Managing Group Projects: Exam 2

Chris has studied for his mathematics test and his English test. He expects to do moderately well in both subjects. He gets an "A" in English, but fails mathematics. While Chris feels that the grade he got for English was well-deserved, he blames his failure in mathematics on the fact that his teacher, Mr. Wallace, does not like him. In this situation, Chris is exhibiting __________

A self-serving bias

_________ ______ is an artificial intervention aimed at giving management a chance to correct an imbalance, injustice, mistake, or outright discrimination that occurred in the past.

Affirmative action

As a senior student representative on the ethics advisory board of your university, you feel strongly that cheating on college exams is unethical. You never cheated on any exam. However, this semester your best friend was desperate for your help, and you allowed him to take a quick "peek" at your answer sheet. Since then, you feel uncomfortable every time you think of the situation. Which of the following concepts best explains your psychological discomfort?

Cognitive dissonance

What are the two general categories of motivation theories are

Content and process

_____________ provides broad and useful ways to describe personality in terms of our individual differences in self-efficacy, self-esteem, locus of control, and emotional stability.

Core self-evaluation

Owen leads a team tasked with developing a client tracking system. He is nervous and worried, afraid that if this assignment doesn't go well, he won't be promoted. Jack, a team member, is relaxed, unworried, and secure in the feeling that they have all the necessary resources and talents to make this work. Jack is likely to score high on

Emotional stability

Which of the following is not an element of emotional intelligence?

Emotional stability

Which of the following is the least fixed of a person's individual differences?

Emotions

The idea underlying the _________ model is that satisfaction is tied to how fairly an individual is treated at work.

Equity

Harold sells computer chips for a large corporation. This year he is not very motivated to meet his sales goal. The company has always paid his bonuses when he achieves his sales goal and Harold wants to take a big vacation this year. But, he thinks the sales goal the company has set for him may be too high and they won't budge on the amount. He isn't sure if he can sell that many chips this year. What process theory explains his lack of motivation best?

Expectancy theory

Polly works as a bartender. A few people wave money at her so that she will serve them first. She finds this to be rude and, so, either ignores them or serves them last. People realize that Polly serves the people who wait politely first, and much of the rude behavior stops. Polly used the model of

Extinction

T/F Justine, a manager, has decided that Harrison is performing poorly because he is lazy. This is an example of a negativity bias.

False

T/F Maslow's need hierarchy and Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theories are both examples of process theories.

False

T/F Our values are relatively stable across and do not vary across generations.

False

T/F To achieve a climate encouraging positive OB, an organization must foster a specific set of organizational values, organizational practices, and transformational leadership.

False

___________ is information about performance shared with those in a position to improve the situation.

Feedback

Which of the following is true about balancing positive and negative emotions?

Ideally, we should try to have more positive experiences than negative.

The goal of the job characteristics model is to

Increase intrinsic motivation in jobs

Randall wants to put more variety into his assistant's job by combining specialized tasks of about the same level of difficulty. What is this called?

Job enlargement

Low job satisfaction and low employee engagement can lead to

Low task performance

Wayne is on the production line for Medical Services Inc. He has been there for five years and has won Employee of the Month more than anyone else. Zander, his coworker, who has only been at Medical Services three years and hasn't even been nominated for Employee of the Month, just received a promotion. Wayne perceives a

Negative inequity

Nora wants to be a buyer for Marstons Stores. She knows that they are looking for outgoing, social people. She purposely tries to present herself as an extrovert on the personality test that she takes even though she is shy and retiring. What is the likely result of this?

Nora might get the job, but find she is unhappy in the role.

Elaine often volunteers to help others when they run into problems with their projects. She is very positive, always on time, and never calls in sick. Exhibiting ______________ is likely to create positive impressions among Elaine's colleagues and manager.

OCB: Organizational Citizenship Behavior

Sales quotas and piecework are best measured using ________ goals.

Objective

Angela works for a company that does not provide good health benefits or career opportunities. Her _______ is most likely to be negative.

POS

____________ __________ is the set of processes and managerial behaviors that involve defining, monitoring, measuring, evaluating, and providing consequences for performance expectations.

Performance Management

The two basic types of goals are

Performance and learning

___________________ is the combination of stable physical, behavioral, and mental characteristics that gives individuals their unique identity.

Personality

_____________ theory focuses on the needs that drive intrinsic motivation, which is longer lasting and has a more positive impact on task performance than extrinsic motivation.

Self-determination

Which of the following statements about self-efficacy is true?

Self-efficacy can be developed.

Trevor is an overachiever. His brother calls him ambitious and power hungry. Trevor exemplifies the ___________ dimension.

Self-enhancement dimension

Roberto is a manager at XYZ Corporation. Every day, he eats lunch in the company cafeteria so he can learn the latest news and rumors. Roberto is exhibiting his

Social awareness

"Women have a harder time than men in being perceived as effective leaders." This statement reflects what kind of perception distortion?

Stereotype

Papa Bill's, a local pizza chain, institutes a new compensation policy to increase the on-time delivery of its pizzas. Drivers are paid an extra $1.00 for each on-time delivery, payable at the next pay period. However, a review of the policy showed that traffic tickets for reckless driving among delivery drivers increased by 50 percent since the new policy was introduced. Which of the following best explains why this reward system did not perform as expected?

The organization was unintentionally rewarding counterproductive behavior.

What form of diversity management is an organization adopting when it acknowledges differences but does not value nor accept them?

Toleration

T/F Cross-cultural research evidence shows personality models are not unique to the culture in which they were developed. The Big Five personality structure held up very well in a study of women and men from Russia, Canada, Hong Kong, Poland, Germany, and Finland. A comprehensive analysis of Big Five studies revealed: "To date, there is no compelling evidence that culture affects personality structure."

True

T/F Fears of reverse discrimination is a barrier to implementing successful diversity programs.

True

T/F People with high levels of positive psychological capital have high levels of hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism.

True

T/F Typically, managers overemphasize performance goals and underemphasize learning goals.

True

Kim lives and works in a small town, even though she prefers life in a bigger city. She is quite dissatisfied with her current job and is thinking of leaving the organization. She is worried, however, about her ability to find other employment that pays as well as her current job. Additionally, she is concerned about finding another organization that offers college tuition reimbursement. Based on this information, Kim is experiencing _________.

Withdrawal cognitions

Strategies to increase positive experiences include all of the following except

accept negative thoughts

Which of the following is not a process theory of motivation?

acquired needs

Values represent beliefs that influence behaviors _______ ___ ________ attitudes relate to behavior toward ________ ______

across all situations; toward specific topics

The law of effect states that

behavior with favorable consequences tends to be repeated.

When positive practices reduce the impact of negative events or stressors, a(n) ________ effect has occurred.

buffering

The millennial generation is described as

entitled, civic-minded, closely involved with parents.

The term _______ _______ identifies an invisible but absolute barrier that prevents women from advancing to higher-level positions.

glass ceiling

Chris, a manager, knows that one of his employees' values is achievement and power. Chris should assign the employee to a job that includes

high influence over others.

Inez was content with her job at Pieces Packaging until the company added two levels of supervision, lowered bonuses, and decreased breaks. Her current dissatisfaction reflects ________ factors.

hygiene

Ted was dissatisfied with his job. He said that the company policy, supervision, and working conditions were responsible for his dissatisfaction. According to Frederick Herzberg's theory, ____________ are the extrinsic factors that create job satisfaction.

hygiene factors

Derek manages his team by promoting trust by making sure his words match his actions. If he promises something, he holds true to his word. He is also guided by morals and being honest. As a virtuous leader, what trait is he exhibiting?

integrity

At its most basic, a person's behavior can be attributed to either __________ or__________ factors.

internal; external

Continuous reinforcement schedules are particularly useful when an employee is

learning a new skill.

Dr. Riley, a professor in the economics department, finds that if he keeps his door open, people tend to stop in to say hello. This interruption is distracting. So now Dr. Riley keeps his office door open only a crack during his office hours, asking visitors to knock before entering. This small change allows him to grade exams more quickly and accurately. This is an example of his increasing his

mindfulness

Halim, one of your employees, always seems to be "taking it easy," often ignores problems that arise, and rarely takes action on his own. It is likely that Halim is

not a proactive personality.

Flourishing represents the extent to which our lives contain PERMA

positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and achievement

Which forms of consequence strengthen a desired behavior?

positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

The ________ effect is the attraction of all living systems toward that which is life-giving and away from that which is life-depleting.

positivity

Self-efficacy is a component of

psychological capital

Marion, a shift supervisor, is keeping a performance diary for each of her employees. This mechanism can __________ performance appraisals.

reduce bias in