paid enough for the number of hours they work. They demand a 20 percent increase in their salaries and a two-hour reduction in their working hours. After several rounds of negotiations, both Danielle and her employees agree on a 15 percent salary hike and a reduction of one hour in their working hours. The concept of _____ is illustrated in this scenario.

Compromise

_____ is an approach to dealing with conflict in which both parties give up some of what they want in order to reach agreement on a plan to reduce or settle the conflict.

Compromise

The _____ to management holds that there are no universal management theories.

Contingency approach

Green Tractor Inc. faced a major conflict. The employees asked for a 10 percent raise in salary and a more flexible schedule. However, the management declared that it needed to freeze salaries and lay off 100 employees. After months of tense negotiations, the management declined the employees' requests, and as per its plan, it froze salaries and fired 100 employees. This approach to dealing with conflict is known as:

Domination.

_____ demonstrated that human factors related to work were more important than the physical conditions or design of the work.

Elton Mayo's Hawthorne Studies

In the context of Henri Fayol's principles of management, _____ refers to kind, fair, and just treatment for all.

Equity

In the context of Henri Fayol's principles of management, the term _____ refers to developing a strong sense of morale and unity among workers that encourages coordination of efforts.

Esprit de corps

According to the Hawthorne Studies, _____.

Financial incentives aren't necessarily the most important motivator for workers

The point of integrative conflict resolution is to:

Have both conflicting parties indicate their preferences and then work together to find an alternative that meets the needs of both.

According to Mary Parker Follett, when two desires are _____, it means that a solution has been found in which both desires have found a place and neither side has to sacrifice anything.

Integrated

According to Max Weber, in bureaucratic organizations, _____ should decide who gets promoted.

Managers

_____ believed that coordination and control should be based on facts and information.

Mary Parker Follet

_____ first proposed the idea of bureaucratic organizations.

Max Weber

Frank and Lillian Gilbreth are best known for their use of _____ to simplify work.

Motion studies

In the context of scientific management, which of the following studies involved the breaking of each task or job into separate movements and the elimination of those that were unnecessary or repetitive to simplify work?

Motion study

Who among the following was the first individual to follow the management practice of wage incentives and production control?

Nebuchadnezzar

In the context of systems management, _____ can sustain themselves only by interacting with their environments on which they depend for their survival.

Open systems

_____ involves managing the daily production of goods and services.

Operations management

_____ uses a quantitative or mathematical approach to find ways to increase productivity, improve quality, and manage or reduce costly inventories.

Operations management

The first technologies to truly revolutionize the business use of information were:

Paper and the printing press.

According to Max Weber, which of the following characterizes one of the elements of bureaucratic organizations?

Rules and procedures apply to all members of an organization.

Kraft Foods has created five global product divisions (beverages, snacks, cheese and dairy, convenience foods, and grocery) and two marketing divisions (one for North America and the other for all the other regions). According to the systems approach to management, these seven divisions are examples of _____.

Subsystems

_____ were the first to keep written records as part of their management practice.

Sumerians

_____ occurs when two or more subsystems working together can produce more than they can working apart.

Synergy

Mary Parker Follet proposed:

The theories of constructive conflict and coordination.

According to Chester Barnard, the extent to which workers willingly cooperate in an organization depends on:

The workers' perception of executive authority.

_____ were the first to introduce numbering, standardization, and interchangeability of parts in the management system.

Venetians

According to Chester Barnard, an organization is:

A system of consciously coordinated activities or forces created by two or more people.