Man's Food Module 1
Which scientist is considered the "father of metabolic balance?
Sanctorius -concerned with the effects food consumption and exercise had on a person's weight.
What factors affect energy expenditure
body mass, age, activity, temperature of body and environment, pregnancy, lactation
When discussing the quantitative aspect of nutrition, "dimension" refers to:
the physical or chemical parameter that can be measured
Metabolism
refers to all the chemical processes in the organism. For normal metabolic processes to occur in humans, the body temperature must be maintained, with the average human body temperature being 98.6 F (37C).
the cardiac sphincter connects the ----- to the ---- and prevents food from backing up into the esphogus
esophagus stomach The cardiac sphincter valve is at the entrance to the stomach, and the pyloric sphincter valve is at the exit to the stomach.
dietary needs of toddlers and adolescents are basically the same
false
two most important things we can do to have a long healthy life are
maintain a good diet and to exercise regularly.
most commonly used unit in nutrition is
mass
how does the bomb calorimetry measure energy
measures food combustion and the breaking of bonds in food; consists of two chambers (the outer chamber holds water and the inner chamber holds food); the food placed inside is burned by electrodes and combustible gas the heat generated is registered by the thermometer
hedonic foods
when people are in a sad state they eat larger amounts of hedonic foods (e.g., buttered popcorn and M&Ms) than when they are in a happy state, but that this effect is moderated when nutritional information is present.
what is BMI and how is it calculated
Body mass Index (BMI) is used as a screening tool to identify possible weight problems for adults. BMI calculation Formula-Weight (kg) / (height (M))^2 Calculation- (weight kg / height m / height m ) Example: height = 165cm (1.65m), weight = 68 kg Calculation: 68 / (1.65)^2 = 24.98 OR For pounds and inches Formula: weight (lb) / (height (in)^2 x 703 Calculation weight =150lbs height = 5'5 or 65inches (150 / (65)^2) x 703 = 24.96 BMI- a measure of an adults weight in relation to his height. Speicically the adults weight in kg divided by the square of his or her height in meters. Using BMI, obesity is defined as a body mass index greater than or equal to 30. below 18.5 is underweight 18.5-24.9 is normal 25-29.9 overweight 30 and obove- obese
Digestive System
Breaks Down Food
Fats, like proteins, are involved in all three functions
(building blocks (cell membranes), energy source, and maintenance/regulation (steroid hormones)
The tissue level is composed of similar types of cells that act together to perform a common function
True
2 ways BMR is measured
...
3 components of the large intestines
...
ATP from carbohydrates, fats and proteins is produced during reactions such as
...
Lesson 2
...
calories in food
...
function of the gallbladder
...
function of the liver
...
one compound used to reproduce ATP during energy is
...
what are the male and female standard references
...
what enzyme is responsible for hydrolyzing the third phosphate group from the ATP molecule
...
when is TPN used
...
how APT is produced
...ATP is derived from the food we eat. As part of the digestion process, food is broken down and through a process called oxidation, is transformed into ATP. ATP is used by the cells to do a variety of work, including: Transport: ATP helps certain molecules across cell membranes. Mechanical: ATP activates certain proteins in muscle tissue that enables them to shorten (contract) and perform mechanical work. Chemical: ATP provides the energy needed to drive "energy absorbing" chemical reactions. Without ATP, molecules in the cells could not be made or broken down, cells could not maintain their boundaries, and all life processes would grind to a halt.
maltose
...grain sugar is digested to glucose
lactose
...milk sugar digested to glucose and galactose
sucrose
...table sugar digested to glucose and fructose
What does the cell need to survive?
1. Abundant oxygen. None of us can live without oxygen. If you put a bag over your head you cannot breathe because the bag deprives you of oxygen. 2. Constant temperature. For most people, the normal body temperature is 98.6 degrees. For other forms of life, that temperature may differ, but we all need the temperature to be constant. When the temperature increases (such as when you have a fever) or decreases (such as then a person suffers from hypothermia), the temperature variation can cause death. The human body has systems that help us to maintain a constant temperature. 3. Abundant water. Without enough water, humans experience dehydration. Taken to the extreme, dehydration can be fatal. 4. Constant acidity. This is the pH for life. You are probably familiar with the pH from high school chemistry—it determines acid or base. Human beings cannot live in a strong acid or in a strong base. Do you remember what the pH of the human body is? If you think "neutral," you are pretty close. It is about 7.2 to 7.3. 5. Constant osmotic pressure. Osmotic pressure is the force that keeps water in its compartments. Without osmotic pressure, our cells would leak and we would not be able to retain water. Osmotic pressure helps to control or maintain water balance.
3 functions of Nutrients
1. Building blocks: for example, protein is used for muscle, calcium is used in the skeleton system, etc. 2. Energy: for the body and cells 3. Maintenance/regulation: help maintain homeostasis*.
3 building block categories
1. Carbohydrates. You may be familiar with carbohydrates in the form of sugar or other foods such as bread or pasta. In the cell, carbohydrates work to help supply energy to our bodies. 2. Proteins. These nutrients are necessary to provide structure to cell components and membranes. This translates to providing healthy hair, muscle, and nails for the body, among other things. 3. Lipids. The fats and oils grouped in this category help maintain cell structure. Fats may also be stored and used as a source of energy.
9 major components of a basic cell
1. Plasma membrane. This membrane can be thought of as the "skin" of the cell. Just as the skin on your body protects your body parts, the membrane of a cell protects its contents. 2. Organelles. The tiny structures found within the cell. Each organelle performs a different function within the cell. 3. Nucleus. The cell's nucleus holds the DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, that controls the genetic information within the cell. You may be familiar with the double helix structure of DNA from previous science classes. 4. Lysosomes. These are tiny areas within the cell that contain enzymes which help the cell digest nutrients. 5. Mitochondrion. This is the singular term used to indicate the area of the cell that produces energy. You may see this referred to as "mitochondria," which is the plural term for these organelles, because they do not work alone. 6. Ribosomes. One of the areas of the cell that aids in synthesizing proteins. 7. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum. The areas of the cell where proteins and lipids (i.e., what we would think of as "fats") are produced. The "rough" designation indicates that ribosomes are attached to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum; the "smooth" designation indicates no ribosomes are attached. 8. Golgi. The part of the cell that helps store and transport proteins. 9. Cytosol. The fluid part of the cell that includes water and other elements.
body has two large cavities that house and protect organs.are the
1. The dorsal [Pertaining to the back; posterior] 2. cavity is located in the posterior (or back) of the body and has two subdivisions: The cranial cavity: It is the space inside the bony skull and houses the brain. The spinal cavity: It is the space inside the vertebrae and contains the spinal cord.
Nucleic acids are the largest biological molecule in the human body. Two of the most significant nucleic acids are
1. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) [Nucleic acid found in all living cells; carries the organism's hereditary information] and 2. ribonucleic acid (RNA) [The nucleic acid that contains ribose; acts in protein synthesis].
4 accessory organs in the digestive system
1.(liver, 2.gallbladder, 3.pancreas) -all 3 Release bile, enzymes, and hormones to help break down food or direct digestive activity. 4. salivary glands
percentage of all cancers attributed to diet and lifestyle
30% to 40% of all cancers may be attributed to diet and lifestyle.
how many Kcal of energy does each split of the phosphate bond provides
7
what percent of the population doe the RDA cover
98%
gastrin
A digestive hormone produced in the stomach that stimulates digestive activities and increases motility and emptying.
organ
A part of the body formed of two or more tissues that performs a specialized function] is a structure that is composed of two or more tissue types and performs a specific function for the body.
what is the cells energy currency
ATP
chemical that provides the energy for the body to perform its tasks
Adenosine triphosphate The compound that is the important intracellular energy source; cellular energy], or ATP is a biochemical that is all-important to the healthy function of the body in that it provides the energy required by the cells to carry out a variety of tasks.
Anatomical
Anatomical
how digestion is stimulated by the brain
Before we eat, digestion is stimulated by the brain: sight, smell, thought of food triggers secretion of various juices and hormones, in terms of appetite control.
the smallest units of all living things.
Cells The basic biological unit of living organisms, containing a nucleus and a variety of organelles enclosed by a limiting membrane] are the smallest units of all living things.
Chemical supply
Cells need chemicals to survive. Most of us think of chemicals as being harmful; however, chemicals are required by the body for optimal health and well-being, and we refer to these chemicals as nutrients. Not all chemicals are bad. We obtain nutrients (i.e., chemicals) by consuming food. You may think of the chemicals as grains, steak, or a glass of milk, but your cells regard that food, once it is broken down, as chemicals coming in and going out
Cardiovascular System
Circulatory System
Back
Posterior
what is the daily value based on
Daily values are expressed as a percentage of reference values from the RDAs for the nutrients listed. Today we refer to the RDA as Reference Daily intakes (RDI). Most labels itemize select nutrients that consumers are interested in knowing about, such as saturated fat, salt, sugar and cholesterol, along with a list of micronutrients (i.e., vitamins and minerals) contained in a serving
Risk factors associated with heart diseases, cancers, and strokes
Diet is a risk factor for each of these ailments. The nutritional and health habits you practice today may influence what happens to your health in the future
Fats
Divided in two categories: saturated, which are solid at room temperature and found mostly in animal tissues, and unsaturated, which are liquid and found mostly in plant tissues.
who defined the chemical composition of protein
Dutch scientist, Gerardus Mulder
To make sure you meet RDA values in your daily intake of foods, you should
Eat a varied selection of foods. Eating too much of one food or maintaining a stagnant diet usually results in not getting enough of the nutrients needed for the body. Remember, one food does not supply everything. Ensure the food you select is palatable. If you can't, or won't, eat the food, where is the benefit? Realize the RDA is a recommendation, and not a requirement. It is your choice whether or not to follow the recommendation. Recognize that adjustments may need to be made if you suffer from a disorder or disease that requires special dietary treatment. Individuals in this situation should consult a dietitian for suggestions and direction on how to satisfy their RDAs with their daily food intake.
Urinary System
Excretory System
The body's largest organ system is the muscular system
False
------- may help reduce the risk of diverticulitus, heart disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity and cartain cancers
Fiber
even though fiber is non digestable, it offers what advantage in digestion
Fiber is a non-digestible component; it is not broken down significantly, but by just going through the system it offers the advantages of preventing or minimizing the risk of diverticular disease (i.e., inflammation of the intestinal tract).
organization responsible for the RDA
Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council (a part of the National Academy of Sciences).
Food s that should be avoided for infants under a year of age
Foods known to contain common allergens such as chocolate, cheese, fish, and strawberries should not be given to infants. Other allergens such as egg whites, cow's milk, and peanut butter should not be offered before one year of age.
large intestine
From the small intestine, the digestive process moves on to the large intestine. This organ reabsorbs water and salt, and reutilizes some of the digestive material so it does not go to waste. The large intestine has a good supply of bacteria. This bacteria is not harmful; it helps break down the remaining material and can produce certain vitamins, such as vitamin K
how do the folds in the small intestine aid in absorption
Having multiple folds increases the surface area of the intestinal lining, thereby increasing the efficiency of the intestine.
U.S. Surgeon General has called for a nationwide health improvement program, called
Healthy People 2010
Which scientist is considered the "father of medicine?
Hippocrates -a physician in ancient Greece and is commonly referred to as the father of medicine. He was one of the first men of science to recognize the importance of food to medicine and health.
body mechanism compared to a thermostat
Homeostatic
Enteral Nutrition (TEN) and Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)
In both cases, the nutrition provided is equivalent to the nutritional values gained by consuming food.
-----lack carbon and tend to be small simple molecules. Give an example.
Inorganic compounds water is an example of an inorganic compound
Levels of Structural Organization
It is important to understand how the parts of the body are organized, from the simplest chemical level to the most complex level called the organismal level. Chemical level: This level includes chemical substances such as atoms and molecules that make up the body's structure. Cellular level: Cells [The basic biological unit of living organisms, containing a nucleus and a variety of organelles enclosed by a limiting membrane] are the smallest units of all living things. Tissue level: Tissues [A group of similar cells specialized to perform a specific function; primary tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues] consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function. Organ level: An organ [A part of the body formed of two or more tissues that performs a specialized function] is a structure that is composed of two or more tissue types and performs a specific function for the body. Organ system: This is the most complex system made up of varying numbers and kinds of organs that combine together to accomplish a common purpose. Organismal level: This is the highest level of organization of an organism and in humans consists of 11 organ systems: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive.
the first to coin the word "vitamins"
Kazimierz (or Casimir) Funk
Spleen
Lymphatic Organ
Which one of the following contains enzymes that help the cell digest nutrients?
Lyosomes
why you would not want to use MDR for defining nutritional status
MDR underestimates the nutritional status of whole populations, so something better is needed to define nutritional recommendations.
what organization monitors long term weight loss in individuals
National Weight Control Registry (NWCR)
Vitamins
Organic compounds that are synthesized, for the most part, only by plants and bacteria; our supply comes from plant foods and our own bowel bacteria.
Carbohydrates
Our body's most efficient source of energy and an essential component in the production of many structural and functional materials
type of chemicals that help reduce the risk for certain diseases and illnesses
Phytochemicals, especially antioxidants,
Responds to changes in the environment
Receptor
The suggestions below have been proposed to curb the trend toward an overweight lifestyle
Reduce time spent watching television and in other sedentary behaviors. Build physical activity into regular routines. Ensure that the school breakfast and lunch programs meet nutrition standards. Provide food options that are low in fat, calories, and added sugars, and provide all children with quality daily physical education. Create more opportunities for physical activity at work sites. Promote healthier choices, including at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables a day, and reasonable portion sizes. Encourage the food industry to provide reasonable food and beverage portion sizes. Encourage food outlets to increase the availability of low-calorie, nutritious food items.
basic human life cycle
Reproduction occurs at the cellular level in producing the sex cells (sperm and eggs), as well as at the organism level for the production of the offspring. The union of the sperm and egg results in an embryo, which must implant in the uterus of the female. The developing fetus will continue to develop into a baby throughout the gestational period.
three main planes:
Sagittal plane: Transverse plane Frontal plane (coronal section)
14 components of digestive system
Salivary glands Oral cavity Tongue Esophagus Stomach Liver Gallbladder Bile duct Pancreas Pancreatic duct Large intestine (colon) Small intestine Rectum Anus
------ is also present to help neutralize the acidic chyme coming from the stomach
Sodium bicarbonate is also present to help neutralize the acidic chyme coming from the stomach, and protect the small intestine lining from the acid. This neutralization raises the pH to above 7
Vitamins
only provide maintenance/regulation
area of brain that regulates cephalic phase of digestion
The "cephalic phase of digestion" refers to digestive activities dependent upon feedback and control occurring in the brain. The primary region of the brain regulating this stage of digestion is located in the medulla oblongata.
urinary system
The urinary system is also known as the excretory system, and is involved in waste removal such as nitrogen-containing wastes.
2 major influences for developing the RDA
The RDA was developed in the 1930s and 1940s as the government began to ask questions about the nutritional status of its citizens. These times are considered the golden age of nutrition, because so many nutritional discoveries occurred and the government took more interest in the nutritional status of the population. In addition to the government's interest in the nutritional status of the general population, the second major influence for developing the RDA was World War II. The government wanted to make sure the soldiers were maintaining good nutrition. A national program was started that continues today in helping to define nutritional status for those in the military.
Body Cavities
The body has two large cavities that house and protect organs. The dorsal [Pertaining to the back; posterior] cavity is located in the posterior (or back) of the body and has two subdivisions: The cranial cavity: It is the space inside the bony skull and houses the brain. The spinal cavity: It is the space inside the vertebrae and contains the spinal cord. The larger ventral [Anterior or front] (anterior [The front of an organism, organ, or part; the ventral surface]) cavity is subdivided into two main cavities called the thoracic cavity [Refers to the chest] and the abdominal [The portion of the body between the diaphragm and the pelvis] pelvic cavity. These two cavities are separated by a dome-shaped muscle called the diaphragm.
Proteins
The building blocks that make up this nutrient are called amino acids. This nutrient is found in all foods derived from animals and plants.
what action gave rise to the term acid relux
The cardiac sphincter allows the food to enter the stomach. If this valve does not shut completely you get acid from the stomach moving back into the esophagus or gastric gases moving back into the esophagus; this is called "reflux." Because the stomach is very low in pH, reflux causes irritation, burning, and inflammation of the esophagus, and that is where we get the term acid reflux, or heartburn.
Water
The environment in which cells live; it is approximately 60 percent of our body weight.
2 types of muscles that make up the esophagus and how do these muscles assist in the movement of the bolus to the abdominal cavity
The esophagus is made up of two types of muscle. The inner muscles are circular; the outer muscles are longitudinal. When the circular muscles constrict behind the bolus, they prevent the bolus from moving backward (i.e., from creating a "reflux" action). As the circular muscles relax, the longitudinal muscles start pressing and pushing the food mass forward, not only moving it but also helping to break it into smaller particles. this movement is peristalsis.
villi
The finger-like projections that increase the surface area of the small intestine to help with digestion finger-like projections in constant motion to entrap the food particle and chemically digest it with enzymes
3 components in regulating Homeostasis
The first is called a receptor [1) A peripheral nerve ending specialized for response to particular types of stimuli; (2) molecule that binds specifically], which responds to changes in the environment (or stimuli). The second is called the control center [Center which determines the level at which a variable is to be maintained, analyzes the information it receives and then determines the appropriate response or course of action], that determines what the normal limits or range is, analyzes the information received, and responds. The third component is the effector [An organ, gland, or muscle capable of being activated by nerve endings], which responds by counteracting change, or has an effect on the controlled condition.
peristalsis
The forward, rhythmic motion that moves food through the digestive system
make a flow diagram of how cells come to make systems such as the nervous system
The human body is made up of billions upon billions of cells—the cells make tissues, tissues make organs such as the liver, heart, and spleen; organs make systems such as the digestive, circulatory, and nervous systems
2 functions of the large intestines
The large intestine has a good supply of bacteria. This bacteria is not harmful; it helps break down the remaining material and can produce certain vitamins, such as vitamin K. Some of these water-soluble vitamins can be absorbed with the water and salt back into the body for utilization. The large intestine is a small, but useful, source of some of the vitamins the body needs. Any waste material not used is then eliminated from the body.
physiology
The science of the functioning of living organisms] is also derived from two Greek terms: "ology"—meaning the study of, and "physio"—meaning nature. Physiology focuses on how the body and its parts function.
anatomy
The science of the structure of living organisms] is derived from two Greek terms: "tomy"—meaning to cut, and "ana"—meaning apart. Greek anatomists began their study of the human body by "cutting apart" or dissecting preserved animals or organs.
3 sections of the small intestine in order
The small intestine has the circular longitudinal muscles like those in the esophagus; these muscles break down the chyme into smaller and smaller segments and particles through peristalsis. The circular muscles contract, splitting the chyme into two pieces, and then the longitudinal muscles flatten the chyme and push it until it is eventually broken down.
compare the pHs of the stomach to the small intestine
The stomach secretes gastric juices, including the very caustic hydrochloric acid, and a protective mucus which protects the stomach from the hydrochloric acid. How caustic is hydrochloric acid? It has a pH of approximately 2; by comparison, battery acid has a pH of 0. Toward the other end of the scale, saliva has a pH of around 7. stomach much more acidic than small intertine small intestine- pH rises to greater than 7 so that further digestion can occur.
Minerals
These nutrients come from inorganic matter, primarily the earth; some are important in our structural material, for instance, our bones and teeth
Proteins do all three functions.
They provide building blocks (muscle), an energy source and maintenance/regulation (hormones/enzymes).
Buffers against change
This condition is related to the need for constant acidity. Acid-base balance in the body is controlled by having buffers that resist large changes in pH. This is one way the human body handles insults to the cells
Bulk for dilution
This phrase means that size can help protect against detrimental elements and toxins. For example, an adult can handle more toxins in the body than an infant can handle. An adult can afford to lose more water and still survive versus an infant. Why? Because the adult has more mass. Children need a higher percentage of body water, so they cannot afford to lose as much as an adult, and are more susceptible to dehydration and death.
Two of the main goals are
To help all Americans increase their life expectancy and improve their quality of life. To eliminate health disparities among different segments of the population.
Physiology focuses on how the body and its parts function
True
who is responsible for listing vitamins and minerals that are essential for optimal health and well-being.
U.S., the Department of Agriculture (USDA), along with its sister agency the Department of Health and Human Services, publishes dietary recommendations (Dietary Guidelines for Americans), listing vitamins and minerals that are essential for optimal health and well-being.
golden rice is genitically altered to produce
Vitamin A by adding beta carotene to the crop to make yellow rice
Which of the following is one benefit that was gained by William Stark's evaluation of the human diet?
We learned that the lack of vitamin C can lead to scurvy and death
when 2 or more ---- combine chemically, a ---- is formed
When two or more atoms [The smallest part of an element; indivisible by ordinary chemical means] combine chemically, a molecule [Particle consisting of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds] is formed. If two or more atoms of the same element bond together, a molecule of that element is formed, and the molecule retains the same properties of the element.
does the amount of micronutrients change when you adjust your caloric intake
While adjusting the number of calories you consume for macronutrients changes based on your daily caloric needs, the amount of micronutrients you need does not change, nor do the values for cholesterol and salt. The reference standards for these two items are 300 mg and 2.4 g respectively.
peptide
a chain of amino acids linked to a peptide bond
The daily value is usually based on
a 2000 calorie per day diet. Percentages for the macronutrients are again calculated based on reference standards for these nutrients. For example, if the label shows 12 g of fat is in a serving, based on a 2000 calorie diet the reference for fat is 65 g; dividing 12/65 x 100% gives you a result of 18%. The label will show 18% as the daily value for the "Fat" entry under Nutrition Facts.
cleft palate or lip
a congenital abnormality that develps while the child is in the womb. when a childs lip is cleft it mean that there was not enough tissue for the upper lip and jaw bone to fuse (cleft lip)or for the roof of the mouth to fully close (palate) no known cause but medications are suspect and prevention remains a mystery. it may be heritiary and corrected with surgery
MDR is the minimal amount required to prevent
a deficiency
cause of aphthous ulcers or canker sores
a faulty immune system or a nutritional defect. The exact cause remains a mystery. these small ulvers are usually found on the inside of the lips and cheeks or on the tongye. These unlcers typically burst within a day.
What is a "comfort food?
a food a person eats to obtain a degree of psychological comfort. This may be a bowl of soup on a cold day or a pint of ice cream when we are sad.
major purpose of the stomach
a grinding organ that takes the bolus and reduces it into a very fine, liquefied material to increase its surface area. The whole point of digestion is to take a larger piece of food material and break it down into very fine pieces, thereby increasing its surface area and helping to promote efficient vitamin extraction and the break down of macronutrients.
Registered Dietitian
a person who has completed at least a bachelor's degree at an accredited university in the U.S., has completed an accredited supervised practice program, and has passed a national exam administered by the American Dietetic Association.
Dimension
a physical or chemical parameter that can be measured. Examples include length, weight, and volume. Using football as an example, if you know the offensive line's average weight is 340 pounds, average height is 6'9", and they are able to run the 40 in 4.2 seconds, you have information that tells you something about how successful they should be. These are physical parameters that define characteristics of the football team and individuals. Using this information, you can determine that the linemen are large individuals and taller than the average person. The dimension tells you what you are measuring and gives you an idea of the magnitude.
hiatal hernia
a protrusion of the stomach through the diaphragm and up into the thoracic cavity. GErD is a typical symptom of this condition. inguinal hernia= small intestine pokes through a weak spot in the abdominal wall hernioplasty- sugural repair of hernia
bolus
a soft mass made up of a mixture of chewed food and saliva the lips, teeth, and tongue help prepare the bolus for further stages of swallowing.
catalyst
a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming a part of the product of the reaction. This may not sound that important, but the truth is, enzymes are essential to virtually every biochemical reaction in the body, literally catalyzing millions of reactions every minute. They increase the rate of reactions by at least a million fold, meaning that without enzymes, these reactions would occur far too slowly to support life.
what is a calorie
a unit used to measure energy (heat)
describe trans cellular transport
active transport chloride follows sodium and the osmotic pressure generated by the movement of salt and other solutes
the last chance to maximize peak bone mass.
adolescence
muscular system
allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture; and produces heat
Protein starts as a large macromolecule and needs to be broken down into its simplest components
amino acids.
The Doctrine of Signatures supported the idea that the ___________ of food was related to the function of the food.
appearance
# of chemicals are required by the body for optimal health and well-being.
approximately 40 For most people, these 40 important chemicals are consumed in the form of a multivitamin or by ingesting food
describe the 3 types of organisms that require energy
autotrophic organisms- require light, water, and carbon dioxide; these organisms that can make or produce their own energy heterotrophic organisms- require energy from preformed organic molecules taken from the environment, i.e., from food chemosynthetic organisms- produce energy through chemical reactions, instead of generating energy from light or from food (example: microscopic bacteria that live at the bottom of deep oceans near hydrothermal vents)
5 factors that define an individuals energy requirements
basal metabolism, digestion, excretion, growth, and activity
positive" feedback mechanisms, for example blood clotting and childbirth.
blood clotting and childbirth.
what is the energy source for your brain
blood glucose
One suggested way to curb the trend toward being overweight or obese is to:
build physical activity into regular routines.
---------, ---------, and---------are important nutrients because they contribute to bone and muscle growth.
calcium, vitamin D and iron
what is the primary energy source expended during high intensity exercise
carbohydrates contained in the blood glucose and stored glycogen in the muscles and the liver
ATP is composed of -------, -------- and -------.
carbohydrates, fats and proteins
three things in food that are needed for optimal health and well-being
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
macronutrients
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and water -they make up the largest portion of any foodstuff, by weight.
Nutrients which are essential for the maintenance, repair, growth, and reproduction of all our body tissues are divided into six categories
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and water. vitamins and minerals
Four elements are the essential building blocks of life
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen and 96% of our body weight is made up of these four elements
list the Kcal/g conversion for carbohydrates, fat and proteins
carbs-4 Kcal of energy proteins-4 Kcal of energy fat- 9 Kcal of energy
bacteria in the large intestine are responsible for synthesizing what vitamins
cells and secretions of the large intestine have no digestive functions. Resident bacteria break down some of the indigestible carbohydrates and use the the released nutrients. These bacteria synthesize some B complex vitamins and significant amounts of Vitamin K that are absorbed. The colon absorbs small amounts of water and salt as feces pass through it.
five common pathologies
choledocholithiasis- gallstones. crush the stone to treat diverticulitis- inflammation of the diverticla caused when food is trapped within the diverticula. surgery removal of diverticulum to treat anal fistula- abnormal tubelike opening from the anus to the rectum. most begin as anal abscesses. remove fistula to treat. hemorrhoids- varicose veins of the rectum. remove the hemmorrhoid. cholecystisis- inlammation of the gallbladder; maybe from gallstones. removal of the gallbladder with a laparoscope.
organic compound
compound containing carbon; examples include proteins, carbohydrates, and fats] are carbon-containing compounds, such as carbohydrates [Organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; includes starches, sugars, cellulose], lipids [Organic compound formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; examples are fats and cholesterol], proteins [A complex nitrogenous substance; the main building material of cells], and nucleic acids [Class of organic molecules that includes DNA and RNA].
2 roles of DNA is the genetic material found in the cell nucleus [
dense central body in most cells containing the genetic material of the cell] and has two fundamental roles: it replicates itself exactly before the cell divides, and it provides instructions for building every protein in the body. DNA is the material that makes us who we are—it contains the "blueprint" for building the whole body. DNA is a "double helix" molecule in that its building blocks, called nucleotides [Building block of nucleic acids] form a two-sided chain, connected together in a coiled fashion
alimentary canal
describe the tube of the digestive system through which food passes, is digested, and from which wastes are eliminated
difference between direct and indirect calorimetry
direct- measures the energy of food using an instrument called the bomb calorimeter indirect calorimetry- an individual relies on statistical charts, tables, handbooks, and population profiles to calculate or determine his or her energy requirements; most people rely on this method
function of cardiovascular system
distributes blood to all parts of the body], often referred to as the circulatory system, functions as a transportation system by bringing nutrients and other substances to the cells and transporting wastes away from the cells. This is a closed system made up of the heart, arteries [A vessel that carries blood away from the heart], veins [A vessel carrying blood away from the tissues toward the heart] and capillaries [A minute blood vessel connecting arterioles with venules].
The Food and Nutrition Board develops a bell-shaped curve for each nutrient, for what 2 categories
each age and gender group
energy balance
energy in- energy out and weight remains the same
what is the problem with fat digestion in the small intestine and how is it solved
fat is not soluble in water and the small intestine is an aqueous environment; since fat and water tend to separate the enzymes in the water cannot get to the fat a bile emulsifier helos reduce the energy barrier between the molecule of water and fat allowing the aqueous materials to contact the fat materials an emulsifying agent is something that helps bring together elements which are normally insoluble
how does fat travel
fats travel in threes and are called truglycerides
------ is sent through the one way exit of the stomach, ------, and into the small intestine.
food pyloric sphincter (the valve that controls the exit of the chyme from the stomach)
what would prevent scurvy
fresh fruit and vegetables rich in vitamin C
basic metabolic rate is ------- determined
genetically
another word for gum
gingival
Starch is broken down by the enzyme Salivary amylase to its simplest sugar, called glucose
glucose
what is the storage form of glucose
glycogen
Public Health Nutritionist
has an undergraduate degree in nutrition but is not a Registered Dietician.
Licensed Dietitian
has met specified educational and experience criteria as defined by the state. Over 30 states in the U.S. license nutrition professionals who meet specified educational and experience criteria.
Doctrine of Signature
he concept that provided an explanation for the benefits to be gained from certain foods. This doctrine supported the idea that plants and animals were signs from the gods—the nutritional value derived from the plant or animal was directly related to the appearance of the plant or animal. In other words, appearance was related to function. For example, wine is red, so it was thought that wine would be good for the blood. Walnuts, when cut open and examined, look similar to a brain, so it was thought that walnuts were good for your head. Cannibals would eat the heart out of an opponent to acquire the opponent's courage.
leading causes of illness and death in the U.S. today are
heart diseases, cancers, and strokes
quantitative aspect of nutrition
how much of a nutrient is required. Quantitation implies measurement and value. Other terms used in quantitation are: Dimension A dimension is a physical or chemical parameter that can be measured. Examples include length, weight, and volume. Using football as an example, if you know the offensive line's average weight is 340 pounds, average height is 6'9", and they are able to run the 40 in 4.2 seconds, you have information that tells you something about how successful they should be. These are physical parameters that define characteristics of the football team and individuals. Using this information, you can determine that the linemen are large individuals and taller than the average person. The dimension tells you what you are measuring and gives you an idea of the magnitude. Unit A unit expresses the quantity of a particular dimension. Examples are meter, centimeter (cm), yard, inch, kilogram (kg), gram (g), pound, ounces, liter, milliliter (mL), quarts. When looking at weight using the English system, you work in pounds. People using the metric system work in kilograms or grams. For quantifying nutrients, you will be working with mass or weight, so you will see terms such as micrograms, milligrams, etc. that define the quantitative aspects of nutrients. Mass The unit most commonly used in nutrition is mass. Mass is the measure of the quantity of matter that an object contains; it is not dependent on gravity, which is what differentiates "mass" from "weight."
Absorption
how we move the building block materials into the body and what happens to them.
where and how does the digestion of protein occur
in the stomach, pepsin begins the digestion of protein. proteins are long polymers of amino acids. pepsin is the only major digestive enzyme that is maximally active at acidic PH. pepsin cleaves proteins into peptide fragments and a small amount of individual amino acids. pepsin is active only in the stomach. when chyme is neutralized in the duodenum, pepsin is denatured.
what fiber does for human in the digestive tract
increase bulk of the stool and promotes its timely movement through the colon
can hepatitis be transmitted
inflammation of liver caused by a viral infection. it can be transmitted sexually, through contaminated food and blood.
define Crohns disease and list the symptoms
inflammatory bowel disease that affects the colon and ileum making them swell causing severe pain as well as diarrhea. can cause ulcers, fistula, malnutrition, an dobstruction of the bowel. is marked by abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, weight loss and arthritus
Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)
injects nutrients directly into the bloodstream through intravenous feeding. In both cases,
body's largest organ system
integumentary system [The skin and its accessory organs], or skin. The skin and its accessories (hair, nails, sweat glands [The glands that produce a saline solution called sweat; also called sudoriferous glands] and sebaceous glands [Glands that empty their sebum secretion into hair follicles]) act primarily as a protective covering for the body.
11 organ systems
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive
Constant osmotic pressure is the force that:
keeps water in the cell
function of the 3 substances present in gastric juices
kill bacteria and inactivate the salivary amylase that was a part of the saliva, thus helping to liquefy food by chemically breaking down its bonds. The following are also present in the gastric juices: Pepsin, a protease which helps break down the protein component within the food or chyme into smaller fragments called peptides. Pepsin works pretty well under the extreme acid conditions present in the stomach. Lipases, which start to digest smaller fats, especially dairy-type fats which have smaller fatty acids. Glycoprotein, which is an important molecule because it bonds to the vitamin B12, and protects it from being broken down by the gastric juices. Without glycoprotein, you would not have active vitamin B12 in your system.
what is produced when glucose is broken down at a very high rate
lactic acid
function of vitamin K
liver synthesis of some blood clotting protiens
difference between Sagittal plane:and Transverse plane
longitudinal (vertical) plane that divides the body or any of its parts into right and left portions] is a cut made lengthwise, dividing the body into right and left parts. If the cut is made down the center of the body, it is referred to as a midsagittal plane [Specific sagittal plane that lies exactly on the midline] (median), which produces equal right and left parts. or [Plane that divides the body or its parts into superior and inferior portions; also called a cross section] (cross section)—is a cut made along a horizontal plane, dividing the body or organ into superior and inferior parts.
monosaccharides and amino acids enter the bloodstream while most fat enters the lymph
lymph
Studies done at Cornell University found that the occurrence of people eating hedonic foods when they were sad was ___________ when nutritional information was present.
moderated
role of saliva
moisten food and make chewing easier and to begin the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates in the food so that the stomach can continue converting it into fuel for the body
molecule vs compound
molecule -Particle consisting of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds When two or more different atoms bind together to form a molecule, that molecule is called a compound Compound- Substance composed of two or more different elements, the atoms of which are chemically united]. Compounds always have properties that are different from those of the atoms that they contain.
triglycerides are digested to -------- and --------
monoglycerides and free fatty acids
what are the simplest units of carbohydrates broken into
monosaccharides the higher pH helps the enzymes efficiently break down proteins into their building blocks—amino acids, fats into their building blocks—fatty acids, and carbohydrates into their building blocks—monosaccharides.
RDA is for what part of the population
normal healthy individuals -based on a bell-shaped curve that encompasses the entire population.
Essential Nutrients
nutrients that cannot be made by the body and must be obtained from an outside source, i.e., by consuming food. Most of the 40 chemicals needed by the body are considered essential.
BMI of 30 indicates
obesity
symptoms of GERD
occurs when acid flows backwards up from the stomach into the esphagus. the acid causes inflmamation and pain. causes- too much stomach acid, cardiac spiincter not working properly. symptoms-
kilocalorie
one unit of energy; the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water 1 degree Celsius
organ that provides the enzymes for digestion
pancreas
3 glands that produce saliva
parotid glands (front of ears) submandular glands- (jaw and chin meet) sublingual glands (under the tongue)
Water
participates actively in forming building blocks of cells
what has become the recent problem with people using nutrition lables to keep track of their daily consumption
people dont realize the serving size
enzyme that is maximally active in an acidic PH
pepsin
how esophogus moves the bolus(ball of food) toward the stomach
peristalsis ((the muscular contraction that push food through the thoracic cavity and the diaphragm into the abdominal cavity)) moves the bolus from the espohagus into the stomach
Nutritionist
person who may or may not have taken accredited courses in nutrition. When consulting with a person who calls himself or herself a Nutritionist, it is a good idea to check the person's credentials to be sure they are qualified to make a nutritional assessment.
Sagittal
plane
where and how does the digestion of starch occur
plant starch and glycogen are the most abundant dietary carbohydrates. they are long polymers of glucose. Digestion of starch begins in the mouth with salivary amylase which is maximally active at PH of 7. amylase breaks starch down to the disaccarharide maltose to fragments of three glucose molecules to small branched fragments. amylase continues to work in the stomach until food is mixed with gastric juice and acidified, Acid denatures amylase.
how are polar and nonpolar substances absorbed in digestion?
polar absorbed by carrier mediated transport non polar can be absorbed across the intestinal epithelium by simple diffusion
humans lack digestive enzymes for what type of carbohydrates
polysaccharide cellulose and some other complex carbohydrates
are genetically altered foods safe?
possibly allergies but no reported case of anyone suffering ill effects from consuming these foods
enzyme that breaks down starch in the mouth
salivary amylase
lack of an adequate amount of vitamin C can lead to
scurvy and death
function of the pancreas
secretes sodium bicarbonate which raises the pH level and is used as a base to help neutralize the acidic chyme
which hormone is secreted by the intestine that signals the pancreas to secrete sodium bicarbonate
secretin
Nutritional values are broken down into
serving size and servings per container. Calories per serving and calories from fat are also shown
first solid an infant should recieve at about six months of age
single grain cereal such as rice cereal. Next, other single grain cereals, then multigrain cereals can be gradually added. The next step is pureed vegetables, and then fruits.
three categories of muscles
skeletal—muscle attached to bone, visceral—smooth muscle lining the organs, and cardiac—muscle of the heart.
absorbtion of most water, salt and nutirients occur in the
small intestine
where most of the absorption and digestion occurs in the GI tract
small intestine
ailment
something that supports, sustains, or nourishes, such as food
----- and ----- are the most abundant dietary carbohydrates
starrch and 3 disaccarides (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
Enzymes
substance formed by living cells that acts as a catalyst in bodily chemical reactions] are "functional" proteins in that they act as catalysts for many chemical reactions in the body.
3 most abundant disaccharides
sucrose, lactose and maltose
Enteral Nutrition (TEN)
supplies nutrition through a feeding tube that dispenses a specially prepared formula.
Minerals
supply building blocks (calcium and phosphorus for bones and teeth) and maintenance (e.g., zinc is a part of insulin; iron as a part of hemoglobin)
the agency charged with guarding the public's health
the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Homeostasis
the ability or tendency of an organism or a cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes
RDA
the optimal amount for health and well-being. RDA focuses on nutritional status by evaluating populations, and thus, how an individual fits into the population. It helps to provide the quantitative aspect of our nutrient needs.
what is the estimated energy requirement (EER) based on
the average calorie intake you need to maintain energy balance; based on a person's gender, age, height, body weight, and level of physical activity
Digestion
the breaking down of macronutrients contained in foods into the basic building blocks, or elements, required for the body's nourishment
the most complex structural organization level
the organismal level
qualitative vs quantitative science
the qualitative science that describes which chemicals the body needs for optimal health and well-being, and the quantitative science that indicates how much of each chemical is needed by the body.
In this course, nutrition is
the qualitative science that describes which chemicals the body needs for optimal health and well-being, and the quantitative science that indicates how much of each chemical is needed by the body. In other words, the study of nutrition considers which chemicals, and how much, are needed to support and sustain a healthy body. Nutrition must also define how these chemicals are ingested, digested, absorbed, transported, metabolized, and eliminated. Studying this information about the chemicals helps you understand how much is needed; how much is metabolized or broken down; and where it goes, not only in the body, but on the molecular level as well (that is, the cell).
A better measurement of nutritional status than MDA is
the recommended dietary allowance, or RDA
function of the fundus
the top of the stomach; holds the food and doses with the necessary digestive enzymes such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) and pepsin
what makes enzymes so efficient
their forms do not change
Carbohydrates perform one function
to supply energy for the body.
The U.S. Surgeon General's Report on Nutrition and Health lists three habits that affect nutrition and health
tobacco, diet, and alcohol
two ways salt and water can be absorbed in the small intestine
trans cellular transport para cellular transport (passive)
most nutrients are absorbed by
transepithelial transport
most dietary fat consists of
triglycerides
what 3 protease enzymes help break down the molecules into amino acid fragments
trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase
where peptic ulcer disease is located
ulcer found in the lower espohadus, stomach or duodenum. caused by excess acid or bacteria.
how the stomach is unique
unique because it is made of three types of muscular structure: The inner structure is a diagonal type of muscle. The intermediate or middle muscle layer is a circular type of muscle. The outer layer is a longitudinal type of muscle. The three muscular structures work together so the stomach actually squeezes in and out like an accordion, grinding, digesting and liquefying the bolus into small particles.
what causes the epiglottis to cover the larynx to prevent food from going down the wrong pipe
uvala's gag reflex keep food from going down the larnyx pipe instead of the wind pipe
Bones that contain the spinal cord
vertebrae
vitamin
vital to life
what preformed vitamin should be limited in adults to reduce the risk of osteoporosis
vitamin A
list the two vitamins that older adults possibly need to supplement in their diet
vitamin D vitamin B12 Older adults also need to be sure to get enough iron, zinc, and calcium.
The term that describes the micronutrients that are vital to life is
vitamins
The term that describes the micronutrients that are vital to life is:
vitamins
micronutrients
vitamins and minerals —which make up a small percentage of our food, by weight.
the qualitative science of nutrition describes
which chemicals the body needs for optimal health
anatomical position
which refers to the body as standing erect, face forward, with feet parallel and arms hanging at the side, and with palms facing forward. Directional terms are used to explain where one body structure is in relation to another.
