management test
systems perspective STEPS
(1) recognition of internal interdependencies; (2) recognition of environmental influence
contingency perspective STEPS
(1) recognition of the situational nature of management; (2) response to particular characteristics of a situation
not-for-profit organizations
(government organizations, educational organizations, health care facilities, and nontraditional organizations).
including profit-seeking organizations
(large, small, and start-up businesses and international businesses)
Disagreement about what is right and wrong greatest concern- Justice...want to know:
"Is it Consistant with what is fair?"
Disagreement about what is right and wrong greatest concern- Caring...want to know:
"Is it consistent with responsibility to care?"
codes of ethics
A formal, written statement of the values and ethical standards that guide a firm's actions
The National Football League focused on an anti-domestic violence initiative as part of its social responsibility efforts. If you were the manager leading the initiative, how would you most thoroughly evaluate its effectiveness?
Conduct a social audit to identify what was accomplished.
Gillette has the largest market share in men's razors and blades, products that offer little growth potential. The planning team wants to pursue a high-growth/high-potential market. As an expert in international business, what do you tell the team?
Consumers in these markets lack wealth and will be price-sensitive
The task environment consists of elements that influence a given organization. Which of the following would be part of the task environment of a media company that makes videos? Check all that apply.
Consumers of video content Suppliers of cameras and lights
Four steps in Frederick Taylor's system of scientific management Step 4
Continue to plan the work, but use workers to get the work done.
Will we need to enforce close supervision in foreign locations?
Control
After reviewing data on a number of stimulus projects that are underway, a senator decides which ones she will vote to defund because they do not meet her standards.
Controlling
Diversity
Exists in a group or organization when its members differ from one another along one or more important dimensions, such as age, gender, or ethnicity
Lou is a supervisor at the Dairy Queen, where he focuses on setting employee schedules and training new employees. Lou's management role deals primarily with
Human Resources
Douglas McGregor Theory
Theory X and Theory Y model best represents the essence of the human relations movie. Theoru X and Y reflect two extreme belief sets that different managers have about their workers
. Based on research findings about people of the Baby Boomer generation, what attitudes can you expect your new colleagues to hold? Check all that apply.
They tend to believe that hard world and sacrifice should be rewarded They tend to place work at the center of their lives They tend to feel loyalty to the organization
Mainstreet Collection imports goods manufactured elsewhere for wholesale to U.S.-based retailers. Which of the following are either advantages or disadvantages that Mainstreet Collection experiences with this business model? Check all that apply.
Transportation expense to move product between markets Capitalize on lower labor costs Taxes and tariffs charged to move goods between markets
Who was one of the first managers to recognize the importance of human resources?
Robert owens
Which law requires CEOs and CFOs to personally vouch for the truthfulness of their firms' financial disclosures?
Sarbanes-Oxley Act
Four steps in Frederick Taylor's system of scientific management Step 2
Scientifically select employees and then train them to do the job as described.
A resistance to change and ambiguity
Uncertainty avoidance
The leadership team asks you to diagnose the aspects of the international environment with which it has struggled the most. What is your diagnosis?
Understanding the cultural encuroments in the respective country markets
Uncertainty
Unpredictability created by environmental change and complexity -is a driving force that influences many organizational decisions.
You are the manager of a team, and you know that someday one of your employees may disclose suspicions of unethical conduct. You decide to discuss this hypothetical future situation at your next staff meeting. What should you tell your employees you will do if one of them blows the whistle on unethical conduct at the organization?
Welcome their contribution
Quoatas
a limit on the number or value of goods that can be traded -most common form of trade restriction
glass ceiling
a perceived barrier in some organizations that keeps women from advancing to top management positions
nationalized
Taken over by a national government
Type of Environment: For Caterpillar, a heavy equipment manufacturer, an unanticipated jump in the price their suppliers charge for steel-
Task environment
The ability to use deep-sea submersibles to take pictures of the oil leak a mile below the surface of the water
Technological
goal orientation
The manner in which people are motivated to work toward different kinds of goals
technological dimension
The methods available for converting resources into products or services
infrastructure
The schools, hospitals, power plants, railroads, highways, ports, communication systems, airfields, and commercial distribution systems of a country
general environment
The set of broad dimensions and forces in an organization's surroundings that create its overall context
social responsibility
The set of obligations an organization has to protect and enhance the societal context in which it functions
Organization culture
The set of values, beliefs, behaviors, customs, and attitudes that helps the members of the organization understand what it stands for, how it does things, and what it considers important
five competitive forces
The threat of new entrants, competitive rivalry, the threat of substitute products, the power of buyers, and the power of suppliers
Lobbying
The use of persons or groups to formally represent an organization or group of organizations before political bodies to influence the government
open system
a system that interacts with its environment
subsystems
a system within another system
tariff
a tax collected on goods shipped across national boundaries
Regulators agencies
an agency created by the government to regulate business activities
universal perspectives
an attempt to identify the one best way to do something
Suppliers
an organization that provides resources for other organizations
The first study conducted at the Hawthorne plant as part of what is now known as the Hawthorne Studies sought to assess whether---
lighting in the workplace affected productivity
he Obstructionist approach is ------ the Defensive approach in degree of social responsibility.
lower than
As an operations manager, you might use quantitative management techniques to
manage inventory levels in your retail stores and warehouses
Top Managers
manage overall organization -create organizations goals, overall strategy and operating policies, -represent organization to the external environment by meeting with government officials and exec of other organizations
The European Union is a ------ Its member countries engage in high levels of trade with one another and keep trade barriers to a minimum.
market system .
A group of managers are addressing ----- when they decide to grapple with the challenges and opportunities that arise from the various differences among people in the organization's internal and external environments.
multiculturalism
Match each item in the table below with the corresponding element of the systems perspective of management. Garbage
output
Match each item in the table below with the corresponding element of the systems perspective of management.: Sandwiches
output
select goals and ways to attain them
planning
Management can be defined as a set of activities including
planning, controlling, organizing, and leading directed at an organization's resources, with the aim of achieving organizational goals in an efficient and effective manner.
Businesses rely upon ------ to solicit and distribute money to the campaigns of the political candidates who are most likely to work in the firm's best interests.
political action committees
When Monsanto donates money to elected politicians who sit on the House agriculture committee, it is using------ to influence government.
political action committees
top manager job title
president typical work day: Monitoring long-term business trends that may have an impact on the organization
The resources over which a company and its ------- vie include raw materials, access to capital, or real estate for a store location.
competitors
middle manager job title
division head- Coordinating the work of all of the departments in a division
managerial work
does not follow and orderly, systematic progression through the work week, managers job is fraught with uncertainty change and fragmented activities
Jenna bakes beautiful wedding cakes. The cakes are very expensive because, for every cake sold, she throws away three cakes that aren't just right. Jenna is
effective, but not efficient
Tanya specializes in making invitations for children's parties. Because she is using an old, worn-out printer, about half of the invitations must be thrown away due to smeared ink. It is fortunate that Tanya can still fulfill her orders, because she cannot afford to buy a new printer for at least 6 months. Tanya is
effective, but not efficient
Scientific management began as managers faced labor shortages in a time of business expansion. Consequently, the focus of scientific management is how to use labor----
efficiently
Which entity relies upon environmental protection legislation as a tool of influence?
government
regulation
governments attempt to influence business by establishing laws and rules that dictate what businesses can and cannot do
system
interrelated set of elements functioning as a whole
middle manager
largest group -plant manager, operations manager, and division head -responsible primarily for implementing the policies and plans to developed by top managers -supervising and coordinating activities of lower managers
Use influence to motivate employees
leading
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration fined two heavy-duty truck manufacturers $44 million for failing to initiate safety recalls of vehicles in a timely fashion as required by federal regulation. The manufacturers will need to do a better job at----- with regulations and laws.
legal compliance
Imagine you are the communications manager for the local CBS network affiliate. You organize news reports and press releases as they come in. Your role is focused on the management of
resources
logical is...
science
systematic is..
science
Making microlians to support the growth of small businesses -Women account for almost 28% of Walmarts corporate officers, about double the average for Fortune 500 companies
social welfare
task environment
specific organizations or groups that influence an organization
philanthropic giving
the awarding of funds or gifts to charities or other worthy causes
internal environment
the conditions and forces within an organization
time orientation
the extent to which members of a culture adopt a long-term versus a short-term outlook on work, life, and other elements of society
Ethical Compliance
the extent to which the members of the organization follow basic ethical (and legal) standards of behavior
Legal compliance
the extent to which the organization conforms to local, state, federal, and international laws
political-legal dimension
the government regulation of business and the relationship between business and government
Individualism
the interests of the individual presence
owners
whoever can claim property rights to an organization
customers
whoever pays money to acquire an organization's products or services
Marketing managers
work in areas related to the marketing function—getting consumers and clients to buy the organization's products or services -
Describe the multicultural environment of business and major trends and dimensions of diversity and multiculturalism.
•Diversity exists in a community of people when its members differ from one another along one or more important dimensions. •Multiculturalism is reflected when the people comprising an organization represent different cultures and have different values, beliefs, behaviors, customs, and attitudes. •Diversity and multiculturalism are increasing in organizations today because of changing demographics, the desire of organizations to improve their workforces, legal pressures, and increased globalization. •There are several important dimensions of diversity, including age, gender, and ethnicity. The overall age of the workforce is increasing.
leading
motivating and managing people
inputs, next...OUTPUTS
include products, services, or both (tangible and intangible); profits, losses, or both (even not-for-profit organizations must operate within their budgets); employee behaviors; and information.
inputs...NEXT...
inputs are the material, human, financial, and information resources the organization gets from its environment. Next, through technological and managerial processes, inputs are transformed into outputs.
Behavioral Management Perspective CHART OVERVIEW
insights for motivating performance and understanding individual behavior, groups and teams, and leadership
diagnostic skills example
managers ability to visualize the most appropriate response to a situation
Administrative Managers
managers are not associated with any particular management specialty. Probably the best example of an administrative management position is that of a hospital or clinic administrator
inputs
material, human, financial, and information resources the organization gets from its environment.
Classical Management Perspective CHART OVERVIEW
methods for enhancing efficiency and facilitating planning, organizing, and controlling
Informational Roles
monitor, disseminator, spokesperson
controlling
monitoring and evaluating activities
Interpersonal Skills:
The ability to communicate with, understand, and motivate both individuals and groups
Management is
set of activities (including planning and decision making, organizing, leading, and controlling) directed at an organization's resources (human, financial, physical, and information) with the aim of achieving organizational goals in an efficient and effective manner.
manager is
someone whose primary responsibility is to carry out the management process within an organization.
contingency perspective
suggests that appropriate managerial behavior in a given situation depends on, or is contingent on, a wide variety of elements
key management skills
technical, interpersonal, conceptual, diagnostic, communication, decision-making, and time-management skills.
Quantitative Management Perspective CHART OVERVIEW
techniques for improving decision making, resource allocation, and operations
sociocultural dimension
the customs, mores, values, and demographic characteristics of the society in which the organization functions
economic dimension
the overall health and vitality of the economic system in which the organization operates
decisional roles
the role of entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator, which relate primarily to making decisions -three roles, entrepreneur, disturbance handler, recourse allocator
interpersonal roles
the roles of figurehead, leader, and liaison which involve dealing with other people -expected to serve as a leader-hiring, training, and motivating employees -keep others informed
informational role
the roles of monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson, which involve the process of information
Disagreement about what is right and wrong greatest concern- Utility...want to know:
"Does it optimize the best for all?"
Disagreement about what is right and wrong greatest concern- Rights...want to know:
"Does it respect the rights of those involved?"
Congratulations! You just graduated with a degree in management. As you reflect on your school experience, you make a list of the reasons you were so efficient with your studies. Which of the following statements relate specifically to your efficiency? Check all that apply.
-After each semester, you asked your advisor to review your progress to ensure you remained on track for your anticipated graduation date. -When registration opened for each term, you immediately registered for the classes you needed, especially the ones that fill up quickly.
Describe the basic issues involved in competing in a global economy, including organization size and the management challenges in a global economy.
-Basic issues of competing in a global economy vary according to whether the organization is an MNC, a medium-size organization, or a small organization. -In addition, the basic managerial functions of planning and decision making, organizing, leading, and controlling must all be addressed in international organizations.
Discuss managerial ethics, three areas of special ethical concern for managers, and how organizations manage ethical behavior.
-Ethics are an individual's personal beliefs about what constitutes right and wrong behavior. -Important areas of ethical concern for managers are how the organization treats its employees, how employees treat the organization, and how the organization and its employees treat other economic agents. -The ethical context of organizations consists of each manager's individual ethics and messages sent by organizational practices. -Organizations use leadership, culture, training, codes, guidelines, and justice to help them manage ethical behavior.
Explain the relationship between the government and organizations regarding social responsibility.
-Government influences organizations through regulation, which is the establishment of laws and rules that dictate what businesses can and cannot do in prescribed areas. -Organizations rely on personal contacts, lobbying, political action committees, and favors to influence the government.
Describe the nature of international business, including its meaning, recent trends, management of globalization, and competition in a global market.
-Learning to operate in a global economy is an important challenge facing many managers today. -Businesses can be primarily domestic, international, multinational, or global in scope. -Managers need to understand both the process of internationalization and how to manage within a given level of international activity.
Discuss the environmental challenges inherent in international management.
-Many of the challenges of management in a global context are unique issues associated with the international environmental context. -These challenges reflect the economic, political-legal, and cultural environments of international management.
Discuss the structure of the global economy, the GATT, and the WTO.
-Mature market economies and systems dominate the global economy today. -North America, the European Union, and Pacific Asia are especially important. -High-potential/high-growth economies in Eastern Europe, Latin America, the People's Republic of China, India, and Vietnam are increasingly important to managers. -The oil-exporting economies in the Middle East are also important. -The GATT and the WTO play critical roles in the evolution of the global economy.
Describe key emerging ethical issues in organizations today.
-One emerging ethical issue is ethical leadership and its key role in shaping ethical norms and the culture of the organization. -Another involves corporate governance and focuses on the need for the board of directors to maintain appropriate oversight of senior management. -Third, ethical issues in information technology relate to issues such as individual privacy and the potential abuse of an organization's information technology resources.
2 types of goal orientation
-One extreme on the goal orientation continuum is aggressive goal behavior. People who exhibit aggressive goal behaviors tend to place a high premium on material possessions, money, and assertiveness. -On the other hand, people who adopt passive goal behavior place a higher value on social relationships, quality of life, and concern for others.
Describe some of the activities organizations may engage in to manage social responsibility.
-Organizations use three types of activities to formally manage social responsibility: legal compliance, ethical compliance, and philanthropic giving. -Leadership, culture, and allowing for whistleblowing are informal means of managing social responsibility. -Organizations should evaluate the effectiveness of their socially responsible practices as they would any other strategy.
2 types of uncertainty orientation
-People in cultures with uncertainty acceptance are stimulated by change and thrive on new opportunities. -people with uncertainty avoidance tendencies dislike and will avoid ambiguity whenever possible.
2 types of power orientation
-Some cultures are characterized by power respect. This means that people tend to accept the power and authority of their superiors simply on the basis of their position in the hierarchy and to respect their right to hold that power -In contrast, people in cultures with a power tolerance orientation attach much less significance to a person's position in the hierarchy. These people are more willing to question a decision or mandate from someone at a higher level or perhaps even refuse to accept it.
If you decide to give a presentation on quality, which topics might you include? Check all that apply.
-The competitive advantage offered by quality products and services -The positive relationship between quality and productivity -The tendency for quality improvements to lower costs
Congratulations! You and two classmates received an A+ on your group project. As you reflect on the process, you make a list detailing why you worked together so effectively. Which of the following statements relate specifically to the effectiveness of your group? Check all that apply.
-Using the course syllabus, the group made a checklist of what must be included in the project to earn the most points possible. -Before starting to do research, each group member reviewed his or her class notes and identified the themes that the professor seemed to emphasize the most in class. -Early in the semester, the group met with the professor to ensure that your proposed topic would meet all of the requirements for the project.
Congratulations! You received an A+ on the final exam in your Principles of Management class. You were busy this semester and had to be very efficient with your study time. So you can perform similarly next semester, you made a list detailing why you were so efficient with your study time. Which of the following statements relate specifically to your efficiency? Check all that apply
-You made flash cards with the key terms for each chapter so you could study for a few minutes while waiting for the bus or standing in line at the store. -You woke up 30 minutes early each morning and got in the habit of reading at least 10 pages in the textbook every day.
Chester Barnard
-acceptence of authority -the theory suggests that subordinates weight the legitimacy of a supervisors directives and then decided wether to accept then
organizational behavior
-current perspective on management -Contemporary field focusing on behavioral perspectives on management -acknowledge that human behavior in organizations is much more complex than the human relationists realized. The field of organizational behavior draws from a broad, interdisciplinary base of psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, and medicine.
control
-direct investment
the government influences businesses though
-indirect or direct -environmental protection consumer protection -employee protection -securities leg -tax codes
two types of time orientation
-longer-term orientation. One implication of this orientation is that people from these cultures are willing to accept that they may have to work hard for many years before achieving their goals. -short-term orientation. As a result, people from these cultures may prefer jobs that provide more immediate rewards.
The Art of management
-make decisions and solve problems on the basis of intuition, experience, instinct, and personal insight -rely on conceptual communication, interpersonal, and time management skills
Technical skills example
-manager of a software dev comp who understands how to write and rest relevant code and application -the manager of a restaurant chain knowing the basics of food preparation
conceptual skills example
-manager who first sees a new market for an existing product -manager who accurately forecasts a next generation technology
social audit
-must include the goals, the resources used to meet the goals, and the outcomes of the efforts. It would not be relevant to discuss the organization's financial performance. -can leave out The companies revenues, expenses, and profits
Businesses influence the government through
-personal contacts and networks -lobbying -political action committees -favors and other influence tactics
behavioral management and industrial psychology
-the practice of applying psychological concepts to industrial settings -Hugo Munsterberg: suggested that psychologists could make valuable contributions to managers in the areas of employee selection, training, and motivation.
Describe the components of the general and task environments and their impact on organizations
.•The external environment is composed of general and task environment layers. •The general environment consists of five dimensions: economic, technological, sociocultural, political-legal, and international. •The task environment consists of five elements: competitors, customers, suppliers, strategic partners, and regulators.
three-step model for applying ethical judgments to situations that may arise
1. Gather the relevant factual information, 2. determine the most appropriate moral values, and 3. make an ethical judgment based on the rightness or wrongness of the proposed activity or policy.
systems perspective on organizations
1. Inputs from the environment: material inputs, human inputs, financial inputs, and information inputs 2. Transformation Process: technology, operating systems, administrative systems, and control systems 3. Outputs into the environment: products/services, profits/losses, employee behaviors, and open information outputs
interest groups
A group organized by its members to attempt to influence business
Sarbanes-Oxley Act
A law passed in 2002 that requires CEOs and CFOs to personally vouch for the truthfulness and fairness of their firms' financial disclosures
Social orientation
A person's beliefs about the relative importance of the individual versus the groups to which that person belongs
economic community
A set of countries that agree to markedly reduce or eliminate trade barriers among member nations (a formalized market system)
defensive stance
A social responsibility stance in which an organization does everything that is required of it legally, but nothing more
accommodative stance
A social responsibility stance in which an organization meets its legal and ethical obligations but will also go beyond these obligations in selected cases
proactive stance
A social responsibility stance in which an organization views itself as a citizen in a society and proactively seeks opportunities to contribute
Regulators
A unit that has the potential to control, legislate, or otherwise influence the organization's policies and practices
Export restraint agreements
Accords reached by governments in which countries voluntarily limit the volume or value of goods they export to or import from one another
Explain why Walmart has had most of its international success by entering country markets through acquisition.
Acquiring an existing retailer in a country allowed Walmart to begin with managers who understood the local culture and the existing distribution system.
obstructionist stance
An approach to social responsibility in which firms do as little as possible to solve social or environmental problems
Political action committees (PACs)
An organization created to solicit and distribute money to political candidates
ethical behavior
Behavior that conforms to generally accepted social norms
Unethical behavior
Behavior that does not conform to generally accepted social norms
Imagine you have been hired to advise the Chief Compliance Officer on ways to improve the company's rate of ethical compliance. What do you recommend? Check all that apply.
Appoint an ethics committee Develop a code of Conduct Provide Training in ethics
Which management perspective is most closely aligned to industrial psychology?
Behavioral management perspective
A colleague at work learned that your company, an industrial supply company, has been offering kickbacks to purchasing officers to secure contracts. She asks you whether she should do anything. What step do you suggest she take?
Blow the whistle and disclose the unethical conduct.
Classical management remains relevant to contemporary managers. In which of the following current situations is the relevance of classical management apparent?
Bureaucracies, like government organizations, utilize the bureaucratic procedures first proposed by Max Weber
Which entity relies upon lobbying as a tool of influence?
Business
Arguments against Social Responsibility
Business lacks expertise in social programs. Involvement gives businesses more power. There may be conflicts of interest. Business exists to generate profit for the owners.
Arguments for Social respomsibility
Businesses create problems and should help solve them. Corporations are citizens in our society. Businesses have the resources to solve problems. Business is a partner in society.
Walmart makes large purchases from suppliers to stock inventory for its customers- -Lowe's Home Improvement sells to its customers about 50% of the spray paint Rust-Oleum manufactures.
Buyers
The cultural belief that the needs of the group comes before the needs of the individual
Collectivism
A Starbucks opened around the corner from the local coffee shop- -Facebook acquired Instagram.
Competitors
There are thousands of brands of craft beer- -A family that wants pizza for dinner can order from a delivery restaurant, make their own pizza from scratch at home, or buy a frozen pizza in the grocery store. -Firms can sign long-term contracts to stabilize prices for orders over time.
Competitors
Which of the following statements about culture are true? Check all that apply.
Cultural problems can arise when two companies with different cultures merge. Culture can be maintained by rewarding and promoting people whose behaviors are desired. A major way to shape culture is by bringing outsiders into important leadership positions.
Four steps in Frederick Taylor's system of scientific management Step 1
Develop a science for each element of the job to replace old rule-of-thumb methods.
Vacasa is a vacation rental and property management company headquartered in Portland, Oregon, that has a network of over 25,000 properties across the United States, from New Hampshire to Hawai'i. What level of international activity best describes Vacasa?
Domestic business
Harm to industries throught the Gulf Coast region, including commercial fishing, seafood processing, and tourism
Economic
Which Scientist was primarily associated with the Hawthorn Studies
Elton Mayo
behavioral management perspective
Emphasizes individual attitudes and behaviors and group processes
Juan owns a business making custom T-shirts for special occasions, and he hires freelance artists to design the shirts. He often postpones paying the artists for months and sometimes does not pay an artist at all.
Employees or organizations treatment of others
Kayla never has to buy pens at the grocery store. She ends up with plenty from work.
Employees treatment of organization
Renewable energy sources account for 21% of Walmarts electricity worldwide-
Environmental
Describe how the environment affects organizations and how organizations adapt to their environment.
Environmental influences on the organization can occur through uncertainty, competitive forces, and turbulence. •Organizations use information management; strategic response; mergers, acquisitions, and alliances; organization design and flexibility; direct influence; and social responsibility to adapt to their environments.
Though Hatteras Hammocks still manufactures its hammocks by hand in North Carolina, it sells the hammocks online to buyers worldwide. What international business strategy is Hatteras Hammocks using?
Exporting
Management science
Focuses specifically on the development of mathematical models -A mathematical model is a simplified representation of a system, process, or relationship.
Which scientist was primarily associated with the development of scientific management?
Frederick Taylor
best contributor of scientific management
Fredrick W. Taylor
Type of Environment: A company adopting an open-plan design for the workstations in its new office- Shifts in economic and political power between countries-
General environment
Type of Environment: Shifts in economic and political power between countries-
General environment
Type of Environment: The increasing number of elderly people in the United States, Japan, Italy, and Germany-
General environment
board of directors
Governing body elected by a corporation's stockholders and charged with overseeing the general management of the firm to ensure that it is being run in a way that best serves the stockholders' interests
Type of Environment: A company adopting an open-plan design for the workstations in its new office-
Internal environment
Type of Environment: Employees' ability to choose among several types and styles of desk chairs -
Internal environment
Type of Environment: Employees' ability to choose among several types and styles of desk chairs-
Internal environment
Mainstreet Collection is a producer and wholesaler of gift items and soft goods. Located in Washington, NC, it sells its goods to more than 100 retailers in the United States. To keep the price of goods low, manufacturing is outsourced to facilities in China. What level of international activity best describes Mainstreet Collection?
International business
As a manager, you need to consider how technology impacts your organization's culture. Over the last decade, which of the following has been one of the most pronounced effects of technology on the workplace?
It has increased the pace of work and promoted working outside traditional work hours
-Access to materials and technology- -shared ownership-
Joint venture
What will most motivate employees of different cultural backgrounds?
Lead
The chairman of a large retailer announces that she may find investors to buy the company. She reassures employees that she is doing this to save the company.
Leading
Kirin Brewery, Japan's largest producer of beer, allows the Eagle Brewery in England to manufacture beer to Kirin's specifications and market the beer as Kirin Beer. Kirin Brewery earns a royalty on the beer sold in England. Which approach to international business is Kirin Brewery using?
Licensing
Controlling:
Monitoring activities and making corrections. The fundamental purpose of control is to compare an existing situation with a desired situation and make a decision about what needs to be done to reach the desired state. Managers are engaged in control when they appraise an employee's performance, compare expenses with a budget, or check to see whether product quality is meeting quality standards.
Monsanto, a division of Bayer, is a chemical and biotechnology company that provides seeds, fertilizers, and herbicides to farmers around the world. The company is based in St. Louis, Missouri, but has administrative and sales offices, manufacturing plants, seed production facilities, and research centers around the world. What level of international activity best describes Monsanto?
Multinational Business
Which aspect of Argentina's economic environment are international businesses most likely to perceive as attractive?
Natural resources
In 2015 and 2016, respectively, Amazon Handmade and Facebook Marketplace were launched as places where individuals could find buyers for one-of-a-kind items- -Becoming a content creator on social media platforms like TikTok requires nothing but a phone and an idea
New Enterants
The four approaches range from lowest to highest levels of social responsibility.
Obstructionalist- Do as little as possible to solve social or environmental problems Defensive- Do only what is legally required Accommodative- Meet legal and ethical obligations and do more on a case by case basis Proactive-seek opportunities to contribute to society
ethics
One's personal beliefs about whether a behavior, action, or decision is right or wrong
Discuss the importance and determinants of an organization's culture and how the culture can be managed.
Organization culture is the set of values, beliefs, behaviors, customs, and attitudes that helps the members of the organization understand what it stands for, how it does things, and what it considers important. •Managers must understand that culture is an important determinant of how well their organization will perform. •Culture can be determined and managed in a number of different ways.
If an organization wants to inspire workers to be more enthusiastic about their work, which aspect of its environment is it most likely to change?
Organizational culture
strategic partners
Organizations that work together with one or more other organizations in a joint venture or similar arrangement
Mr. Smith refrains from promoting women because it can be a challenge to cover staff positions during maternity leaves.
Organizations treatment of employers
How much authority and span of control should we give our local managers in each country facility?
Organize
The manager of a pizza restaurant creates a schedule to determine which employees will work on New Year's Eve.
Organizing
A high premium on personal relationships
Passive goal Behavior
organizational stakeholders
Person or organization who is directly affected by the practices of an organization and has a stake in its performance
Managing the merchandising of new products in the appropriate store areas; selecting appropriate shelving and display materials throughout the store; identifying needed store repairs. Which type of organizational resource will this job manage?
Physical
What are our foreign competitors doing in each market?
Plan
The new CEO of an online music company determines that the company will continue selling subscription services, but it will also design a website that appeals to nonsubscribers.
Planning
President Obama's placement of a 6-month moratorium on offshore drilling
Political/Legal
Percieved equalities in the relative power of people
Power tolerance
What is the primary mission of the World Trade Organization?
Promote trade among nations
If a manager measures which location has the most traffic and includes that information in a model to predict store profits by location, which management perspective is she using?
Quantitative management
Discuss the concept of social responsibility, to whom or what an organization might be considered responsible, and four types of organizational approaches to social responsibility.
Social responsibility is the set of obligations an organization has to protect and enhance the society in which it functions. • Organizations may be considered responsible to their stakeholders, to the natural environment, and to the general social welfare. • There are strong arguments both for and against social responsibility. • The approach an organization adopts toward social responsibility falls along a continuum of lesser to greater commitment: the obstructionist stance, the defensive stance, the accommodative stance, and the proactive stance.
Managerial ethics
Standards of behavior that guide individual managers in their work
T&T, a cable provider, merged with DirecTV, a satellite provider.- -PepsiCo monitors shopper data on sales of non-carbonated beverages
Substitutes
Four steps in Frederick Taylor's system of scientific management Step 3
Supervise employees to make sure they follow the prescribed methods for performing their jobs.
The local electric company is the only source of electricity in the community- -Facebook is funding the development of infrastructure that will provide Internet access in developing countries.- -Airlines charge a premium for flights around Thanksgiving, the busiest travel holiday of the year
Suppliers
power orientation
The beliefs that people in a culture hold about the appropriateness of power and authority differences in hierarchies such as business organizations
multiculturalism
The broad issues associated with differences in values, beliefs, behaviors, customs, and attitudes held by people in different cultures.
Whistle-blowing
The disclosure by an employee of illegal or unethical conduct on the part of others within the organization
Uncertainty orientation
The feeling people have about uncertain and ambiguous situations
Identify the components of the internal environment and their impact on organizations.
The internal environment consists of the organization's owners, board of directors, employees, physical environment, and culture.
Theory X or Y: People have little ambition
X
Theory X or Y: People will take advantage of management if they can
X
Theory X or Y: Work is a natural part of peoples lives
Y
the four basic management functions in an organization (planning and decision making, organizing, leading, and controlling)
are not preformed on a systematic and predictable scedule
dynamic is...
art
The Science of Management
assumes that problems can be approached using rational, logical, objective and systematic ways. -use of quantitative models -requires use of technical, diagnostic, and decision making skills and techniques to solve problems.
The most important reason for todays managers to study the history of management is so they can----
avoid the mistakes of the past
A manager who is considering entry to a new market must carefully consider all aspects of the environment as it relates to that market, including any obstacles posed by ------ who already have established relationships with suppliers and customers.
competitors
Operations Managers
concerned with creating and managing the systems that create an organization's products and services. Typical responsibilities of operations managers include production control, inventory control, quality control, plant layout, and site selection.
scientific management
concerned with improving the performance of individual workers
Classical Management Perspective
consists of two distinct branches -scientific management -administrative management
organizing
coordinating activities and resources
Eastman Kodak failed to make adequate adjustments when the digital camera and smartphone market developed. The company fell victim to the process of---
entropy
The emphasis in recent years on internships is in part due to the value attributed to ------ as a method for acquiring management skills.
experience
Target has posted a job description for the following open position: Responsibilities of the job include collating, preparing and interpreting reports, budgets, accounts, commentaries, and financial statements; controlling income, cash flow, and expenditure; managing budgets; developing and managing financial systems/models. Which type of organizational resource will this job manage?
financial
Target has posted a job description for the following open position: Selecting prospective employees from submitted résumés and job applications; supervising staff; serving as liaison with managerial staff and other colleagues. Which type of organizational resource will this job manage?
human
Though generally managers are thought to plan, organize, lead, and control across four types of organizational resources, managers may specialize in one specific resource area. For instance,--------primarily manage employees and decisions related to employee efficiency and effectiveness.
human resource managers
By definition, the types of resources managers manage include
human, physical, financial, and information resources.
-Access to foreign markets- -No need to adapt products to local preferences- -Low capital investment needed-
import/export
natural resources
important aspect of the economic environment in different countries is the availability of natural resources. A very broad range of resources is available in different countries.
Compliance is important for every organization, but complying with local, state, and federal laws is most challenging for companies doing business------- simply because there are more regulations to follow.
in heavily regulated industries
2 types of social orientation
individualism and collectivism. -Individualism is the cultural belief that the person comes first. -ollectivism, the opposite of individualism, is the belief that the group comes first.
You deliver pizzas for a local restaurant. At least once or twice per evening, the person taking phone orders writes down the delivery address incorrectly. Frequently, you are sent to make just one delivery, even on busy days. Last night, after you arrived more than an hour late, a customer told you to "take the pizza back" because it was no longer hot. The pizza restaurant is
neither effective nor efficient
Fredrick W. Taylor
observed the phenomenon he called soldiering- employees deliberately working at a pace slower than their capability -he studies this and determined what each worker should be producing and then designed the most efficient way of doing each part of the overall task -implemented a piecework pay system-where he increased the pay of each worker who met and exceeded the target level of output
Which approach to social responsibility is best explained by the statement, Do as little as possible to solve social or environmental problems.?
obstructionist
she's probably a first line manager, A job title associated with that level of management is
office manager -typical workday:creating a schedule that shows which days customer service representatives are expected to work
Disney experienced----with the development of the movie, Frozen, because it was able to also use Frozen as a theme at its theme parks and in product merchandising.
synergy
Match each item in the table below with the corresponding element of the systems perspective of management. Baking
transformative process
Match each item in the table below with the corresponding element of the systems perspective of management. Vegetable Prep
transformative process
Describe the quantitative perspective on management, including management science and operations management, and its relevance to contemporary managers.
•The quantitative management perspective and its two components, management science and operations management, involve the application of quantitative techniques to decision making and problem solving. •Applications of the quantitative perspective have been facilitated by the tremendous increase in the use of personal computers and integrated information networks.
Synergy
two or more subsystems working together to produce more than the total of what they might produce working alone -disney is the master
Human resource managers
typically involved in human resource planning, recruiting and selecting employees, training and development, designing compensation and benefit systems, formulating performance appraisal systems, and discharging low-performing and problem employees.
Management theories
used to build organizations and guide them toward their goals, are grounded in reality.
Theory X
A pessimistic and negative view of workers consistent with the views of scientific management
Theory Y
A positive view of workers; it represents the assumptions that human relations advocates make -more appropriate philosophy for managers
closed system
A system that does not interact with its environment
Henri Fayol
-Administrative Management -systematize the practice of management to provide guidance and direction to other managers -first to identify the managerial functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. He believed that these functions accurately reflect the core of the management process.
Fredrick Taylors system of scientific management
-develop a science for each element of a job to replace the old -scientifically select employees then train them to do the job -supervise employees to make sure they follow methods -continue to plan the work but use workers to get the job done
types of decisional roles
-entrepreneur, the voluntary initiator of change -A second decisional role is initiated not by the manager but by some other individual or group. The manager responds to her role as disturbance handler by handling such problems as strikes, copyright infringements, or problems in public relations or with corporate image. -The third decisional role is that of resource allocator. As resource allocator, the manager decides how resources are distributed and with whom he or she will work most closely
Interpersonal Skills example
-manager who establishes a good relationship with an abrasive colleague -a manager who can reprimanded someone for poor performance while maintaining a positive working relationship with that person
Maslows theory
-motivated by heircy of needs, including monetary incentives and social acceptance
workplace evolving today
-new workplace characterized by expansion and reduction -diversity is also a central component, as is the new worker -organization change more connect as are the effects of into tech and new ways of organizing
Primary Catalyst of Behavioral Approach to Management;
-series of studies conducted near chi at western hawthorn plant -Reserch was conducted by ELTON MAYO
important topics in the organizional behavior field
-stress, job satisfaction, motivation, leadership, group dynamics, organizational policies, politics, interpersonal conflict, and design of organizations
first line manager
-supervise and coordinate the set of activities of operating employees -supervisors, coordinators, office managers -positions held by employees who enter management from the ranks of operating personelle -oversee day to day operatons -starbucks managers, assembly line supervisors
theory
A conceptual framework for organizing knowledge and providing a blueprint for action
Entropy
A normal process leading to system decline
Discuss contemporary management issues and challenges.
A variety of popular applied perspectives influence management practice today. •Important issues and challenges facing managers include employee retention, diversity, the new workforce, organization change, ethics and social responsibility, the importance of quality, and the continued shift toward a service economy.
competitors
An organization that competes with other organizations for resources
quantitative management perspective
Applies quantitative techniques to management -focuses on decision making, economic effectiveness, mathematical models, and the use of computers
human relations movement
Argued that workers respond primarily to the social context of the workplace -grew from hathorn studies -Maslow and Mcgrefor helped advance the human relations movement
Mary Parker Follett
Behavioral approach -worked during the scientific management era, but she quickly came to recognize the human element in the workplace. Indeed, her work clearly anticipated the behavioral management perspective, and she appreciated the need to understand the role of behavior in organizations.
operations management
Concerned with helping the organization more efficiently produce its products or services -form of applies management science -teqniques are generally concerned with helping organization produce its products or services more eddicently and can be applied to a wide range of problems
Describe the behavioral perspective on management, including the Hawthorne studies, human relations movement, and organizational behavior, and its relevance to contemporary managers.
The behavioral management perspective, characterized by a concern for individual and group behavior, emerged primarily as a result of the Hawthorne studies. •The human relations movement recognized the importance and potential of behavioral processes in organizations but made many overly simplistic assumptions about those processes. •Organizational behavior, a more realistic outgrowth of the behavioral perspective, is of interest to many contemporary managers.
Describe the classical perspective on management, including scientific and administrative management, and its relevance to contemporary managers.
The classical management perspective had two major branches: scientific management and administrative management. •Scientific management was concerned with improving efficiency and work methods for individual workers. •Administrative management was more concerned with how organizations themselves should be structured and arranged for efficient operations. •Both branches paid little attention to the role of the worker as a person.
international dimension
The extent to which an organization is involved in or affected by business in other countries
Communication skills
The manager's abilities both to effectively convey ideas and information to others and to effectively receive ideas and information from others
decision-making skills
The manager's ability to correctly recognize and define problems and opportunities and to then select an appropriate course of action to solve problems and capitalize on opportunities
Time-management skills
The manager's ability to prioritize work, to work efficiently, and to delegate appropriately
Conceptual Skills:
The manager's ability to think in the abstract
Diagnostic Skills:
The managers ability to visualize the most appropriate response to a situation
Technical Skills:
The skills necessary to accomplish or understand the specific kind of work being done in an organization
Discuss the systems and contingency approaches to management and their potential for integrating the other areas of management.
The three major perspectives should be viewed in a complementary, not a contradictory, light. Each has something of value to offer. • Two relatively recent additions to management theory, the systems and contingency perspectives, appear to have great potential both as approaches to management and as frameworks for integrating the other perspectives.
Max Weber
Weber's work on bureaucracy laid the foundation for contemporary organization theory -concept of bureaucracy, as we discuss later, is based on a rational set of guidelines for structuring organizations in the most efficient manner.
elton mayo
biggest contributor to bev management -minupulation illumination for one group of workers and comparing the subsequent productivity with the productivity of another group whose illumination was not changed -Not until the lighting was reduced to the level of moonlight did productivity begin to decline -Mayo and his associates to conclude that human behavior was much more important in the workplace than had been previously believed...wage incentives were less important to a worker than the social acceptance in determining output
financial managers
deal primarily with an organization's financial resources. They are responsible for such activities as accounting, cash management, and investments. In some businesses, such as banking and insurance, financial managers are found in especially large numbers.
Planning and decision making
determining course of action
external environment
everything outside an organization's boundaries that might affect it
Interpersonal roles
figurehead, leader, liaison
first line verses middle managers
first line managers typically spend a large portion of their time supervising the work of subordinates
administrative management
focuses on managing the total organization
theories are
important as organizers of knowledge and as a road map for action
