Maori 130G

My Pepeha

Ko Ben Lomond te maunga Ko Waihi Beach te moana Ko Alexa tōku ingoa

Māori language schools

Kōhanga Reo (pre-schools) Kura Kaupapa Māori (primary) Whare Kura (secondary) Whare Wānanga (tertiary institutions)

Mauri

Life force

Mana tangata

Mana of people. Mana invested in a person according to their deeds and attributes. E.g. if you take on leadership roles, gain respect in the community - this is your mana tangata

Mana Tupuna

Mana of the ancestors. Gods bestowed power and authority on ancestors, which is then inherited. Can be general leadership or role-specific e.g. weaving

Mana atua

Mana of the gods. Sacred power of the gods given to those who conform to ritual and principle.

Mana whenua

Mana of the land. Mana that was planted in the earth mother to give her the ability to support life

Mana moana

Mana of the ocean/seas. Equivalent to mana whenua, but in bodies of water

Mana Māori Motuhake

Mana through self-determination and control over one's own destiny

Matua/Whaea

Mother/aunty or father/uncle

What happened after the treaties?

Māori left as a marginalised, deprived and oppressed minority in their own land, stripped of their lands and natural resources, denied their sovereignty, subjected to racism and discrimination

1830 (ship seized)

Māori owned ship the Sir George Murray seized in Port Jackson

Te Matatini

National kapa haka competition

Sailing ships

Nga Manuao (birds)

1805 (visit to Sydney)

Ngāpuhi rangatira Te Pahi visited Governer King in Sydney and questioned him intensively about foregin laws

Māori

Normal, common. Useful for distinguishing Māori and non-Māori, but within the Māori world your whānau, hapū, iwi and waka define your identity.

Waiata Tira

Not compulsory/non-competitive, harmonic singing, influenced by missionaries

Steps in science

Observation Empirical experience postulation theoretical practice

Doctrine of Discovery

Originated in Rome in 1400s, called for "non-Christian peoples to be invaded, captured, vanquished, subdued and reduced to perpetual slavery and to have their possessions and property seized by Christian monarchs"

1792 onward

Pakeha started settling in NZ in small numbers to exploit the abundant natural resources - harakeke (flax), kauri, whail/seal oil

Wāhi tapu

Places that are tapu

Change of tradition from Pacific to Aotearoa

Sea-based (tangaroa) to land-based (papatuanuku)

Kaitiaki

Spiritual assistants of the gods, minders of the natural elements of the world. They are have a spiritual power (mana) to ensure the mauri of the natural world is healthy and strong. Often manifest in physical forms e.g. animals, trees

Mana

Spiritual authority and power. Comes from the gods, bestowed upon humans to act on the god's behalf

Rakiura

Stewart Island

1820 (visit to England)

Hongi Hika and Waikato visited King Geroge IV in England and agreed to form an international diplomatic alliance

Muskets

Te Ahi O te Tupua (the fire of the demon)

Principle 2

The tool (whakapapa) can be reapplied every time a single phenomena is apprehended

Pakeha lawlessness

The unholy trinity - rum, fistfights and prostitutes

Te Ao Mārama

The world of being and enlightenment, where humans live The Māori system to account for phenomena

Tapu

To spiritually protect people, land and resources. When something is made tapu, it is untouchable, no longer for common use. Laws of tapu are most influential in regulating Māori society.

Principle 3

To understand phenomena, we must understand relationships

Mōteatea

Traditional chant, oldest genre, no choreography. The window to the foresight of Māori

Rāhui

When a temporary restriction is placed over a location, resource or food gathering place

Internalised racism

acceptance of the negative ideologies about one's own ethnic group

Waka

canoes that came from the pacific and carried the ancestors of many different iwi

Te Tiriti O Waitangi

drafted and signed 5 years after He Whakaputanga in 1840 - a treaty of peace and friendship between two sovereign nations Signed by over 500 rangatira, and the British Crown

Whānau

extended family groups (grandparents, aunties, uncles, siblings, children)

Te Tiriti Article 1

gave Queen of England the right to control Pākehā using a mechanism called kāwanatanga

Rohe

geographic regions and landscapes inhabited by whānau, hapū, iwi and waka

Hapū

group of different whānau who descended from a common ancestor. Main social and economic unit in Māori society

Te Tiriti Article 2

guaranteed ultimate and paramount power and authority to Māori over all that was theirs Allowed the Queen and her agents to trade/lease lands of hapū for prices agreed to by agent and land owner (Māori had no concept of "sale")

Te Tiriti Article 3

guranteed to care for and protect Māori and to provide all the rights and privileges of British citizens

Kāwanatanga

loosely translates as governmentship

Does He Whakaputanga have legal standing?

no - British Crown has never accorded it recognition in NZ law, hence it has no legal effect

Why wouldn't Māori cede sovereignty?

no reason to - had held mana whenua for nearly a thousand years Their sovereignty and independence had been asserted by rangatira and by the King of England Outnumbered Pākehā and were heavily armed They had spent the last 50 years building a mutually beneficial relationship with European nations

Interpersonal racism

racially motivated verbal and/or physical abuse

1834 (Te Kara)

selection of Te Kara, the flag of the Confederation of Hapuū of NZ

He Whakaputanga o te Rangatiratanga o Nu Tīreni

the Declaration of Independence of NZ. Drawn up by Busby in 1835, translated into He Whakaputanga, by 1839 signed by 52 rangatira. Statement of the sovereignty or mana of the hapū.

1832 (Busby)

James Busby appointed as British Resident in Bay of Islands to mediate between rangatira and British citizens, to deal with 'acts of outrage by British subjects'

Racism (what colonisation is a result of)

the attitudinal or ideological phenomenon that accepts racial superiority and when present in those in power, justifies them using that power to discriminate against and deprive others of what is rightfully theirs on the basis of their race

Contra proferentem

the international law that states in the event of a dispute over a contract, the law sides 'against the drafter' (i.e. against the English version of Te Tiriti)

Relationship between He Whakaputanga and Te Tiriti

"He Whakaputanga is the parent, Te Tiriti is the child" - Hone Sadler

Te Kara

"The colour" - the flag chosen for NZ. Symbolised a new international status of NZ as an independent sovereign nation, guaranteed protection by British Navy

Waipounamu

"k" in place of "ng" e.g. "Kai Tahu" for "Ngāi Tahu"

Tuhoe dialect

"n" in place of "ng" e.g. "tanata" for "tangata"

1831 (letter)

13 rangatira write a letter to King Willian IV on behalf of 'the Collective Rangatira of New Zealand' asking for his assistance as a "friend" to discipline his British subjects

How many Māori speakers (2013 census)

148,395 - (84%) are Māori

Poi

A ball on a rope that is swung around in choreographed moves

Mātauranga Māori

A body of knowledge derived from a Māori cultural context

Rangatira

A person of mana who can lead the people by holding them together

Whakapapa

A tool of analysis - the idea that two phenomena are related and come together to produce a third phenomena. A vast symbol set used to order, group and locate phenomena

Waiata ā-ringa

Action song, most contemporary Singing, choreography Written in olden days to farewell/welcome back those involved in war

Principle 1

All new phenomena arise from at least two other antecedent phenomena

Haka

Ancient dance traditionally used on the battlefield, or when groups came together in peace

Northland dialect

Aspirated "w" ("hua" sound) in place of "wh"

Vowel length

Changes the meaning of words e.g. manu (bird) vs mānu/maanu (float)

Rekohu/Wharekauri

Chatham Islands

Tuakana/teina

Elder/younger siblings respectively

Koro/Kuia

Elders (grandfathers/grandmothers)

The Treaty of Waitangi

English version of Te Tiriti - except it wasn't really the same document, different translations, was a fraudulent document. Signed by 39 rangatira in Manukau/Waikato after having read and debated Te Tiriti States Māori will give up their rangatiratanga and come under sovereignty of the Queen of England

Whakaeke

Entrance onto stage performance, can be anything Acknowledges hosts, other tribes

Rangatiratanga

Exercise of power and authority derived from the gods, the authority and power of iwi and hapū to make decisions and to own and control resources. Modern term. Inextricably linked with mana.

Moriori

Extinct dialect - no native speakers left

A language can be more advanced than another - T/F

False. Māori has developed specifically to express all aspects of Māori life and culture. All other languages are the same. No language is any more advanced than another.

Kupe

First person to discover Aotearoa through scientific endeavour - watching shining cuckoos migrating and observing they didn't have webbed feet, so land must be to the south.

Pepeha

Formulaic exclamation of identity, used to formally introduce yourself. Expresses identity by locating yourself within the physical landscape and within genealogy

Principle 4

Future phenomena are dependent on 2 or more things coming together to create new phenomena

Taranaki/Whanganui dialects

Glottal stop for "h" e.g. wa-ine for wahine

Tāne

God of the forests. The child of ranginui and papatuanuku that separated them to create Te Ao Mārama

Papatuanuku

God of the land, mother earth

Tangaroa

God of the sea. Relegated to a child of, rather than a partner of papatuanuku in Māori whakapapa

Ranginui

God of the sky, sky father

Tamariki/mokopuna

Grandchildren

Iwi

Groups of hapū that trace their descent from a founding ancestor. Flexible, sort of like a political alliance

Efforts to save Te Reo Māori

Te Taura Whiri i te Reo (Māori Language Commission) is established to preserve and promote the language (but is powerless and grossly underfunded) Māori language schools Māori TV (whakaata Māori) launched 2004 funded mainly by Westpac Mainstream national TV (Te Karere news, Waka Huia, Pūkana children's programme) Iwi/Māori radio (21 countrywide) - Radio Wātea AM 603 in Auckland Films in Māori e.g. Tangata Whai Rawa o Wēneti Māori performing arts e.g. kapa haka competitions

Te Ika a Maui

The North Island

Te Waipounamu/Te Waka a Māui

The South Island

Sea (tangaroa) based to land (papatuanuku/tane) based

The change in whakapapa for Pacific peoples when they came to Aotearoa.

Te Whakaminenga o ngā Hapū o Nu Tīreni

The confederation of Hapū of New Zealand, assembled several times in early 1800s to try to address Pākehā lawlessness.

Tikanga

The correct way to carry out something in Māori cultural terms. Tika = right/correct. Very flexible, vast body of knowledge, wisdom and custom relevant to each iwi/hapū

Te Pō

The darkness, a forming from the potential

Tikanga Marae

The final bastion for tikanga to flourish

Te Kore

The first state of being, a formless void. It is pure potentiality.

Hawaiki

The homeland of all Polynesian people. It is not a specific location, but an ideology

Whanaungatanga

The manner in which everyone in a community is related genealogically. Identity in Māori society is dependent on this - behaviour within the community is determined by the roles people have e.g. tuakana, koro etc.

Kaitiakitanga

The role played by humans as kaitiaki - the whānau and hapū who are mana whenua. Modern term, created so Māori values could be expressed. It is something that needs to be undertaken.

1847-1960s

The time period where English colonial governments used to the education system to wage war against the use of the Māori language, driving it to the brink of extinction

What He Whakaputanga was about

the rangatira of the many hapū of Te Whakaminenga (confederation of Hapū) each maintain their own mana over their own lands No other system of goverenment permitted, only Te Whakaminenga may delegat authority Hapū would meet each autumn at Waitangi Thanked King of England for acknowledging flag, asked him to send a representative to advise them on the Pākehā they were responsible for (which he did, Busby)

Institutional racism

the systematic maintenance and reproduction of ethnic inequality