Map and Air Photo, Aerial photography, (9) Remote Sensing Aerial Photography, Photo Interpretation & Image Distortion, Geog 105 Quiz 7, GEOG 105 Quiz H, GIS review, Exam 2- Chapter 3, GIS, GIS Exam 1 and 2, GIS // Midterm, Geospacial Technology Chapt...
How many GPS satellites are there in the space?
24
How many GPS satellites are there?
24
What is the minimum number of satellites needed to form a constellation
24
Earth True Circumference
24,901 miles and 40,096 km
field measurement
gps and coordinate surveying
On the map below, what type of map symbol is used to display the number of inhabitants in the communes in the region of Zurich?
graduate symbol
Which mapping method is NOT used on the map below?
graduate symbol
Azimuthal projection:
preserves area as well as distance.
azimuthal
preserves direction
Cylindrical projection:
preserves direction and shape at the expense of distance and area.
equidistant
preserves distance between 2 points
conformal projection
preserves shape
Two-Point Equidistant projection
preserves true scale from two specified points on the projection to all other points on the map
The information handled by GIS is primarily:
spatial.
Suppose you are asked to perform a query in the attribute table of Wisconsin roads. The table contains the following information of each road: "Road_ID", "County", "Width" and "Rank". For each road, "Rank" can take one of the 4 values: 1, 2, 3, 4. If you are only interested in the roads belong to Dane county with rank equal to or higher than 2, how would you construct the query?
"County" = "Dane" AND "Rank" >= 2
Match the 4 level of measurement to "Quantitative" or "Qualitative"
"Nominal or Categorical" and "ordinal" levels are qualitative. "Interval" and "Ratio" are quantitative
Which of the following SQL queries is NOT properly structured?
"STATE_NAME" = 'Arkansas' OR 'Missouri'
boolean algebra
"get data out of data" - intersection (AND) - union (OR) - difference operator (NOT)
topology
"spatial relationships" what's next to what & what's connected to what *the heart of GIS*
Which of the following is a type of distortion that occurs when making a map?
( all of the above) size distance direction
Question 2 options: The figure above is showing you a sequence of map generalization. The number below each map is the map scale. Please identify what type(s) of map generalization methods have been applied in each step:
(a)-->(b): merging and aggregation (b)-->(c): selection and omission; merging and aggregation (c)-->(d): selection and omission; merging and aggregation (d)-->(e): merging and aggregation
Relative position
(egocentric) e.g. 6.6 km N/NE of the water tower
Summarized join
(if we encounter a 1:many relationship) Each feature in the destination layer is matched to many features in the source layer. Statistics are calculated for that group of features and result is appended to feature record.
Nominal position
(place names) Note: There are 115 "Mud Lakes" in WI
spatial data
*location* common models = vector & raster - cartesian - known origin - spherical
vector data model
*visually pleasing* - made up of points, lines, polygons - topology must be CREATED
map scale
- a ratio - unitless - map distance/ground distance
a raster GIS is
- digital satellite imagery - a bunch of pixels - equal area cells or grids
Creating the Graticule
- just over 2100 years ago, a greek astronomer and geographer named Hipparchus refined and formalized the system - the network of intersecting lines of latitude and longitude is called the graticule
The Earth's Shape is an Ellipsoid
- mid 18th century, a french survey expedition took measurements at the equator in Peru and at the Arctic Circle in Lapland - determined the earth was bulging at the equator - the earth rotates about its shortest axis, or minor axis, and is therefore described as an oblate ellipsoid
Stereoscopic
-By overlapping images of 2 images a 3 dimensional image can be obtained
Aerial photographs are used for
-Deliniating stand boundaries -Species composition -Volume -Tree density
Gray levels
-Diff. species reflect sunlight differently -Coniferous trees usually darker
In georeferencing what is the minimum number of control points required to fit an unreferenced image to the source
3
state whether using a Query, the Statistics function, or the Summarize function would be the best approach to solving each problem. -Find all towns with more than 20,000 people -Find the total number of volcanoes in each state -Determine the total damage caused by earthquakes in the U.S -Find all states in which Hispanics out number African Americans -Find out which subregion of the U.S. has the most Hispanics
-Find all towns with more than 20,000 people: query -Find the total number of volcanoes in each state : summarize -Determine the total damage caused by earthquakes in the U.S : statistics -Find all states in which Hispanics out number African Americans :query -Find out which subregion of the U.S. has the most Hispanics: summarize
3 attributes of an object to asses information
-Gray levels -Texture -Structure
Relief displacement
-Higher an object is above the ground more displaced radially outward from center of airphoto -Verticle structures appear to lean away from center of photo -Used to measure height
Advantages of mirror stereoscopes
-Larger areas can be viewed -Height measurements are more precise
Air photo pictures must...
-Overlap by 50% -Sidelap by 25%
Structure
-Shape of an object -Rectangular shapes agriculutral fields etc.
Texture
-Small scale variation in gray levels -Old growth heterogenous stands have high texture -Even aged stands have less texture
Height measurements can be used only if
-The ground is visible (must measure the height of one point to another)
Approach to stereoscopy
-Use 4 fiducial marks in corner of the airphoto or at midpoint of each of the edges to mark center in each air photos -Center is called principle point (pp) -Identify corresponding principle point (CPP) or location of PP of the neighboring airphoto on the photo of interest -Draw a line between PP and CPP on each airphoto
attribute data
-data tables -specific DBMS -nominal, ordinal, interval
Benefits of vector
-store many individual features with high degree of precision. -attribute table provides great flexibility in the number and type of attributes that can be stored -ideally suited for mapmaking because high precision of detail of features -compact storage; requires less storage space than raster. -Ideally suited for analysis.
Explain the UTM coordinate system
...This system is a specialized application of the transverse Mercator projection which is both cylindrical and conformal. It divides the world into 60 numbered zones, both north and south, separated by the equator. Each zone spans six degrees of longitude and has its own central meridian. This system was adopted by the US Army Map Service in 1947 for their use in worldwide mapping and continues to be used worldwide. Florida falls into UTM zones 16 and 17. When using the UTM system, linear parameters are established. The origin of each UTM zone is the intersection of its central meridian and the equator, and the parameters are applied to this origin to make it convenient to work with making all x and y values positive, or reducing their range. The first parameter is the false easting - a linear value applied to the origin of the x-coordinates - or the central meridian. The second parameter is the false northing - a linear value applied to the origin of the y-coordinates - or the equator. The final parameter used in a UTM grid system is a fixed parameter called the scale factor. The scale factor is a unitless value (usually less than one) that is applied to the center point or line of a map projection to reduce the distortion of the projection in the area of interest. The value of the scale factor for the UTM system is 0.9996
Shapefiles are composed of 3 mandatory files. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
.grd
mandatory files to make a shapefile
.shp - feature geometry .shx - a positional index of the feature geometry .dbf - attribute data
The Equator and the Prime Meridian both have a value ___________ in geographic coordinate systems
0
The amount of flattening for an ellipse or ellipsoid is usually expressed as a decimal value between which of the following whole numbers?
0 and 1
An 8-bit sensor can produce what range of brightness values?
0-255
Points represent a:
0-dimensional object
Sensing in the "green" portion of the EM spectrum means sensing energy wavelengths of
0.5-0.6 microns
Which of the following map scales is the smallest?
1 inch equals 2 miles
what should be on a map
1 title 2 legend 3 north arrow 4 scale 5 date 6 copyright 7 disclaimer 8 a map
What are the basic advantges of API?
1) Improved vantage point 2) Stop action/permanent record 3) broadened spectral sensitivity (filters, electronics for digital) 4) increased spatial resolution 5) better geometric accuracy
Read the topo map of Stowe County and fill in the blanks::1) The type of the thick contour lines is____. 2) The type of the contour lines falling between thick contour lines is_____. 3) The contour interval of this map is_____. 4) Which location have a steeper slope? A or B
1) Index Contour 2) Intermediate Contour 3) 100 m 4) B
What conditions does API need?
1) an illumination source (sunlight) 2) good weather 3) must consider atmospheric affects (dust, humidity, smoke, pollution)
A pharmaceutical factory needs to choose a suitable site for its manufacturing building. Considering the possible negative impacts on environment, the new building cannot be located within 100 meters to rivers. However for the convenience of employees it should not be very far from the town (say 5km) and should be close to the main roads (say 200 meters). How would you perform spatial analysis to find a suitable site?
1) build buffer zones around rivers, roads and the town, respectively; 2) intersect the three types of buffer zone to find the suitable site
What are the benefits of Remote Sensing
1) high information content 2) more economical than surveying large areas (still requires field work for accuracy assessment) 3) stereo viewing 4) Experimental design control by you
How do you measure parallax?
1) identify the PP and the conjugate PP in the stereo pair 2) then we line them up in a straight line 3) measure the distance between the y-axis line and the feature (if you measure on the left side of the axis you get a negative number)
Why do geographers use air photos?
1) map the areal extent of features (deliniation) 2) measure distances/heights of objects (photogrammetry) 3) to record changes over time (temporal)
Three types of air photos
1) vertical (used for photogrammetry) less than 3degrees from nadir. 2) High Oblique - can see sky or horizon in the photo 3) Low Oblique - cannot see the sky in the photo
Lines represent a:
1-dimensional object
Two Common Definitions for a Spheroid
1. An ellipsoid that approximates the shape of a sphere 2. An ellipsoid created by rotating an ellipse about either: - its major axis (called a prolate ellipsoid) - its minor axis (called an oblate ellipsoid)
Please order the wavelengths of the spectral bands in an ascending order (short-->long) to form the electromagnetic spectrum
1. Blue 2. Green 3. Red 4. Near-infrared 5. Mid-infrared 6. Thermal infrared
If you are asked to build a 3D model of your house, please place the following steps in order.
1. Create a georeferenced base (with x, y coordinates ) by digitalizing the footprint map of the house 2. Extrude according to the height of your house (z-value) 3. Paint or apply a texture to the faces of your house 4. Interact with the house in a 3D environment
How can EMR interact with surface objects?
1. Diffuse scattering (diffuse reflection) - energy scattered in all directions. 2. Specular reflection - large amount of energy is directly reflected off the objects surface (hot spots). 3. Transmitted - energy is transmitted through the object(s). 4. Absorbed - energy is absorbed (ie photosynthesis). Air Photo Interpretation - air photographs record the reflected EMR (diffuse scattering and specular reflection). This is the same for satellite/airborne digital imagery.
Why did these things (EMR) evolve on our planet?
1. Region of maximum sun putput (most energy to work with) 2. Atmospheric windows (visible is a region of high transmission)
physical components of GIS
1. computer software 2. GIS software 3. Georeferenced data 4. analysis 5. infrastructure
steps of digitizing a map
1. scan map 2. if image not referenced, collect ground points 3. digitize control points 4. transform image to know coordinate system 5. digitize feature boundaries in stream or point mode 6. proof 7. reedit
What are the BASIC ELEMENTS of API
1. tone and colour 2. Shape 3. Pattern 4. Size 5. Shadows 6. Texture 7. site 8. association
GPS (as normally available to the civilian user) provides a nominal fix accuracy of
100 meters with Selective Availability enabled.
control points
12-30 recommended at least 3 in each quadrant
The vertical accuracy of a LIDAR model of terrain is typically about
15 cm
What is the typical/nominal minimum population size that is used for a census tract? (Type in a single number, not a range)
1500
A typical Landsat TM scene measures about
170 x 183 km.
In the Sun azimuth, which degree measurement equates to due south?
180 (Note: 270 means southwest)
In which year was the first GPS satellite launched
1978
What is the typical scale for forestry?
1:10 000 to 1:20 000
Which of the following representative fractions on a map would show the largest scale?
1:1000
Which of the following representative fractions would indicate the largest scale map?
1:5000
According to most cartographers well designed maps usually use no more than _____ different fonts in a single map to avoid making it difficult to read.
2
GPS satellites make _______ orbits around the earth each day
2
planimetric map
2 D, most basic. There is no reference to altitude, only 2 D information. A road map would be an example, an outline map is this kind of map.
edge matching
2 data layers that are aligned - they're from the same datum (make sure they line up at the edges)
Ephemeris errors typically introduce ______ or so of error
2 meters
Polygons represent a:
2-dimensional object
When was the first version of Google Earth released
2005
An 11-bit sensor can measure how many levels?
2048
What is the minimum number of GPS satellites you need to receive information from in order to get a fix on your horizontal position?
3
typing raster files into a computer, digitizing, scanning
3 data input techniques
latitude & longitude, UTM, state plane
3 different kinds of coordinate systems
accuracy
3 meters horizontal 5 meters vertical
The spatial resolution of Landsat 8 (in visible and near IR) is _____. The revisit time (temporal resoltuion) is _____.
30 m, 16 days
Go north 8°42΄53" from 23°34΄32"N. What is your latitude?
32,17,25
Many 3D models are available to use in Google Earth and Google SketchUp via the
3D Warehouse
datum
3d model of earth
A hiking trail measures 8 cm on a 1: 50000 map. How long is the hiking trail in km?
4
people, hardware, software, spatial data
4 components of GIS
What is the optimum (or target) population size for a census tract? (Type in a single number)
4000
Two bus-stops 800 m apart measures 2 cm on a map.The map scale is 1: n. What is the value of n?
40000
When converted from DMS to DD units, 46 degrees 30' 00'' will read:
46.5 degrees
Which could be the UTM coordinates of the red star on the map?
559741E,4282182N
Each UTM zone covers how many degrees of longitude wide?
6
In 3D modeling, a block has at least ___ faces.
6
GPS satellites are divided into _____ orbital planes, and there are _____ satellites on each plane. Please select the correct combination of numbers to fill the two blanks in sequence.
6,4
Air photos are taken with overlaps both along a flight line and between flight lines. Generally speaking, there are_____% overlaps along a flight line and____% overlaps between two adjacent flight lines
60 - 80% along a flight line; 20 - 30% between two adjacent flight lines
A degree is composed of ____ minutes, and a minute is composed of ____ seconds
60, 60
A degree is composed of ____ minutes, and a minute is composed of ____ seconds.
60,60
semi minor axis
6366752 meters longitude
semi major axis
6378135 meters latitude
How many wavelengths can the Landsat 7 satellite sense simultaneously?
7
If the earth's circumference is approximately 25,000 (it is actually 24,901) at the equator then a degree of longitude at the equator is approximately _______ miles.
70
SRTM resulted in a highly accurate digital elevation model of about what percentage of Earth?
80%
What is the nominal/typical maximum population size of a census tract? (Type in a single number, not a range)
8000
UTM projection system extends from ____ degree North Latitude to _____ degree South Latitude. It divides the Earth into ____ North-South zones covering the earth from East to West. The width of each zone is _____ degree of longitude.
84,80,60,6
If the longitude of Fayetteville is (roughly) 96 deg then the longitude of Oklahoma City, OK is approximately
97 degrees
By using absolute relief we can obtain the following information EXCEPT:
A 3D view of terrain surface
NDVI is a calculated relationship between two bands. The equation looks like this: (A - B) / (A + B). Which bands are A and B?
A = NIR, B = red
Describe the 4 types of map projections by the preserved property.
A Conformal projection preserves local angles and shapes. An Equivalent projection represents areas in correct relative size. An Equidistant projection maintains consistency of scale along certain lines. An Azimuthal projection retains certain accurate directions.
What is a GCS? What is it measured in?
A GCS is used to locate objects on the curved surface of the earth, attempts to model the shape of the earth as accurately as possible DMS
false
A GIS is an exact replication of real world phenomena
How is a GIS map organized?
A GIS map consists of 1 or more dataframes A data frame is a collection of layers A layer is a collection of features A feature represents a real-world object
Geospacial technology
A Number of different high tech systems that acquire in-laws manage store or visualize various types of location-based data
What is a PCS? Based on what? Where is the origin?
A PCS is used to locate objects on a flat surface (GIS map on computer screen) Cartesian Origin at (0,0) in the middle of the map
Panchromatic Sensor
A Sensor that will be measuring only one wide band of wavelengths is which type of sensor?
Explain how a UTM zone is defined in terms of its central meridian, standard meridian, and scale factor.
A UTM zone is mapped onto a secant case transverse Mercator projection, with a scale factor of 0.9996 at the central meridian. The standard meridians are 180 kilometers to the east and west of the central meridian.
central meridian
A central meridian is a meridian that passes through the center of a projection. The central meridian is often a straight line that is an axis of symmetry of the projection.
spectral reference
A charted identifier for a feature based on its reflectance of different wavelengths of energy is a
Which of the following would be the LEAST desirable location for a control point?
A cleared area in a construction zone
Define Relational Database.
A collection of tables in which tables are connected by keys.
UTM
A coordinate system based on the Transverse Mercator projection, developed in the 1940s. The globe is divided into 60 individual 6-degree wide longitudinal strips extending from 80S to 84N The central meridian is assigned a value of 500,00m to avoid negative easting coordinates. This places the origin outside the zone at 500km west of the central meridian. The origin is called a false origin and the easting coordinates are referred to as false easting In the Northern hemisphere, the equator is the origin for northing coordinates In the Southern hemisphere, the equator is assigned a false northing of 10,000,000m, again to avoid negative northing coordinates.
Describe the 3 types of map projections by the projection or developable surface.
A cylindrical projection uses a cylinder as the projection or developable surface A conic projection uses a cone An azimuthal projection uses a plane.
Wiki
A database available for everyone to utilize and edit
Database
A database is a collection of persistent data which is formally defined and centrally controlled for use in a computer.
What is a datum?
A datum is used to align the spheroid with the surface of the earth, it specifies which spheroid you are using as your earth model and at which exact location you are aligning that spheroid on earth's surface
Google Earth
A freely available virtual globe program first released in 2005 by Google
Datum
A geodetic datum is a set of values used to define a specific geodetic system to describe the size and shape of the ellipsoid used and the origin and orientation of the coordinate systems used.
State plane coordinate system (SPCS)
A grid based system for determining coordinates of locations within the United States
United States national grid (USNG)
A grid system of identifying locations in the US
A small scale map would show:
A larger geographic area than a large scale map
What is the difference between a layer and a feature class?
A layer points to a feature class and stores information on how to display it. A feature class is a stored set of spatial data.
20) The SUM built-in function in SQL is used to total the values in a numeric column.
Answer: TRUE
International dateline
A line of longitude that uses the 180th meridian as a basis (but changes away from a straight line to accommodate geography)
Which of the following is an example of a thematic map?
A map of a neighborhood showing which houses are rentals and which are not
large scale
A map of downtown Boston showing detailed and exact building shapes would be considered....
What is datum?
A mathematical model of the Earth, which serves as the reference base for calculating the geographic coordinates of a location.
False northing
A measurement made North (or south) of an imaginary line such as is used in measuring UTM northings in the Southern Hemisphere
False easting
A measurement made east or west of an imaginary meridian set up for a particular zone
Easting
A measurement of so many units east (or west) of some principal meridian
Northing
A measurement of so many units north (or south) of the baseline
Ordinal
A measurement scale in which scores indicate rank order like fire risk
Time zones
A method of measuring time around the world, created by dividing the world into subdivisions of longitude and relating the time in that subdivision to the time in Greenwich England
Geoid
A model of earth using mean sea level as a base
Ellipsoid
A model of the rounded shape of earth
georelational data model
A model that represents geographic features as an interrelated set of spatial and attribute data. It is the fundamental data model used in coverages.
What is a CIR air photo?
A photo made with CIR film which was made during WW2 and is sensitive to near-infrared light and visible light. NIR reflection is seen as red on the photo It could be used to detect camouflage or healthy vegetation
Georeferencing
A process whereby special referencing is given to Data without it
Datum
A reference surface of Earth
Radiometric resolution
A sensor's ability to determine fine differences in a band of energy measurements is a sensor's
Geographic coordinate system (GCS)
A set of global latitude and longitude measurements used as a reference system for finding locations
Virtual globe
A software program that provides an interactive three-dimensional map of earth
Explain the difference between the standard line and the central line.
A standard line refers to the line of tangency between the projection surface and the reference globe. In other words, there is no projection distortion along a standard line. The central lines (i.e., the central parallel and meridian) define the center of a map projection.
Choropleth Map
A thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area.
cartograms
A type of thematic map that transforms space such that the political unit with the greatest value for some type of data is represented by the largest relative area
170 x 183 km
A typical Landsat TM scene measures about
What is the difference between a vertical aerial photo and an oblique aerial photo?
A vertical aerial photo is taken with the camera looking directly down at the landscape In an oblique photo, the camera is tilted so instead of looking directly down at the landscape, it is looked at an angle.
The origin point for 0 degrees longitude is A) Greenwich, England B) Washington DC C)Paris, France D) San Salvador Island
A) Greenwich
Which of the following is an example of non-spatial data? A)List of addresses for a delivery truck to visit B) Parcel database of all residential developments in a neighborhood C) Digital Map of all roads in a township D) Map of locations of emergency phones on a college campus
A) List of addresses for a delivery truck to visit
Environmental conditions for the planet Earth can be monitored by which of the following? A) Remote sensing B) Global positioning system C) Non-spatial data D) Tabular Data
A) Remote sensing
Imagery that you can see in Google Earth A) Represents on "Snapshot" in time from when the image was acquired B) Is updated via a live link to a google satellite in orbit C) Represents the current satellite image from when you start Google Earth D) Is not updated-you must use the Keyhole Viewer program to see current imagery
A)Represents on "Snapshot" in time from when the image was acquired
When used to represent lines of equal elevation, the isoline is also known as contour line. Match the appropriate elevations to the points on the contour line map showed above.
A. 140 feet B. 145 feet C. 156 feet D. 174 feet
Match the names of steps in the remote sensing process to the corresponding labels in the figure above
A. Source of Electromagnetic Energy (Illumination) B. Radiation and the Atmosphere C. Interaction with Target D. Recording of Energy by the Sensor E. Transmission, reception and processing F. Interpretation and Analysis G. Application
A datum defines the position of the spheroid relative to the center of the earth. Which datum is not commonly used in North America
AGD 1984
79) The values of existing data can be removed from a table using the SQL ________ command, which can even be used to remove all the data in the table at one time.
Answer: DELETE
The degree to which data agree with the values of the real-world features that they represent is ____.
Accuracy
Data acquisition
Acquire Data spatial data input attribute data input linking spatial and attribute data
What is 'remote sensing'?
Acquiring data about the reflection of light energy off of a target by a device a considerable distance away from the target from an aircraft or spacecraft
Remote sensing
Acquisition of data and imagery from the use of satellites or aircraft
Aerial photography
Acquisition of imagery of the ground taken from airborne platform
Global positioning system (GPS)
Acquisition of real-time location information from a series of satellites in earths orbit
49) Which symbol is used in standard SQL as a wildcard to represent a series of one or more unspecified characters? A) % (percent sign) B) ! (exclamation mark) C) _ (underscore) D) ? (question mark) E) ; (semi-colon)
Answer: A
What tool/setting can assist you when a map contains overlapping features, and you wish both to be visible?
Adjust layer transparency
Associate the term with the definition
Aerial film block C. set of images taken during one mission with common control Sidelap B. portion of images from adjacent flight lines that cover the same area Fiducial mark E. symbol on aerial camera film that provides information for interior orientation GCP A. specific locations in the mission area that are marked and have defined coordinates Rectifications D. photogrammetric process that removes the effect of camera and elevation distortions orthorecitifcation F. photogrammetric process that removes the effect of camera distortion on an aerial image (2 are wrong, not sure which ones)
A thematic map can be either 1. qualitative, or 2. quantitative or 3. carries both type of information. Please match the following maps to corresponding categories
Africa_maize Map carries both qualitative and quantitative information; Manhattan Starbucks Map just carry qualitative information; Aquifer Productivity Map of Africa carries both qualitative and quantitative information; Population Map of Russia carries quantitative information
What types of features will exist in the result of an intersect operation over the two layers?
Agricultural land inside floodplain
What types of features will exist in the result of a union operation over the two layers?
Agricultural land inside floodplain Agricultural land outside floodplain Non-agricultural land inside floodplain Non-agricultural land outside floodplain
What types of features will exist in the result of a symmetrical difference operation over the two layers?
Agricultural land outside floodplain Non-agricultural land inside floodplain Non-agricultural land outside floodplain
Which of the following statements about UTM is NOT true?
All UTM zones share a common origin point which is the cross-over point of the equator and the prime meridian
True Color...
All colors in correct color bands (Red in 1, Green in 2, Blue in 3)
A GeoPDF is different from a normal PDF in that it allows the user to:
All of the other answers
Panchromatic photos absorb color from what portions of the EM spectrum?
All portions of the spectrum (Red, Blue, and Green all at once)
Which of the following allows businesses to gather valuable info about you that they can then sell to other companies?
All the above (magazines, cookies, memberships, etc.)
52) Which of the following is not one of the five SQL built-in functions? A) MODE B) SUM C) COUNT D) MAX E) AVG
Answer: A
2048
An 11-bit sensor can measure how many levels?
Which of the following applications does not show the uniqueness of spatial analysis, which means it may also be done using traditional statistics?
Analyzing the relationship between crop production and the amount of fertilizers used by county in Wisconsin
38) Which of the following is not a standard data type used in SQL? A) Text B) Char C) Varchar D) Integer E) Numeric
Answer: A
18) In SQL, the IS NULL keyword can be used to select on records containing NULL values in a particular column.
Answer: TRUE
58) Given the table STUDENT(StudentID, Name, Advisor), which of the following SQL statements would be used to change the value of the Advisor field to 'Smith' for all rows in the STUDENT table? A) UPDATE STUDENT SET Advisor = 'Smith'; B) MODIFY STUDENT SET Advisor = 'Smith'; C) MODIFY Advisor SET STUDENT = 'Smith'; D) UPDATE Advisor = 'Smith'; E) SET STUDENT Advisor = 'Smith';
Answer: A
60) Which of the following SQL commands would be used to remove both the data and the table structure of a table named STUDENT? A) DROP TABLE STUDENT; B) DELETE TABLE STUDENT; C) REMOVE TABLE STUDENT; D) SELECT * FROM STUDENT THEN DROP; E) DELETE FROM STUDENT;
Answer: A
77) Existing tables in a database can be structurally modified by using the SQL ________ command.
Answer: ALTER TABLE
84) Microsoft Access SQL allows table structures to be modified by using the standard SQL ________ command.
Answer: ALTER TABLE
36) Which of the following data types used in SQL would define a fixed-length text field of 10 characters? A) text(10) B) char(10) C) varchar(10) D) fixed(10) E) length(10)
Answer: B
42) Given the table STUDENT(StudentID, Name, Advisor), which of the following SQL statements would be used to add new student data to the STUDENT table? A) INSERT DATA STUDENT SET StudentID=123, Name='Jones', Advisor='Smith'; B) INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES (123, 'Jones', 'Smith'); C) INSERT INTO STUDENT (New Student Data) VALUES (123, 'Jones', 'Smith'); D) INPUT DATA STUDENT SET StudentID=123, Name=' Jones', Advisor='Smith'; E) INPUT INTO STUDENT (123, 'Jones', 'Smith');
Answer: B
55) Which SQL keyword is used to apply conditions to restrict groups that appear in the results of a SELECT query that uses GROUP BY? A) HERE B) HAVING C) LIKE D) SORT E) DISTINCT
Answer: B
63) In Microsoft Access, tables are added to a Query window by: A) selecting the tables from the Use Table dialog box. B) selecting the tables from the Show Table dialog box. C) selecting the tables from the Tables section of the Navigation Pane. D) selecting the tables from the Queries section of the Navigation Pane. E) selecting the tables from the Relationships window.
Answer: B
65) In Microsoft Access, standard SQL table creation syntax items not supported by Access SQL can generally be implemented by: A) setting the Data Types in Access table Design View. B) setting the field properties in Access table Design View. C) setting the relationship properties in the Edit Relationship dialog box. D) setting the referential integrity properties in the Edit Relationship dialog box. E) running an ALTER TABLE query in Access SQL.
Answer: B
37) Which of the following data types used in SQL would define a numeric field of the pattern 99.99? A) integer(2,2) B) integer(5,2) C) numeric(2,2) D) numeric(4,2) E) numeric(5,2)
Answer: C
39) Which of the following is not true about primary keys? A) Primary keys cannot be null. B) Primary keys must be unique. C) Primary keys must be a single attribute. D) Primary keys are used to represent relationships. E) Primary keys can be defined using an SQL CONSTRAINT phrase.
Answer: C
40) A composite primary key can be defined using the CONSTRAINT phrase in which SQL command? A) MODIFY TABLE B) CHANGE TABLE C) CREATE TABLE D) SET TABLE E) BUILD TABLE
Answer: C
43) The order of the columns returned by an SQL SELECT statement is determined by the: A) ORDER BY clause. B) SORT BY clause. C) order they are listed in following SELECT. D) order they are listed in following WHERE. E) order they are listed in following FROM.
Answer: C
45) Which SQL keyword is used to specify a condition that rows must meet to be included in the results of an SQL SELECT query? A) SELECT B) FROM C) WHERE D) ORDER BY E) GROUP BY
Answer: C
48) Which symbol is used in standard SQL as a wildcard to represent a single, unspecified character? A) % (percent sign) B) ! (exclamation mark) C) _ (underscore) D) ? (question mark) E) ; (semi-colon)
Answer: C
51) Which of the following is the correct SQL clause to sort the results of a SELECT query in reverse-alphabetic order using the Department field? A) SORT BY Department B) REVERSE Department C) ORDER BY Department DESC D) SORT BY Department DESC E) SORT BY Department REVERSE
Answer: C
53) Given the table CUSTOMER(CustID, Name, PhoneNum, AcctBalance) what is the standard SQL query phrase to retrieve the Name and Phone Number of customers? A) SELECT CUSTOMER-Name AND CUSTOMER-PhoneNum B) SELECT (CUSTOMER-Name AND CUSTOMER-PhoneNum) C) SELECT Name, PhoneNum D) SELECT (Name, PhoneNum) E) SELECT *
Answer: C
54) Given the table CUSTOMER(CustID, Name, PhoneNum, AcctBalance) what is the standard SQL query phrase to retrieve data for customers with an account balance greater than 50? A) WHERE CUSTOMER-AcctBalance > 50 B) WHERE (CUSTOMER-AcctBalance > 50) C) WHERE AcctBalance > 50 D) WHERE (AcctBalance > 50) E) HAVING AcctBalance > 50
Answer: C
57) Which type of join, although not included in standard SQL, was created to allow unmatched rows to appear in the result of a join operation? A) ODD JOIN B) OPEN JOIN C) OUTER JOIN D) INNER JOIN E) COMBINE JOIN
Answer: C
41) Which of the following cannot be done using the CONSTRAINT phrase? A) Create a single attribute primary key. B) Define a foreign key. C) Establish a referential integrity constraint. D) All of the above can be done using the CONSTRAINT phrase. E) None of the above can be done using the CONSTRAINT phrase.
Answer: D
44) Which SQL keyword is used to eliminate duplicate rows in the results of an SQL SELECT query? A) UNIQUE B) SORT C) ORDER BY D) DISTINCT E) REDUCE
Answer: D
47) Which of the following is the correct SQL clause to restrict the results of a SELECT query to only records that have a value in the range of 10 to 50 in the Hours column? A) WHERE Hours = MIN(10) and MAX(50) B) WHERE Hours IN [10, 50] C) WHERE Hours = 10 and Hours = 50 D) WHERE Hours BETWEEN 10 AND 50 E) WHERE Hours RANGE 10 TO 50
Answer: D
64) Which of the following standard SQL data types is not supported in Microsoft Access SQL? A) Integer B) Char(25) C) VarChar(35) D) Numeric(5,3) E) DateTime
Answer: D
80) A complete table, including both the table structure and any data in the table, can be removed from the database by using the SQL ________ command.
Answer: DROP
46) Conditions after the WHERE keyword require single quotes around the values for columns that have which data type? A) Char B) VarChar C) Integer D) Numeric E) Both A and B
Answer: E
50) Which SQL keyword can be used in conjunction with wildcards to select partial values? A) SELECT B) SEARCH C) FIND D) SUBSTRING E) LIKE
Answer: E
56) Given the tables STUDENT(StudentID, StudentName, AdvisorID) ADVISOR(AdvisorID, AdvisorName, Office, Phone) which of the following SQL statements would be used to implant a join between the two tables? A) WHERE STUDENT MATCH ADVISOR B) WHERE STUDENT.AdvisorID MATCH ADVISOR.AdvisorID C) WHERE STUDENT = ADVISOR D) WHERE STUDENT JOIN ADVISOR E) WHERE STUDENT JOIN ADVISOR ON STUDENT.AdvisorID = ADVISOR.AdvisorID
Answer: E
59) Which of the following SQL commands would be used to remove only the data from a table named STUDENT while leaving the table structure intact? A) DROP TABLE STUDENT; B) DELETE TABLE STUDENT; C) REMOVE TABLE STUDENT; D) SELECT * FROM STUDENT THEN DROP; E) DELETE FROM STUDENT;
Answer: E
61) Microsoft Access SQL commands are run in: A) the SQL window. B) the QBE window. C) the Query View of an SQL window. D) the Design View of a Query window. E) the SQL View of a Query window.
Answer: E
62) To open a new Microsoft Access Query window: A) click the New button on the Home command tab. B) click the New Query button on the Home command tab. C) click the Create Query button on the Create command tab. D) click the New Query in Design view button on the Create command tab. E) click the Query Design button on the Command tab.
Answer: E
10) The result for SELECT statements in SQL is a relation unless the result is a single number.
Answer: FALSE
12) In SQL, the WHERE clause is used to specify which columns will be included in the result.
Answer: FALSE
14) In SQL, to refer to a range of values in a WHERE clause, use the WITHIN keyword.
Answer: FALSE
19) In SQL, the order of the rows that result from a SELECT statement can be set using the SORT BY phrase.
Answer: FALSE
2) When using SQL to create a table, a column is defined by declaring, in this order: data type, column name, and optional constraints.
Answer: FALSE
21) The TOP built-in function in SQL is used to find the maximum value in a numeric column.
Answer: FALSE
24) Built-in SQL functions cannot be applied to data combined using the GROUP BY keyword.
Answer: FALSE
25) Data from a maximum of three tables can be combined through the use of subqueries in SQL.
Answer: FALSE
29) Values of existing data can be changed using SQL through the CHANGE command.
Answer: FALSE
3) When using SQL to create a table, specifying the NULL property for a column indicates that only null values may be stored in that column.
Answer: FALSE
30) The ON DELETE CASCADE referential integrity constraint does not apply when rows are deleted using the SQL DELETE command.
Answer: FALSE
32) Microsoft Access can run QBE queries, but not SQL queries.
Answer: FALSE
34) Microsoft Access SQL supports and will correctly implement the numeric data type with (m,n) notation.
Answer: FALSE
5) For a column to be defined as the primary key using table constraints, the column must have been given the property NULL.
Answer: FALSE
72) The SQL command used to add new data to a table is ________.
Answer: INSERT
69) The SQL keyword(s) ________ mean(s) that a value must be supplied before a new row can be created.
Answer: NOT NULL
71) An SQL data type of ________ means that values consist of seven decimal numbers with two numbers assumed to the right of the decimal point.
Answer: Numeric(7,2)
76) Using SQL commands, multiple tables can be queried so that all the values from one table appear in the results, regardless of whether they have one or more corresponding values in the other table, by using the SQL ________ command.
Answer: OUTER JOIN
82) In Microsoft Access, the default method of creating and running a query is ________.
Answer: Query By Example (QBE)
73) One way to specify all of the columns of a table is to use the special character * after the SQL keyword ________.
Answer: SELECT
81) Microsoft Access SQL commands are run in the ________ of a Query window.
Answer: SQL View
83) In Microsoft Access, tables are added to a QBE Query window by selecting the tables from the ________ dialog box.
Answer: Show Table
66) SQL stands for ________.
Answer: Structured Query Language Diff: 1 Page Ref: 119
1) SQL is a data sublanguage, not a complete programming language.
Answer: TRUE
11) To force the DBMS to remove duplicate rows from the results of an SQL SELECT query, the keyword DISTINCT must be used.
Answer: TRUE
13) In SQL, multiple conditions in the WHERE clause can be combined by using the SQL AND keyword.
Answer: TRUE
15) In SQL, the NOT keyword can be combined with the IN keyword to form the NOT IN condition for selecting values.
Answer: TRUE
16) In SQL, the LIKE keyword can be used to select on partial values.
Answer: TRUE
17) In SQL, the LIKE keyword can be combined with the NOT keyword to form the NOT LIKE condition for selecting values.
Answer: TRUE
22) Standard SQL does not allow built-in functions to be used in a WHERE clause.
Answer: TRUE
23) The SQL GROUP BY keyword can be used to group rows by common values.
Answer: TRUE
26) A subquery is appropriate only if the final result contains only data from a single table.
Answer: TRUE
27) The basic idea of a join is to combine the contents of two or more relations into a new relation.
Answer: TRUE
28) Using standard SQL, unmatched rows will not appear in the result of a join.
Answer: TRUE
31) Microsoft Access SQL commands are run within the SQL View of a Query window.
Answer: TRUE
33) To open a new Microsoft Access Query window, click the Query Design button on the Create command tab.
Answer: TRUE
35) In Microsoft Access, default values must be set as a field property while the table is in Design View.
Answer: TRUE
4) When using SQL to create a table, specifying a data type of Char(10) indicates a fixed length field of 10 characters.
Answer: TRUE
6) If you need to create a primary key that is a composite key using SQL, the key may be defined when the table is created using the CREATE TABLE statement.
Answer: TRUE
7) Referential integrity constraints can be created using the ON DELETE phrase when the table is created using the CREATE TABLE statement.
Answer: TRUE
8) Referential integrity constraints using the ON DELETE NO ACTION phrase may be explicitly stated when the table is created using the CREATE TABLE statement.
Answer: TRUE
9) Data is added to a table using the SQL INSERT command.
Answer: TRUE
78) The values of existing data can be modified using the SQL ________ command, which can be used to change several column values at once.
Answer: UPDATE...SET
70) An SQL data type of ________ would indicate a variable-length character string with maximum length 75.
Answer: VarChar(75)
74) Conditions in an SQL INSERT command and after the SQL ________ keyword require single quotes around values for Char and VarChar columns, but not around values for Integer and Numeric columns.
Answer: WHERE
67) SQL is not a complete programming language, but is rather a(n) ________.
Answer: data sublanguage
75) Using SQL commands, multiple tables can be queried using either subqueries or ________.
Answer: joins
85) Table and relationship properties not supported by Microsoft Access SQL can usually be set ________ in the appropriate window or dialog box.
Answer: manually
68) SQL was developed by ________ in the late 1970s.
Answer: the IBM Corporation
Which of the following operations would best allow you to place 3D buildings at their proper height on the terrain (e.g., the terrain is 900 ft above sea level, you want the building to sit on the terrain, not float above or below it)?
Applying base heights
Of the ArcGIS 10 component applications: ArcCatalog, ArcMap and ArcToolbox, which application is best suited to store, and preview geographic data (Circle one)?
ArcCatalog
Which cannot be used for 3D visualization?
ArcMap (ESRI)
Which of the following programs is used for analyzing 3D data on a local scale only?
ArcScene
What are some industries that used geospatial technology
Archaeology city planning for street at Homeland security at law-enforcement health and human services real estate military intelligence
What are 'fiducial marks' on an air photo?
Are a way to find the photo center, fiducial marks are placed at the midpoint of each edge Small registration marks exposed on the film edges of a photograph
T of F. The use of land use land cover data and remote sensing is useful for seeing land use changes over time.
True
relating an object to other nearby features
Association
The Suomi NPP instrument used to study clouds, and in turn Earth's climate and temperature, is
CERES , CERES is Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System, which is used to study clouds and its impact on Earth's energy.
Which color model is used for printing color maps?
CMYK
On this projection, which point would possess the least distortion?
B
Acquiring real-time location information from a series of satellites in orbit best describes A) Geographic Information System B) Global Positioning System C) Remote Sensing D) Satellite Imagery
B) Global Positioning System
Sometimes, maps need to take complex data but present messages clearly. A deliberate map design can integrates a number of variables so that the multivariate character of various inter-relationships is preserved. The map showed above is a good example of a simple, clean but effective map. Select all the mapping techniques have been used and think about how the author appropriately used those techniques.
Bar chart showing quatitative variables Venn diagram showing the interactions between different categories The use of simple colors Proportional symbols showing comparison Concise but informative comments
Reference Maps
Base maps, a record of what is there, general purpose
Resampling
Calculating new locations and new pixel values for and image refers to
The tool in ArcGIS used to perform map algebra is called the map _______________.
Calculator
Types of film
Black and white (panchromatic), colour (3 layers), colour infrared (CIR), black and white infrared (BWIR). Digital imaging done in some other parts of the EM spectrum (UV, microwave)
What is a panchromatic air photo?
Black and white film is often called this because of its sensitivity to visible light Panchromatic means all-colors
Panchromatic Photos...
Black and white photos where light from the blue, green, and red spectrums are combined to make the photos (Also possible: Light from any one wavelength is displayed)
Extruding a polygon will turn it into a
Block
What is the "atomic" or most basic geographical unit used in the census?
Block
T of F. Vector data model is best for creating a map showing roads, streams, and city and county boundaries.
True
Basic map elements
Border, Orientation, Legend, Title, Scale,
Are these two maps single-themed or multivariate maps? What methods are used to display multiple themes?
Both maps are multivariate. The left map showing the vacant homes in Buffalo uses vacant homes as the proportional symbol (where symbols are representing the exact data values 10, 100, 500, and 1000) and population as the chloropleth symbol. This is the combined method. It allows readers to see what areas of Buffalo have the highest number of vacant homes, and compare that to the highest populated areas. This map chose houses as the symbol (mimetic symbol). For the colors, a gradient of greens is chosen. The right map shows two themes: household vacancy and population density. The amount of vacant homes uses the graduated symbol (where symbols are representing four groups of vacant homes). The population density uses the chloropleth map type. Both maps use the combined method to display multiple themes.
GLO System (Government Land Office
By Federal Law 1785 Land Ordinance U.S. Public Land Survey (midwest and west) To allow orderly settlement of the continent... to establish ownership of the land.
How are SPCS zones determined?
By the geographic boundaries of states and counties
On this projection, which point would possess the least distortion?
C
Panchromatic aerial photography uses...
Broad cover types (Forest / Agriculture / Urban / Etc.) / Legacy: Often older photographs are only available as Panchromatic
Google Earth is an example of a A) Social Map B) Satellite Data C) Virtual Globe D) GPS
C) Virtual Globe
UTM coordinates are measured in A) degrees, minutes, and seconds B) miles C) meters D) feet
C) meters
An area of spatial proximity around a point is created by which GIS operation?
Buffer
An area of spatial proximity around a point refers to which GIS operation?
Buffer
Which one is not an advantage of remote sensing?
Can extract any information you want from any location on the Earth
What can't be done with RS?
Can't see everything (spectral limitations) / Can't see everything at all times (temporal limitations) / Can't see everything everywhere (Spatial limitations) / Can't see everything at any resolution (Spatial limitations)
What are six things GIS can do with data?
Capture Store Query Analyse Display Present
The art and science of making maps describes:
Cartography
Data Structures of Raster
Cell by Cell - stores strings Run - Length encoding - records by row and group Quad tree encoding. - divides grid into quadrants recursivley until single cell is reached
Data quality
Date of collection method of collection scale resolution coordinate system and projection coverage completeness condition , readability and convenience. availability.
Datum transformation
Changing measurements from one datum into measurements in another datum
metadata
Data about data. coverage, data quality, data currency as well as information on who created the data and how it should be interpreted.
advantages of Database
Data is easily shared data is permanent easily accessed through search easily used by a computer to locate data quickly
Map Layout
Clarity, order (map logic), balance, contrast, unity and harmony.
Land Satellite images allow us to bring in more...
Components of the EM spectrum to see more things (Species differentiation, broad vegetation patterns etc.)
Geographic information system (GPS)
Computer-based mapping analysis and retrieval of location based out of
Abstraction of real world
Conceptual process of reducing the real world into themes, in an urban setting the real world might be simplified to building, roads, railways, garden, open spaces, etc. A paper MAP is ABSTRACTION.
If you were given a GIS project of and area and topic you were not familiar, of the three levels of data models, Conceptual, Logical and Physical, which model would you first put your ideas in to get a grasp of the problem and why?
Conceptual, because you are not familiar with the area and need to conceptualize your project before you move to the Logical and Physical data models.
topology Model
Concerned with relationships between spatial objects, but not their physical shape. Two most common are adjacency (do they share a common boundary) and containment (is a residence withing a school zone)
Which of the following is NOT a possible application of Landsat images?
Conducting a real estate survey in a neighborhood in Sanfranciso by outlining the area and shape of each building or house, Only a very high resolution commercial satellite can do this, such as GeoEye -1.
A ______________ map preserves shape
Conformal
Name 5 general projections that can be categorised based on spatial properties they preserve
Conformal Equal Area Equidistant Azimuthal Compromise
Maps that Preserve Shape
Conformal maps (Mercator, Lambert conformal conic
Active Sensor...
Energy source such as an instrument within the RS Electromagnetic Spectrum
Geotag
Connecting a photo to a real world location
Which method is NOT used when creating this relief map of the island of Oahu, Hawaii?
Contour lines
Common locations used in aligning two datasets
Control points are best described as
Orthorectification...
Correcting for elevation differences on the Earth (DOQQ photos)
Which of the following indices is NOT used for measuring spatial autocorrelation?
Correlation Coefficient r
Passive Sensor...
Energy source such as the sun within the RS Electromagentic Spectrum
Cover aerial photography uses...
Cover type mapping into many classes (Different tree species)
What are three types of surfaces that can be projected on to a map?
Cylinder Cone Planar
Types of Projections
Cylindrical Conic Planar
Mercator Projection
Cylindrical Projection Used for navigation Lines of navigation
Conic is one of the three main types (categories) of projections, what are the other two?
Cylindrical, Planer or Azimuthal
The 3 types of developable surfaces in map projections
Cylindrical, conical, azimuthal
Non-spatial data
Data that is not directly linked to geospatial location such as tabular data
A geoportal that allows users to access U.S. government data is called:
Data.gov
What makes geospatial data unique? A) It does not contain any location information B) It contains descriptive information for all locations C) It contains a unique name for every potential location D) it is connected to a real-world location
D) it is connected to a real-world location
Which of the following is NOT a commonly used datum
DAT86
Which of the following is NOT a commonly used datum?
DAT86
A digital terrain model that consists of regularly sampled points of elevation is a
DEM
The use of a base station or other Earth-bound source to correct the GPS/GNSS mapping grade rover derived data either by real-time transmission of a correction signal to a receiver or post-processing refers to
DGPS
In general, GCS measurements are made in:
DMS
Regulatory is one of the types of geographic Data Standards list two more:
De jure, De facto
What primary purpose do decimal degrees serve as compared to measurements in degrees, minutes, and seconds?
Decimal degrees are decimal equivalents of measurement in d/m/s. Decimal degrees make computer calculations faster
Associate the classification method used in ArcGIS with its definition
Define classes where each has equal number of features D. quantile Individually set attribute value breaks and class ranges B. manual Define classes on difference from mean of all values C. standard deviation Divide attribute values into equal-sized ranges E. equal interval Define classes on natural groups in data A. Jenks
In the Layer Properties Window, which tab would use select to display a subset of your data that met some predefined criteria:
Definition Query
When making measurements on a sphere, the distance between two points is referred to as the:
great circle difference
Metadata refers to:
Descriptive information about the data (data about data)
radar images
Detect cloud cover, rainfall or storm location, intensity, and movement. Also potential for severe weather.
False illumination source
The location of the false illumination source can be standard or gnomonic (the centre of the Earth), stereographic (at the pole opposite the plane of projection) or orthographic (at infinity)
Define Geographic coordinate system.
The location reference system for spatial features on the Earth's surface using latitude and longitude.
Satellite imagery
Digital images of birth acquired by sensors on board orbiting space born platforms
false
Digitizing is a simple task and can be performed by anyone given very little training
Describe preservation with direction?
Direction, or azimuth, is measured in degrees of angle from north. An azimuthal projection preserves direction for all straight lines passing through a single, specified location. On an azimuthal map, directions from one central location to all other points on the map will be shown correctly.
What are four basic types of spatial relationships?
Distance Containment Intersection Adjacency
Equidistant Conic projection
Distance - true along the meridians and the standard parallels. Scale is constant along any given parallel, but changes from parallel to parallel
Equidistant Cylindrical projection
Distance from pole to pole
Why is a graticule grid often applied to a map using a Mercator projection?
Distances and areas are distorted at the poles.
Which of the following indicates the best transformation of the data has taken place?
The lowest possible value for RMSE
How to convert from DMS to DD
Divide each value by the number of minutes or seconds in a degree: 36 minutes = (36/60) = .60 degrees 30 seconds = (30/3600) = .00833 degrees Add up the degrees to get the answer: 37° + .60° + .00833° = 37.60833 DD
Rater Data model
Divides the study area into a regular set of grid cells. Generate by laying the grid over themes abstracted from reality coding each cell with a single attribute structuring the codes so you computer can store them.
For surface draping which combination is impossible?
Drape an aerial photo over a USGS topi map, It is impossible because the USGS topo maps are 2-D maps which cannot be used as a base of draping
Which of the following is NOT a principle of good map design?
The map should make use of as much color as possible.
T or F. Decimal Degrees are generally used to store digital coordinate information because they make digital storage of coordinates easier and computations faster
True
Landsat 7 carries which of the following sensors?
ETM+
galileo
EU released by 2019
What are quantiles? When should you use it? How many classes should you use?
Each class contains an equal number of values (features) Use when attributes are evenly distributed in a linear fashion For classes, choose what makes the most sense
What are manual? When should you use it? How many classes should you use?
Each class has a range that you specify Use when you want classes to break at specific values For classes, choose what makes the most sense
What are the ecological and economic benefits of wetland?
Ecological, act as water flow regulators. Economic, commercial fisheries use coastal wetlands as growth habitats
Which of the following features is a continuous feature?
Elevation
What are some examples of GPS applications? Check all that apply.
Enhanced 911 system can determine your position when you use a cellphone to call USDA researchers collect data of crop type, watering level in the field with precise location information. A wildfile protection NGO researcher tracks endangered animal. Delivery company checks if their fleets or vehicles deviate from their routes
Which of the following data classification methods selects class break levels by taking the complete range of values and dividing by the desired number of classes?
Equal Interval
In the raster data model, all items are represented as
Equally-spaced and sized grid cells
What marks the difference between north and south latitude?
Equator
What is a feature? 3 ways they are represented?
Features are geographic, real world objects Represented as point, line, or polygon
T or F. The earth's spherical coordinate system is an angular coordinate system.
True
The side of a block object is called a
Face
A horizontal datum is a baseline used as a starting point in measuring elevation values (either above or below this value).
False
Aerial photography is the acquisition of data and imagery from the use of satellites. T/F
False
Buffering can only be performed with vector data.
False
If you ever open up your mxd file and see red exclamation points next to your layers, you must start your map over as the data is lost and irretrievable
False
In all maps north is "up" so a north arrow is superfluous
False
In general, geospatial data and nonspatial data cannot be linked in useful ways? T/F
False
KMZ files cannot be used in Google Earth.
False
Maps are the only graphic devices used to present geographically relevant information.
False
Operational GIS can be traced back to the 1940s
False
Raster is used to represent quantitative data only. Qualitative (thematic) data representation is limited to vector.
False
Street maps, route maps and topographic maps are all examples of thematic maps
False
T or F. The only logical choice for a prime meridian was the meridian that runs through Greenwich, England.
False
T or F. The distance between meridians is a constant value
False
T or F. A small scale map is best to represent an area such as 1 acre subdivision lot that shows structures, vegetation and utilities.
False
T or F. Early GIS systems were developed by small companies and hobbyist.
False
T or F. The Raster data model is best for precision graphics and cartography on a large scale map.
False
T or F. To "triangulate, a GPS receiver measures distance using high frequency laser signals between Satellites and your GPS receiver.
False
The images pulled from Google Earth tend to be "continuous"—that is, composed of streaming live data that is constantly updated. True/False
False
The images pulled from google earth tend to be "continuous"- ie composed of streaming live data that is constantly updated. T/F
False
The shapefile is a common standard for representing geospatial raster data.
False
The vast majority of the electromagnetic spectrum is visible to human eyes.
False
Which of the following organizations has been coordinating the development of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI)?
Federal Geographic Data Committee
T or F. A legend and a scale bar or distance measure are found in virtually all maps.
True
A soil map is a precision ag farm GIS layer; list three more:
Fertility, Yield Maps, Aerial Photos
According to Esri, what is currently the preferred file format for vector data within ArcGIS?
File geodatabase
With regard to coordinates systems, a ________________ refers to data that is measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds, while a ____________ refers to data that is defined by a flat 2-D surface and can be measured in units of meters and feet.
GCS; PCS
When making measurements on a sphere, the distance between two points is referred to as the
great circle distance
Explain the importance of map projection.
First, a map projection allows us to use 2 dimensional maps, either paper or digital, instead of a globe. Second, a map projection allows us to work with plane or projected coordinates rather than longitude and latitude values. Computations with geographic coordinates are more complex and yield less accurate distance measurements.
At which scales can you assume that the earth is a sphere, and what is the term for a sphere that has the same area as a given spheroid?
For scales smaller than 1:5,000000 it can be assumed that the earth is a sphere. An Authalic sphere is a perfect sphere that has the same area as a given spheroid
Which of the following questions needs to be solved using "Spatial Statistics"?
For the counties of Wisconsin the public health agency would like to find that whether the occurences of heart disease are spatially clustered.
Air photo aquisition components
Found on the edge of the air photo; date,time, film type, GPS, lens info. Series # example 10-00198 (10=flightline, 198 = # of the photo in that flight line)
Geospatial data
I didn't that are tied to specific real world locations
AGD66 and GDA94 differences
GDA94 replaced AGD66 in 2000, thus moving from a local reference ellipsoid (ANS for AGD66) to a global reference ellipsoid (GRS80 for GDA94). GDA94 is a geocentric datum and compatible with GPS data. The Australian Geodetic Datum 1966 (AGD66) is based on the Australian National Spheroid (ANS) reference ellipsoid with its origin at the Johnston Geodetic Station in the Northern Territory. This datum was designed to be a best fit for the Australian region. The centre of the ANS does not coincide with the centre of the Earth but lies about 200m from it.
Computer-based mapping and analysis of location-based data best describes:
GIS
Computer-based mapping and analysis of location-based data best describes: A) GIS B) GPS C) Remote Sensing D) Aerial Photography
GIS
attribute and spatial
GIS is made up of two types of data...
Describe the difference between a paper map and a GIS map
GIS maps are dynamic You can manipulate the features of a GIS map, you cannot change the features of a paper map This includes zoom, selecting features you wish to see, and access a database for more features
three main areas of focus of geospatial tech
GIS, RS, and GPS
A technology that uses signals broadcast from satellites to determine position and navigation on Earth is
GNSS
Acquiring real-time location information from a series of satellites in Earth's orbit is the goal of
GPS
Acquiring real-time location information from a series of satellites in Earth's orbit is the goal of ___________.
GPS
acquiring real-time location information from a series of satellites in Earth's orbit is the goal of:
GPS
T or F. Which spheroid is now regarded as the best model of the earth for the region of NA?
GRS80
The European Union's version of GNSS is known as
Galileo
Relief Displacement
INCREASES more as you move away from the centre of the air photo (radial distance = r). INCREASES as the flying height (H) DECREASES. This effect can be used to measure the height of an object (h).
Remote Sensing (RS)...
Gathering data and information about the physcial world by measuring electromagnetic radiation (Associated with objects located beyond the immediate vicinity of the sensor device[s]) / Measuring an object from a distance / In GIS: Using photographic or satellite images to gather spatial data
High-tech "treasure hunting" that is assisted with GPS is referred to as
Geocaching
What are two types of coordinate systems?
Geographic Projected
What is GIS?
Geographic Information Systems is a computer system for capturing, storing, querying, analyzing and displaying geospatial data.
Define geometries and attributes as the two components of GIS data.
Geometric data describe the locations of spatial features, which may be discrete or continuous. Attribute data describe the characteristics of spatial features.
What is an 'annotated orthophotomap'?
Gives you more geographic information about the area Map makers can overlay conventional map symbols on an orthophoto
What does GPS stand for?
Global Positioning System
all lines of longitude are
great circles
KML and KMZ files are the native file formats used to work with 3D objects in
Google Earth.
Euclid
Greek Mathematician geometry father
The origin point for 0 degrees longitude is
Greenwich, England
A pixel of an image displayed on a screen that has a brightness value of 127 in the red color gun, 127 in the green color gun, and 127 in the blue color gun will produce which color for that pixel?
Grey
Origin
Grid extent and cell resolution.
Absolute position
Grid or Cartesian coordinate systems
A type of data error is Systematic; list two more types of data errors:
Gross, Random
Nominal
Groups that can't be compared like postcodes or text
Please select the necessary component(s) of GIS
Hardware Software People Data
Red infrared color indicates...
Healthy vegetation (Reflects more infrared radiation)
T or F. A systematic examination, description, classification, and mapping of the soils in a given area is a soil survey.
True
GIS applications that look at emergency evacuation plans, smoke plume modeling, and disaster mitigation and recovery efforts are often used in which field?
Homeland security
The question in today's lecture: What clues enable you to identify the following features: 1) Houses 2) Walkways leading to houses 3) Cars in parking lot 4) Parking spaces in parking lot 5) Factory building on west side of photo
Houses: pattern (regularly-spaced) Walkways leading to houses: size, shape and association Cars in parking lot: pattern, shape, association Parking spaces in parking lot: association Factory building on west side of photo: size (large size buildings), association (large parking lot)
degrees minutes and seconds
How are latitude and longitude lines measured?
What three things do you need to decide when symbolizing features based on quantities in ArcMap?
How many classes to have What method to use for placing the values into classes What kind of symbology to use
Please select the question(s) which can be answered using GIS:
How will the path of Superstom Sandy affect voter turnout in the 2012 US presidential election? Where are the famous dishes at restaurants and bars in Belo Horizonte, one of the host cities for the 2014 World Cup? What are the factors leading to the habitat loss of elephant in Africa? How do technical, educational, and financial assistance to land managers in Wisconsin help reduce soil degradation?
irnss
india under development
List two characteristics of a wetland.
Hydric Soils Hydrophytic plants
Relative relief aims at providing realistic presentation of relief with a near-3D effect. Which is NOT a commonly used method for creating relative relief?
Hypsometric tinting, Hypsometric tinting is the process of coloring between contour lines - it is a common method for absolute relief portrayal
What are natural breaks (Jenks)? When should you use it? How many classes should you use?
Identifies groupings of values that are inherent to your data Use when attributes are distributed unevenly across the overall range of values For classes, choose a number that best reflects the natural groups of attributes you want to show
Describe preservation with area?
If a map preserves area, then the size of a feature on the map is the same relative to its size on the earth. On an equal area map, if you draw a shape and move it around the map, no matter where you place it, its size will be the same.
Describe preservation with distance?
If a map preserves distance, then a line between one point on the map and another is the same distance as it is on the earth (taking scale into consideration). Most maps have one or two lines of true scale. An equidistant map preserves true scale for all straight lines passing through a single specified location. For example, if the map is centered on Moscow, a linear measurement from Moscow to any other point on the map would be correct.
Describe preservation with shape?
If a map preserves shape, then shapes, such as outlines of countries, look the same on the map as they do on the earth. A map that preserves shape is called "conformal." On conformal maps, compass directions are true for a limited distance around any given location.
What is the 'principal point' of an aerial photo?
If you draw two lines between opposite points using the four fiducial marks, they will intersect at a point called the principal point (the center point) The principal point is the point directly below the camera (the nadir) only when the plane is flying parallel to the ground
When would you use the vector data model versus the raster data model?
If you want to represent features with distinct boundaries, it's probably better to use the vector data model and store the features' x,y coordinate locations. The raster data model is better suited to representing phenomena whose boundaries change gradually across a given area.
Longitude
Imaginary lines on a globe east and west of the prime meridian that serves as the basis of measurement in GCS
Latitude
Imaginary lines on a globe north and south of the equator that serve as a basis of measurement in GCS
Color IR aerial photography uses...
Improved differentiation of tree species / Forest Health (Disease / Insects)
What is the mapping type? Why?
In this map, scaring skulls are used as symbols, which make the map useful for improving statewide driving safety awareness. Different size of skulls indicates the number of traffic fatalities. Since the attribute value depicted here is exact number, such as 10, 100 etc, this is a proportional symbol map.
One of the three precision Agriculture objectives is to reduce waste; name the other two?
Increase profit, maintain environment
As you go from the origin to the east, longitude
Increases
thematic maps
Maps that tell stories, typically showing the degree of some attribute of the movement of a geographic phenomenon.
remotely sensed images
Information gathered using a sensor
What is an attribute?
Information that is associated with a feature other than its shape and location Linked by FID
Within an Active Sensor, energy pulses are transmitted from the...
Instrument to the surface and energy is scattered by the surface and is received by the antenna
One of the "Information" precision Ag components is yield mapping, name three more:
Intensive soil/crop sampling Previous agrichemical applications, weather data, remote sensing
________ keeps only parts of the first layer falling within the second layer.
Intersect
The temperature (measured in degrees Celsius) would represent what type of data?
Interval
T or F. A text Font refers to a character set with a particular style at a specific size.
True
What is an 'orthophoto'?
Is a photo that has been geometrically corrected through rectification so that the scale of the photo is uniform and planimetrically corrected to remove distortion caused by camera optics, camera tilt, and differences in elevation. Makes it look like you are looking straight down at every point
What does a datum define for GIS?
It defines the origin, or the point where the spheroid matches up perfectly with the surface of the earth and where the latitude-longitude coordinates are true and accurate; all other points are in reference to the origin
What is Topology?
It expresses the spatial relationships between features,
What is ArcCatalog?
It is a program used for accessing, browsing, managing, and storing data
What is ArcMap?
It is a program used for visualising, editing, and analysing geographic data and can produce map products (data and layout views)
What is ArcToolbox?
It is an organized collection of tools for GIS analysis, data management, data conversion, and so on.
What is metadata?
It is data about data; it is information that describes or documents a geographic dataset
What are equal intervals? When should you use it? How many classes should you use?
It is similar to a ruler, with an interval between each class is equal Use when you want all classes to have the same range For classes, choose a number that produces an easily understood interval (2, 5, 10)
How is DGPS different from normal GPS?
It uses two receivers, one at a known location and one at an unknown location
What is an example of non geospatial technology
JPEG
Which of the following is NOT a form of geospatial technology?
JPEG
Which of the following is not a form of geospatial tech? GPS, remote sensing, JPEG, GIS
JPEG
T or F. An attribute is a description of a spatial object that has relationships with other spatial objects.
True
The common database table field used to join two tables is called the ______ field .
Key
Match the appropriate map scale to the corresponding map
The map, which shows larger spatial extent but less details, should be with smaller map scale. In contrast, the map, which shows smaller spatial extent but more details, should be with a larger map scale.
Which type of projection is commonly used to create maps of the United States and other east-west trending areas
Lambert Conformal Conic
Associate the following Landsat satellites with the number of spectral bands
Landsat 1 C. 4 bands Landsat Thematic Mapper D. 7 bands Landsat ETM B. 8 bands Landsat LCDM /OLI A. 9 bands
Associate the following Landsat satellites with their spatial resolutions
Landsat 1 MSS B. 60 m Landsat 4 MSS D. 30 m LCDM panchromatic C. 15 m TM (Landsat 4-5) thermal A. 120 m
What is 'overlap' in air photos?
Large scale airphotos are taken along flight lines about 10,000 feet in the air. The flight lines create a 60-80% overlap. duplicated image of the ground in two successive air photos
LIDAR uses which of the following to create a digital terrain model?
Laser Beams
four major coordinate systems
Latitude and Longitude UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) State Plane Coordinate System (SPC) U.S. Public Land Survey System (Township and Range)
Latitude and Longitude
Latitude- parallel lines which run east and west and measure distance north and south of the equator. Longitude- "meridians" which run north and south and measure distance east and west of the prime meridian. , A geographic coordinate system.
Map Distance (MD)
The measured distance from Point A to Point B in inches on the USGS topo map
Photo Distance (PD)...
The measured distance from Point A to Point B on a photo
A graphical representation of a guide to the map's symbology is best shown by:
Legend
A key to what the various symbols on a map are representing can be found in the map's
Legend
A key to what the various symbols on a map are representing can be found in the map's:
Legend
Degrees minutes and seconds (DMS)
The measurement system used in GCS
Photogrammetry...
The measuring of photographs
Associate the classification method used in ArcGIS with a type of data that it would be used with
Linearly distributed data D. Define classes where each has equal number of features One with existing guidelines for categories A. Individually set attribute value breaks and class ranges Temperature E. Divide attribute values into equal-sized ranges Large differences in data B. Define classes on natural groups in data Normally distributed data C. Define classes on difference from mean of all values
people
The most important component of a GIS is...
Globe
The only kind of map that does not distort shape, distance, area or direction.
Public Lands Survey
Local, convenient, and unsystematic Irregular boundaries, "original survey" made up of "lines" and Corners Common in Europe and eastern U.S. Each early settlement system produced its own method
What are lines of longitude called? Latitude? What angles are they measured at?
Longitudes are meridians and latitudes are parallels Longitude coordinate represents a line at the prime meridian and a line extending east along the equator Latitude coordinate represents a line on the equator and a line extending north along the 60 meridian
Tangency and secancy
The points or lines of tangency or secancy are the only places where no distortion occurs on a map, and distortion increase with distance from them. A XXXXXXX projection touches the surface of the Earth and a XXXXX projection intersects or slices through the surface of the Earth
Which of the following are least likely to be used as GCPs?
Low-resolution satellite images
Here are the DOP values for a specific date. If you require 20 minutes to complete your survey when is the best time to do it?
Lowest points
Which of the following is NOT a Suomi NPP instrument?
MODIS
What is 'photogrammetry'?
The process of obtaining measurements from aerial photos. This can be used for determining things like height and depth of objects
Define Projection.
The process of transforming from a geographic coordinate system to a projected coordinate system. Can also be reprojected onto another coordinate system.
You receive a map document (.mxd) from a colleague in an email. You are able to open the document, but no map appears. How can problems like this be corrected in the future?
Make sure the map document has relative pathways saved Store the data and map document in the same folder Make sure you receive the data with the map document
Cholopleth map is NOT suitable for making a map of
The real time traffic condition on the road/highway network in Chicago
T or F. Data precision is usually represented by the number of significant digits used to record the data.
True
The relationship between a unit on the map and same unit of distance on the ground is called ________ .
Map scale
The JB Hunt Building is about 340 feet long. Associate the map distance for the building with the map scale
Map scale 1:200 D. 20.4 inches on the map Map scale 1:2,400 A. 1.7 inches on map Map scale 1:24,000 B. 0.17 inches on map Map scale 1:100,000 C. 0.04 inches on map
T or F. Mapping of the soils and correlation to other soil surveys are two of the components of a Soil Survey.
True
Longitude
Marked by meridians oriented N-S from pole to pole All converge to poles, so none are parallel, but ALL show true circumference (they are great circles). Referenced to Prime Meridian
Latitude
Marked by parallel lines ("parallels") that circle the earth in the E-W direction Only the equator shows actual circumference of the earth
T or F. Standard statistical approaches do not work well with data that is autocorrelated.
True
What techniques can be used to identify GCPs
Matching locations on the image with orthophoto, surveying in the field, GPS measurements
Steps for calculating the scale of an aerial photograph...
Measure from Point A to Point B on the photo in feet (This is the photo distance [PD] / Measure from Point A to Point B in inches on the USGS topo map (This is the Map Distance [MD] / Convert the map distance to actual feet (ground distance (If the USGS topo map has a scale of 1 inch to 2000 feet, the actual ground distance [GD] = MD x 2000 / Photo Scale is PD÷GD
Aerial photographs, especially vertical aerial photographs, look very similar with maps. Select ALL the correct statements from the following choices:
Measurements made on a photograph are as accurate as on that on maps Aerial photo has non-uniform scales throughout the coverage, while maps have a uniform scale throughout the coverage. Aerial photos contain certain degree of geometric distortion, while maps are geometrically accurate.
Longitude
Meridians
How is the scale factor related to the principal scale?
The scale factor is defined as the ratio of the local scale to the principal scale. In other words, the scale factor is the normalized local scale. Will be 1 along the standard line and more distorted away from the line.
Where is a planar projection most accurate? What kind of maps can you produce?
Most accurate at the poles Produces maps on which the longitude converge at the north pole and radiate outward, latitude lines appear as a series of concentric circles
Where is a cylinder projection most accurate? What kind of maps can you produce?
Most accurate in equatorial zones Produces maps with straight, evenly spaced meridians and straight parallels that intersect meridians at right angles
Where is a cone projection most accurate? What kind of maps can you produce?
Most accurate in mid-latitude zones Produces maps with straight converging longitude lines and concentric circular arcs for latitude lines
Map projections
Most projections are combinations of the following characteristics: the shape of the projection plane, the aspect of the projection plane, the points or lines of tangency or secancy and the location of the false illumination source.
When the GPS signals bounce off objects to arrive later than anticipated, which of the following types of errors is occurring?
Multipath
Geodesy
The science of measuring earth's shape
In the attribute table for a "states" feature class, rows would represent:
individual states
Suomi NPP is operated by
NASA
The U.S. GPS is called
NAVSTAR
Which of the following data classification methods selects class break levels by searching for spaces in the data values?
Natural Breaks
Data classification
Natural breaks, equal interval, quantile, standard deviation.
Applications of GIS
Natural resource management, environmental applications, government applications.
What portions of the EM spectrum are represented by the Red, Green, and Blue color bands?
Near Infrared (Put in Red color gun) / Green (Put in Blue color band) / Blue (Put in Green color band) (IF SHOWING CORRECT INFRARED)
NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)...
Near Infrared - Red ÷ Near Infrared + R
The energy range of 0.7 - 1.3 micrometers defines which of the following types of energy?
Near infrared
Which of the following boolean operators would be used to determine which parcels of land in a database have an assessed value of more than $100,000 but are also zoned as something other than "residential" areas?
Negation
The two maps above use proportional symbols to present the same set of data. Are they good maps? If not, what is the problem and how can we improve them?
Neither of the two maps above have an appropriate scaling factor for the proportional symbols. The left-side map chose a scaling factor which is too small and made it more difficult for the map reader to see patterns in the data; The right-side map chose a scaling factor which is too large and led to many overlapping symbols. We need to be careful to choose scaling factor for proportional symbols. Also the starting point and the number of classes also need to be considered.
Which would take more storage space, a layer file showing all the US counties or a layer file showing all the US states? US states, US counties, neither.
Neither: the storage space would be the same.
Why do panchromatic air photos need a UV haze filter?
The shorter near ultraviolet wavelengths are scattered by the atmosphere, requiring a UV haze filter to to be placed over the camera lens to increase clarity of the photos.
Great circle distance
The shortest distance between two points on a spherical surface
Spectral Resolution
The specific bands and wavelengths that a sensor can measure defines its
T or F. Tactical management is taking the short-term actions that keep the enterprise or organization on the course provided by the strategic plan.
True
A person's social security number would represent what type of data?
Nominal
A person's social security number would represent what type of numerical data?
Nominal
What types of features will exist in the result of an indentity operation over the two layers? The floodplain layer will serve as the base layer where all of its features will remain.
Non-agricultural land inside floodplain and Agricultural land inside floodplain
Altering data values (such as using percentages instead of raw counts) so that they are comparable across the map is called ___________ .
Normalizing
A graphical representation of the orientation of the map can best be shown with a
North Arrow
A graphical representation of the orientation of the map can best be shown with a:
North arrow
Ratio data
Numbers are in order, have an equal value in between them, and zero represents an absence of something. Ex: number of children or number of cars.
Which sensors are carried by Landsat 8?
OLI and TIRS
Discrete object themes
Objects with finite boundary, usually represented by the vector model.
What type of aerial photo is taken when the camera is placed at an angle?
Oblique photo
T or F. The ESRI ArcGIS geodatabase data model is an example of Object Relational and Logical data models
True
T or F. The level of data quality should be balanced against the "cost of the consequences of less accurate data".
True
Maps that Preserve Area
On an equal-area projection
UTM zone
One of the 60 divisions of the world set up by the UTM system each zone being 6° of longitude wide
SPCS Zone
One of the divisions of the United States set up by the SPCS
Two ways you can map density using attribute values?
One way is to divide the attribute values by the area of each polygon feature (i.e. data normalisation) Another way is to do so visually by using symbology to represent quantities of things in the real world (like a dot density map)
A map showing the locations of the top tourist destinations in Florida, ranked by the number of tourists that came to them in 2011 is showing what type of data?
Ordinal
Digital Ortho Quarter Quad (DOQQ)...
Orthorectified images
What is the map type? Why?
This is a flow map showing the estimated volume of truck flow on all highways in the Unite State, 2035. You can use the thickness of the roads to represent the volume of the flow. In this case, the flow is categorized into three classes. Below that, just drop to normal, showing the road instead. You can very quickly see the major routes across the United States. You see the massive volume between the San Francisco and LA. And similar patterns are in the east coast.
A military receiver is required to pick up which of the following
P code
What is not a way to represent an attempt to make GPS more accurate
PDOP
complexity of project elements
PRIMARY - tone and colour SECONDARY - size, shape, texture TERTIARY - pattern, shadows HIGHER- site, association
The coordinates of a location are usually different between the NAD27 and the NAD83 datums.
True
The images provided by remote sensing tend to be "snapshots" of a particular place at a particular time. True/False
True
Types of aerial photographs...
Panchromatic (Black & White) / True Color / Color Infrared (CIR)
A sensor that will be measuring only one wide band of wavelengths is which type of sensor?
Panchromatic sensor
Which of the following represents a secondary data source?
Paper maps
Latitude
Parallels
Two Soil forming factors are Climate and Biological Factors, name the other three.
Parent material, Topography and Time.
arrangement of objects
Pattern
When data is generalized in the process of map making a feature that might be an polygon feature at a large scale may become a point feature at a small scale.
True
Data, Technology and Application are three of the four components of a GIS as an information System. Name the other one.
People
False-Color or Color Infrared Photo...
Photographs where the green, red, and NIR portions of the spectrum are captured separately / Features that reflect green are displayed blue, features that reflect red are displayed green and features that reflect NIR are displayed red / Useful for highlighting vegetation
Describe a equidistant projection
Preserves distance from one or two specific points to all other points on the map Good for maps of airline distances, seismic maps showing distances from earthquake
Natural (True) Color Photos...
Photos where light from the blue and green protions of the spectrum are captured separately / Features that reflect blue light are blue, green light are green, and red light are red...
Describe a conformal projection
Preserves local shapes and angles Good for topographic maps, navigation charts, weather maps
Modern Spatial analysis consists of three things; a data base model, a set of statistical and graphical data analysis tools and:
a set spatial visualization tools also data from the area
A map package is:
a single file that contains the map document, all data layers used in the map document, as well as their appearance
Building a database.
Plan project requirements and scope the range, type and quality of data Identify and collect appropriate information sources. Determine the input method to be used and prepare the data accordingly. Will you be creating vector, raster or aspatial data? Data input to transform the data to digital format. Methods to capture data are described in detail later in this module and include scanning, digitising and keyboard entry. Preprocessing steps - these are the procedures used to convert a dataset into form suitable for permanent storage within the GIS and database and include digitisation, rectification, error checking, topology building and linking spatial and attribute data. Step 1 is critical so that budget, time and project requirements are determined prior to beginning data entry. Otherwise too much time can be spent on data collection of irrelevant items.
What is a point? A line? A polygon?
Point = one coordianate pair representing a location on earth's surface Lines = two or more coordinate pairs Polygon = composed of one or more lines whose starting and end coordiante points are the same
Control points
Point locations where the coordinates are known- these are used in aligning the unreferenced image to the source
On a very small scale map, cities would likely be shown as:
Points
In the vector data model, all items are represented as
Points, lines, and polygons
Orthographic
infinite location in space
Positional accuracy is one of the five data quality components; name three more:
Positional Accuracy, Attribute Accuracy, Logical consistency, Completeness, lineage
As you go from the origin to the east, longitude is
Positive
Describe a equal area projection
Preserves area Good for dot density maps, thematic maps
Lines of longitude begin at what famous location ?
Prime Meridian
What marks the change between east and west longitude?
Prime Meridian
Benefits of Topology
Processes are faster, No duplication, Error correction and detection.
Spectral Signature...
Profile of spectral information about an object in various portions of the electromagnetic spectrum
Please match a suitable GIS data model to each of the projects below:
Project 1 - Raster data model, because we are instered in the continuous variation of terrain characteristics Project 2 - Vector data model, because we are interested in discrete features such as bicycle stations (points), roads and streets (lines), and blocks (polygons).
Which programming language is used for writing scripts in ArcGIS?
Python
Which of the following GIS software programs can be downloaded for free?
QGIS
Which of the following data classification methods attempts to place an equal number of data values in each class?
Quantile
Farm record keeping that is space-time referenced is one of the benefits of precision agricultural practices, list three more:
Quantitative information, easier on-farm research
Match "Quantitative" or "Qualitative" to the following examples of data
Race, Land cover types, rank of GDP of a country are qualitativedata; the rest are quantitative data. Rank of GDP of a country is an ordinal data.
What type of errors cannot be avoided but can be treated with mathematical/statistical models?
Random
raster to vector
Raster (or bitmap) images are described by an array or map of bits within a rectangular grid of pixels or dots. Vector images are described by lines, shapes, and other graphic image components stored in a format that incorporates geometric formulas for rendering the image elements.
Which of the following is TRUE?
Raster data model is especailly suit for modeling geo-spatial phenomenon which varies continuously over geographic space
Aerial photography entails the acquisition of data and imagery from the use of satellites.
true
In an attribute table, each object is stored as a:
Record
At near IR, vegetation is...
Reflective
Database Models
Relational (files containing records, connected together by key attributes, most popular for GIS, SQL is used to access data) Object orientated
Joins and relates
Relationships, one to one, one to many, or many to many, Join lets you append additional data to a layers attribute table using comon fields, Relate lets you associate data with a layers attribute table, but the data isn't appended. relate is useful for one to many or many to many.
Env conditions for the planet can be monitored by which of the following?
Remote Sensing
Environmental conditions for the planet Earth can be monitored by which of the following?
Remote Sensing
Temporal Resolution..
Resolution Type that is a repeat cycle of the sensor (Amount of time it takes the sensor to re-capture information about the same area)
Spatial Resolution...
Resolution Type where the smallest "thing" once can distinguish on the remotely sensed image
Spectral Resolution...
Resolution type where the portion or portions of the electromagnetic spectrum are recorded by the sensor
For each of the following attributes, state whether a single symbol, graduated color, or unique values map would be the most appropriate. Rivers Acres of forest per county geological unit land use household income precipitation
Rivers: single symbol Acres of forest per county: graduated color geological unit: unique values land use: unique values household income: graduated color precipitation: graduated color
Which of the following features is a discrete feature?
Roads
location characteristics of an object
Site
Image compression techniques are used to reduce the size of raster data files, name one discussed in class:
Run length encoding or Quadtree
Describe the 3 levels of approximation of the shape and size of the Earth for GIS applications.
SPHERE, SPHEROID/ELLIPSOID, GEOID
GIS queries are composed in which computer language?
SQL
What is SSURGO and what is it designed for?
Soil Survey Geographic Database, planning at the local and county level
A graphical representation of the equivalent distances on a map can best be shown with a:
Scale bar
What does scale mean in GIS?
Scale is a ratio One unit on your map represents X units in the real world
Area, distance, direction, and shape can be distorted by map projections. (true or false)
true
Incorrect data deliberately transmitted from GPS satellites
Selective availability describes which of the following?
shadings caused by a light source
Shadow
the form of an object
Shape
What are the four spatial properties subject to distortion?
Shape Area Distance Direction
Spatial Properties that are Distorted
Shape Area Distance Direction
Potential Distortion
Shape (maps that preserve shape are conformal) Area Distance Direction (azimuthal projections preserve direction)
Ways to interpret an aerial photo
Shape - particular form of an object in an image. An oval shape can be used to identify a racetrack. Size - the length, width, and area on the ground of objects in the image Shadow - the dark shape cast by an object with a source of light shining on it. Can help provide info about height and depth of objects Tone - the particular grayscale or intensity of a particular color of objects in an image. Light blue color helps distinguish a swimming pool. Texture - differences of certain shading or color throughout parts of the image. Can be coarse or smooth. Pattern - the physical arrangement of objects in an image. How objects are ordered or disordered can help interpret the image. Site - location of characteristics of an item Association - relates an object in an image to other nearby features in the image
Aerial photography interpretation relies on analysis of...
Shape / Association / Pattern / Location / Tone / Texture / Shadow
physical dimensions of an object
Size
A measurement of the rate of elevation change at a location is
Slope
The rate of change on a topographic surface (rise over run) is ________.
Slope
The unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants is ________.
Soil
Drawbacks of Topology
Some simple operations are slow because of complexity. It requires additional files to store the spatial relationships.
Reflected (RS Electromagnetic Spectrum)...
Some to all of the energy bounces off the object within the RS Electromagnetic Spectrum (Glass)
Absorbed (RS Electromagnetic Spectrum)...
Some to all of the energy is neither transmitted nor absorbed; the object retains the radiation and is heated by it within the RS Electromagentic Spectrum (Pavement)
Transmitted (RS Electromagnetic Spectrum)...
Some to all of the energy passes through the object within the RS Electromagnetic Spectrum (Clear water)
In the Layer Properties Window, which tab would use select to view data type and projection information:
Source
Three vector models
Spaghetti & topological models (both varients of the georelational model) & object based model
The ground size of one pixel's worth of imagery is a measure of
Spatial Resolution
What technique uses machine learning or artificial intelligence to analyze huge amounts of geospatial data?
Spatial data mining
Thematic maps
Special purpose maps, emphasis on a specific theme.
Types of resolutions...
Spectral / Spatial / Temporal
The specific bands and wavelengths that a sensor can measure defines its
Spectral Resolution
Every surface has a spectrum pattern known as a...
Spectral Signature
What are two shapes commonly used to model earth? What shape does Stark think it is?
Sphere (best for small scale) Spheroid (best for large scale, Stark thinks earth is spheroid)
The first satellite to achieve orbit around Earth was:
Sputnik
Universal Transverse Mercator
Standard Military grid The world is divided into sections, called zones, 6 degrees wide
SPCS
State plane coordinate system
State Plane Coordinate System
States covered by an artificial "flat" grid Lambert conformal projection for E&W states (e.g. South Dakota) Transverse Mercator for N&S states (e.g. Indiana) Maps are created by locating "false origins" to the west and south; artificial zones
Spagettie model
Stores features as independent objects, unrelated to each other.
Different spatial resolution
Such as using a state boundary digitised as 1:1,000,000 on a large-scale topo map.
NAD83
The North American datum of 1983
Is this a single-themed or multivariate map? If this is a multivariate map, which method is used to display multiple themes?
This is a multivariate map using the pie chart method to display multiple themes. The pie size represents different population data values and black & light gray colors are used to represent male or female population (two variables) for each city. Circle size represents total population for each city.
Equator
The line of latitude that runs around the center of earth and serves as the 0° line to make latitude measurements from
Prime meridian
The line of longitude that runs through Greenwich England and serves as the 0° line of longitude to base measurements on
The Object based model
Treats spatial data as objects with associated properties and methods.
In the Layer Properties Window, which tab would use to classify and represent your data:
Symbology
What are symbols for?
Symbols are assigned to features and symbolize these features based on attributes associated with that feature
Which geoprocessing operation will select all areas from the first dataset and all areas from the second dataset, except those areas they have in common?
Symmetrical Difference
Advantages of RS...
Synotpic (regional) view of the landscape / Sense portions of the spectrum not visible to the eye / Repeat cycle (temporal resolution) /
DBMS
System used to manage a database
All geographic datasets have GCS but not PCS (T/F)
TRUE
ArcGIS can perform an on the fly projection if the PCS does not match with other layers (T/F)
TRUE
How do you measure heights using Relief Displacement?
Tall buildings will have its roof's position on the photo displaces radially outward from nadir (away from the centre of the photo). The distance measured on the air photo, from the bottom to the top of one side of the building is the objects reflief displacement.
How often a satellite can return to image the same area on the ground is a measure of that sensor's
Temporal Resolution
Which U.S. state is composed of more than one SPCS zone
Texas
repeating tones
Texture
Graphics that can be applied to the faces of an object to provide a more realistic appearance are
Textures
Thematic maps can be either qualitative or quantitative. Please match the following maps, which we saw in the lecture, to "1.Qualitative" or "2. Quantitative"
The "Age-adjusted Death Rates" map is quantitative while the other two maps are qualitative
Data quality is important in the GIS implementation phase; Identification and acquisition of data. Define data quality:
The "fitness for use" of data for intended applications
Nadir line
The "trace line" of the ground directly beneath the aircraft during acquistion.
What happens when you save your map document in ArcGIS?
The .mxd file contains information which describes where all layers, tables, etc., are stored.
Australian Geodetic Datum 1966 (AGD66)
The Australian Geodetic Datum 1966 (AGD66) is based on the Australian National Spheroid (ANS) reference ellipsoid with its origin at the Johnston Geodetic Station in the Northern Territory. This datum was designed to be a best fit for the Australian region. The centre of the ANS does not coincide with the centre of the Earth but lies about 200m from it.
The U-2 aircraft's remote sensing capabilities were especially proven during which of the following?
The Cuban Missile Crisis
A large geospatial data distribution program maintained by USGS
The National Map
NAD27
The North American datum of 1927
Crowdsourcing
The activities of untrained volunteers to create content and resources which can be utilized by others
The result map of hillshading can be modulated by
The angular direction of the sun (Azimuth) and the vertical angle of the sun above the horizon (Altitude) should be chosen!
What is 'relief displacement' in an aerial photo?
The apparent leaning out of the top of a higher object on a vertical air photo If the top of a feature is higher than the elevation of the nadir point, then it will be displaced outward and imaged at a slightly lower scale.
Aspect of the projection plane
The aspect of the projection plane can be normal, transverse or oblique. A normal aspect has the axis of the plane parallel to the axis of the Earth. A transverse aspect has the axis of the plane perpendicular to the axis of the Earth and an oblique aspect is any other orientation.
Scott is walking the boundary of a wetland area to map it. His expensive GPS records locations to the nearest 0.10 meter. Is the boundary he creates accurate? Is it precise? Why?
The boundary is being collected with GPS unit with a relatively high precision, so it could be considered precise. Interpreting a boundary is subjective. It could move over time depending on climate and precipitation, so the accuracy is not necessarily that high.
Which of the following would be the best location for a control point?
The corner of a building
Phenology...
The cyclical pattern of growth and senescence
Define geospatial data.
The data that describes both the LOCATION and CHARACTERISTICS of spatial features (such as roads, land parcels, and vegetation stands on the Earth's surface.)
What classification scheme should you use?
The fewer classes, the better
Look at the following wo maps. Please pay attention to the symbology and legend. What are the level of measurements of the data that are shown in the two
The first map - map of the groundwater storage is "ratio". Because it shows the groundwater depth in numbers, which means this is a quantitative data. Moreover, the water depth could be 0 mm, which means there is no water. So this map is showing a ratio level data. The second map - map of the aquifer productivity is "ordinal". From the legend, we know that it has six classes, ranging from very low to very high, which indicates an order of rank. Therefore, it is a ordinal level data, NOT a nominal level data.
Decimal degrees (DD)
The fractional decimal equivalent to coordinates found using degrees minutes and seconds
Vector Data Model: Explain the difference between the georelational data model and the object-based data model.
The georelational data model uses a split system to store spatial data and attribute data. The object-based data model stores spatial data and attribute data in a single system.
Universal transverse Mercator (UTM)
The grid system of locating coordinates across the globe
Hillshading can created a presentation of relief surface which looks similar with a vertical aerial photo. For the figures above, can you tell which one (left or right) is created by hillshading? Hint: think about the coming direction of the imagery light source
The left one is created by hillshading
The two maps above use different symbols to present the same theme - population density of each county. please first match the type of symbols used by each map, then briefly state which map has made a more appropriate choice and why.
The left-side map uses shaded areal symbol to present population density of each county (choropleth map); while the right-side map uses proportional symbol to present population density of each county. The left-side map has made a better choice. Because proportional symbol is not suitable for presenting the information of density within a region with boundary.
As you may see in the historgram showed above, the population density by county in Oregon has a very skewed distribution. If you are asked to make a chloropleth map with 4 classes to show the spatial distribution of population density by county in Oregon, you may choose 1) equal interval or 2) natural break to form classes. Please match the mapping results below to the corresponding method.
The top one is created by using natural break method and the bottom one is created by using equal interval method ( top one is more colored)
John and Linda are asked to estimate the prices of 9 land-use parcels separately. Those 9 parcels are regular-shaped so that we can use raster data model for representation. We would like to use "minimum", "maximum" and "average" operator to integrate both John's and Linda's estimation. Please match the integrated result with the corresponding operator:
The top one is the result of "Maximum"; The middle one is the result of "Average" The bottom one is the result of "Minimum"
How does project success vary?
The training and experience of the interpreter, the nature of the object being interpreted, the quality of the photos beinf utilized.
Map projection
The translation of locations on the three-dimensional earth to a two dimensional surface
Spatial reference
The use of a real-world coordinate system for identifying locations
over 3000 years
The use of spatial data or applied geography has been around for
By applying vertical exaggeration to a model, which of the following will occur?
The vertical scale is made larger than the horizontal scale
WGS84
The world geodetic system of 1984 datum (used by the gps)
Dot Density Map
Thematic map that uses dots to represent the frequency of a variable in a given area
Classification by properties preserved
There are four properties, of which only one or two can be preserved in any single projection. Conformal A conformal projection preserves shape by constant scale Equal area An equal area projection preserves sizes Equidistant An equidistant projection preserves distances Azimuthal An azimuthal projection preserves direction - a constant bearing is a straight line
In Esri's ModelBuilder, the color of the elements in the model has meaning. What does a white element mean?
There's something wrong or incomplete and model cannot run.
Match these types of remote sensing bandwidth with their appropriate uses
Thermal infrared: To show temperature differences between land and water Orthophotos: To generate a map-like image while retaining detail Microwave sensing: To show subsurface characteristics Color infrared sensing: To show dead or withering vegetation
Why would satellite remote sensor designers avoid developing a sensor that operated in either 2.8 or 6 micron wavelengths?
These are portions of the atmosphere where energy transmission is reduced so little energy would reach the sensor from the earth.
Which of the following is NOT true of satellites?
They are restricted to geographic boundaries, much the same way that aircraft are
What are the advantages of using mimetic symbols compared with geometric symbols and pictographic symbols? Select all that apply.
They are self-explained and require little work on building map legend. and They can be either simple or complex when representing real-world features
What do horizontal measurements rely on?
They primarily rely on knowing the accurate scale for each region of the photo (scale changes with changes in elevation)
In this section, you are presented with a couple of quantitative thematic maps. Please identify the correct type of the map and describe what it is displaying and how.
This is a Graduated symbol map using various point symbol size to represent different number of arms across the unite state. We can see that the farm data are aggregated into 3 classes, including 0-24 thousands, 28 -62 thousand, 66 -194 thousands. In a graduated symbol map, although you cannot tell the value of an individual feature, you can tell that its value is in a certain range. The category ranges can be either numerical (1-10, 10-20, and so on), or they can be at the ordinal level (ordinal, medium, high)
What is the map type? Why?
This is a cartogram map of world population, in which the actual geography is distorted in order to reflect the size of its population. The appearances between the average standard world map and this one are obvious - obviousness being a good indicator of how good a map is. For example: on a normal world map, Russia (17 million sq. km, 142 million inhabitants) would is much big than China (9,6 million sq. km, 1,3 billion inhabitants). Yet the opposite happens here. The population map reduces Russia to a thin sliver of land, insignificant compared to the giant that is China, which dwarfs just about any country far or close by, except India. Together, these two Asian countries account for fully one third of the world's population. Incidentally, the number of Indians is slated to surpass China's population later this century. A similar reversal of roles exists between Canada and Unite State.
How many points of reference (satellites) are required for you to find your exact location on Earth?
Three
Developable surface
Three common shapes are azimuthal, cylindrical and conical An azimuthal projection projects directly onto a flat planar surface. A cylindrical projection projects onto a rolled cylinder and a conical projection projects onto a rolled cone.
Imaging you work for a popular retail company that has recently begun using a GIS system. Which of the following would NOT be an important application using this system which reflects the uniqueness of GIS?
To analyze customer preferences according to their in-store purchasing records
Why would you want to do a Benefit-Cost Analysis before you started a GIS for an organization?
To see if using a GIS will improve efficiency enough to justify the cost of implementation and maintenance of a GIS
How can you create a report in ArcGIS that lists the attributes of only some of the features in a layer?
To show the attributes of only some features in a report, first create a selected set of features, then create the report.
Why is it necessary to generalize a map?
To simplify the map to improve readability and aesthetic appeal
grayscale levels or ranges of color for objects
Tone
Name two tools or techniques for vector data analysis.
Tools for vector data analysis include buffering, overlay, distance measurement, spatial statistics, and map manipulation.
Please match a possible value of Moran's I to the corresponding spatial distribution pattern.
Top image: black and white grids are negatively autocorrelated, Moran's I = -1; ( looks like a checkers board) Middle image: black and white grids are positively autocorrelated, Moran's I = 1 ( half black and half white) Bottom image:black and white grids are randomly distributed, Moran's I = 0 ( scattered)
Topology advantages and disadvangates
Topology is concerned with relationships between spatial objects, but not their physical shape. It is a technique used to record and manipulate the logical relationships of spatial features. Advantages. No duplication. There is no repetition of spatial coordinates between one polygon and another, so repeated lines are eliminated. This reduces redundancy and improves integrity of the data. Error detection and correction. Topology allows for error detection, such as double digitising, sliver polygons and unclosed polygons. These can all be easily detected using defined topology Disadvantages Some simple operations such as graphic display are slow and cumbersome due to the complex data structure Topology requires additional files to store the spatial relationships
In a project, scientists made a map indicating the melting of Greenland glaciers based on the data from 50 GPS stations planted along the Greenland coast. What functions of GPS were used in this research?
Tracking Mapping
When light strikes an object, it is either...
Transmitted, Reflected, or Absorbed (Or a combination of each)
In SPC, states of greater north-south extent use which projection?
Transverse Mercator projection
What is TIN?
Triangulated Irregular Network.
A coordinate system is based on a map projection.
True
A geotag assigns location information to non-geospatial media, such a photograph. True/False
True
A map can show one or more - but never all - of the following correctly: true distances, true directions, true shapes or true areas.
True
A modern datum defines the position of the spheroid relative to the center of the earth.
True
A shapefile is a collection of files with the same filename and different extensions
True
ArcGIS users can convert data they create in GIS and use the data with Google Earth.
True
Digital orthophotos do not contain image displacement or distortion
True
GIS software is only one of the components of a GIS
True
Georeferencing is the process of aligning an unreferenced data set with one that has spatial reference information.
True
Geospatial tech range from multi-billion dollar satellite networks to free smartphone apps. T/F
True
In ArcCatalog you see a shapefile as one file, while all the supporting files with various extensions are "hidden".
True
In ArcMap, both geoprocessing tools and models are stored in a "toolbox."
True
In ArcMap, the Data View displays geographic information in the form of a map and is where you can symbolize, analyze, and compile various geographic layers.
True
Income alone is not a key determinant in Esri's market segmentation groupings.
True
Integrating historical maps in GIS to analyze the spatial information they contain, or to layer them with other spatial data, requires that the maps be georeferenced.
True
Large scale maps are often more easily and accurately converted for use in GIS because they tend to have less egregious geographical errors.
True
Latitude and longitude are not a planar coordinate system.
True
Map documents (.mxd) DO NOT store data. Map documents only point to the data using the saved path.
True
Meridians are lines for measuring location in the E-W direction, and parallels are lines for measuring location in the N-S direction.
True
Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) sometimes cross state lines.
True
One general principle of map projections is that the larger the area being mapped, the greater the amount of distortion.
True
Spaces or unusual characters should never be used in GIS work when naming map documents, spatial data sets, and folders.
True
T of F. Color is made from hue, value and saturation.
True
Which agency is in charge of the National Map program in the United States?
U.S. Geological Survey
SPC is a coordinate system used for the data of which region?
USA
Which is not a commonly used digital data formats for creating a relief map?
USGS Topo-Maps
Projected coordinate systems UTM and State Plane are good choices to use in a GIS for Arkansas. Of these two systems, which would you use for the whole state of Arkansas and which for a GIS of the University of Arkansas campus and why.
UTM for State, cover whole state in one projection, State plane north for campus more accurate.
What implies the lack of confidence in the use of the data due to incomplete knowledge of the data?
Uncertainty
____ keeps all features in both layers
Union
Overlays
Union, intersect and Clip
Name two commonly used projected coordinate systems that are based on the transverse Mercator projection.
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid system State Plane Coordinate (SPC) system.
Vertical measurements
Use many methods depending on weather you are using a singel air photo or a stereo pair. Single photo - use shadow length method. Stereo Pair - use parallax measurement (many different ways)
What are the components of GPS system? Check all that apply.
User segment Space segment Control segment
A review of documented experience is one example of how you might identify and specify GIS user requirements, list two more:
User surveys, workshops
Discretisation
Using a grid to create simple manageable discrete units which a computer can process.
The type of geospatial content created by people who are not necessarily professional geographers is sometimes called
VGI
The type of geospatial content created by people who are not necessarily professional geographers is sometimes called:
VGI
Explain the difference between vector data and raster data.
Vector data use points and their x-, y-coordinates to represent spatial features of points, lines, and areas. Raster data use a grid and grid cells to represent the spatial variation of a feature (such as elevation or precipitation.)
GIS Analysis Functions
Vector: Measurement, queries, buffering, reclassification, overlay operations Raster: Neighbourhood functions, reclassification, overlay Advanced spatial analysis: Network analysis, Visibility analysis (viewshed), terrain analysis, interpolation.
what is GIS?
a tool to explore the geographic approach to data analysis
Please match the three types of aerial photo to the corresponding characteristics:
Vertical aerial photo: looks like if we look straight down from aircraft; Low oblique aerial photo: provides more details about the target objects to be viewed High oblique aerial photo: provides more ground area can be covered on a single photo
How are air photos taken?
Vertical air photos are taken along flightlines or flight strips.
What are some conditions of vertical air photos?
Vertical air photos have the same map projections as planar or azimuthal map projections. Measurements are reliable from the centre point (PP) outwards only. This is why we use the Cartesian Coordinate System for all measurements.
Is Earth vertically or horizontally squashed?
Vertically
lines, points, polygons
a vector data consists of....
What kind of analysis would you perform if you were looking for locations with a beautiful view?
ViewShed
Visual clarity is one element of a good map design for geographic contents, list two more?
Visual balance, visual clarity
VGI
Volunteered geographic information a term used to describe user generated content in data
EGNOS is the European equivalent of
WAAS
The datum used by GPS is
WGS84
Which datum are GPS readings based on?
WGS84
Which datum is used by Global Positioning System
WGS84
Which datum is used by the Global Positioning System?
WGS84
List the first two most important factors influencing crop yield.
Water control, use the best varieties
Conformal projections are typically used in:
Weather maps (for showing the local direction in which weather systems are moving) and Topographic maps and cadastral (land parcel) maps
false northing
a measurement made north (or south) of an imaginary line such as used in measuring UTM northings in the southern hemisphere, it is assigned a false northing of 10,000,000m to avoid negative northing coodinates.
small registration marks exposed on the film at the edges of a photo
What are fiducial marks on an air photo?
a film that is sensitive to infrared wavelengths and visible light
What is a CIR air photo?
has film with sensitivity to visible light from 0.3 to 0.7um
What is a panchromatic air photo?
overlaying conventional map symbols on an orthophoto
What is an annotated orthophotomap?
imagery in which distortion from the camera angle and topography has been removed
What is an orthophoto?
duplicated image of the ground in two successive air photos
What is overlap in air photos?
process of obtaining measurements from aerial photos
What is photogrammetry?
the apparent leaning out of the top of a higher object
What is relief displacement in an aerial photo?
data collected by an aircraft in the form of electromagnetic energy being reflected off a target
What is remote sensing?
vertical photographs are taken from a 90 degree angle and can be scaled, whereas oblique photos are taken from an angle and have distorted scale
What is the difference between a vertical aerial photo and an oblique aerial photo?
the center of an aerial photo
What is the principal point of an aerial photo?
When does a north arrow not point up?
When the projection does not preserve direction
vector
Which GIS data format is more visually pleasing but more computationally complex?
Symmetrical Difference
Which geoprocessing operation will select all areas from the first dataset and all areas from the second dataset, except those areas they have in common?
Union
Which geoprocessing operation will select all areas from the first dataset and also all areas from the second dataset?
Identity
Which geoprocessing operation will select all areas from the first dataset and also the areas that a second dataset has in common with them?
Intersect
Which geoprocessing operation will select all areas that the first dataset and all areas that the second dataset have in common?
Exclusive Or
Which of the following boolean operators would be used to determine which parcels of land in a database have an assessed value of more than $100,000 and also are zoned as residential areas, but not parcels that meet both of these criteria?
Intersection
Which of the following boolean operators would be used to determine which parcels of land in a database have an assessed value of more than $100,000 and also are zoned as residential areas?
Negation
Which of the following boolean operators would be used to determine which parcels of land in a database have an assessed value of more than $100,000 and also are zoned as something other than residential areas?
Union1
Which of the following boolean operators would be used to determine which parcels of land in a database have an assessed value of more than $100,000 or are zoned as residential areas?
Spatial Reference
Which of the following describes the use of a real-world coordinate system for identifying locations?
Dissolve
Which of the following operations would best be used to combine a map of county boundaries into a single map of a state boundary?
Geoeye-1
Which of the following satellites carries the finest spatial resolution sensor?
Worldview-2
Which of the following satellites multispectral sensors has the finest spectral resolution?
IKONOS
Which of the following satellites panchromatic sensors has the coursest spatial resolution sensor?
to correct for UV effects (modified other colors), and to eliminate haze (dust particles)
Why do panchromatic air photos need a UV haze filter?
A map template provides
a pre-arranged way of placing elements on a map
Methods for deciding cell assignment in raster model
Winner takes all Assigned dominance. Edge Cell assignment.
Which of the following satellites carries the finest spatial-resolution sensor?
WorldView 3
Which of the following satellites multispectral sensors has the finest spectral resolution?
WorldView-3
A datum represents
a reference surface used in computing coordinates.
feature map
a representation of the spatial locations of a particular visual feature
Compute the mean center (X,Y) and the standard distance of the 6 points. X coordinate of the Mean Center: Y coordinate of the Mean Center: Standard Distance:Note: the calculate of SD is not required in quiz or the final exam.
X = 310 = (100+380+480+100+500+300)/6 Y = 408.33 = (80+650+620+500+350+250)/6 Standard distance = 260.15 sum of squares for X: (100-310)^2+(380-310)^2+(480-310)^2+(100-310)^2+(500-310)^2+(300-310)^2 = 158200 sum of squares for Y: (80-408.33)^2+(650-408.33)^2+(620-408.33)^2+(500-408.33)^2+(350-408.33)^2+(250-408.33)^2 = 247883.3334 SD = square root ( (158200+247883.3)/6) = 260.15
Which of the following is the most highly encrypted and secure
Y code
Can we find the true planar location of an object if we don't know its elevation?
YES! using a stereo parallax and a stereo pair of air photos. The 60% overlap means that the principle point from the neighbouring photo can be seen on the first photo (these are called the conjugate principle points). The distance between the PP and the conjugate principle point is the photo base length (distance between exposures)
Side lap
a 15-20% side-overlap between flightlines
A sequence of connected geoprocesses, along with data and tool parameters, refers to
a GIS model
what is a geodatabase
a container for your data hold shapefiles raser datasets tables
One key part of all API project reports is....
a description of the image characteristics for each feature of interest. Describe each land cover class and/or describe the shape, shadow, ect for each feature. Recording these characteristics helps to maintain consistency during the API.
map
a diagrammatic representation of the earth's surface (or part of it)
In the vector data model, an object is:
a digital representation in a computer of one or more instances.
What is used to ensure that UTM measurements of the southern hemisphere have a positive value?
a false nothing value
electromagnetic radiation
a form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space
Geographic Grid
a function of the globe; a grid to which the map must be fitted
Error
a general term for a mistake
The American Fact Finder is
a government-developed tool for investigating and accessing US Census data.
The national map refers to
a large geospatial data distribution program, maintained by the USGS
A small scale map would show
a larger geographic area than a large scale map
A small-scale map would show
a larger geographic area than a large-scale map.
affine transformation
a linear mathematical process by which data can be altered to align with another data source
In a GIS network, an "edge" represents
a link on the network.
What is an example of nonspatial data
a list of business names for a delivery truck to visit
cadastral map
a map which shows property boundaries
What errors, if any, have been made in each of the following notation? a) 89°69΄23"N Latitude, 177°03΄00"E Longitude b) 5°08΄31"S Latitude, 191°31΄04"W Longitude c) 21°43΄49"E Latitude, 103°42΄51"W Longitude d) 93.468 Latitude, 42.356 Longitude
a) Can't have minutes greater than 60 b) can't have longitude greater than 180 c) Latitude is only north or south d) can't have Latitude greater than 180
Guide meridians and standard parallels mark off lengths of
about 24 miles
A whiskbroom sensor is a(n)
across-track sensor.
The type of remote sensing in which the sensor generates its own energy, casts it at a target, and then measures the return of that form of energy, is:
active remote sensing.
Local Grid
added after the map is drawn
extra perception
adds info generated in mind
where does geospatial data come from
aerial and satellite imagery digitized hardcopy maps collected field data
What are airphotos used for?
air photos are used to compliment, improve, or reduce field work rater then take its place.
The signals containing information about the satellite's status, orbit, and location are collectively referred to as the
almanac
Text
alphanumeric strings
Earth shape
an ellipsoid
root mean square error (RMSE)
an error measure used in determining the acuracy of the overall transformation of the unreferenced data
datum
an established standard from which measurements are made
Interactive Rubbersheeting
anchor points are selected and other points selected and dragged around on the screen. all lines and points except anchor points are moved
Which of the following is NOT used by GIS systems that utilize the discrete object view?
angles
Maps that Preserve Direction
any azimuthal projection
A distance join should be performed on layers with what type of coordinate system?
any projected coordinate system
Affine Transformations
apply to both vector and raster data and include rotation, scaling, skey and transformation, or combinations of these.
what is GPS?
aquring location info from a constellation of satellites
Open source GIS software:
are free, but often have less support available than commercial software.
allometric equations
are used to estimate indirect measurements based on biophysical relationships derived through research
extent
area covered
In the raster data model,
areas are modeled using equally spaced and equally sized grid cells.
In the raster data model
areas are typically modeled using equally spaced and equally sized grid cells.
georeferenced
information is tied to a specific location on the earth's surface using x-y coordinates defined in a standard way
Which is NOT a component of visual image interpretation?
aspect
What does a geotag do
assigns location information to non-geospatial media, such as a photograph
A geotag
assigns location information to non-spatial media, such as a photograph
"On the fly" projection transforms data to a common projection in which way
automatically and temporarily
In a standard error map that shows the distribution of prediction error for a surface, where do the errors tend to be?
away from the sample points or around the perimeter of the sampled area
byte
basic unit of storage space--string of 8 digits
datum
basis for calculating the geographic coordinates of a location
relative pathname
begins in the folder data is stored; store relative pathnames when moving to a flashdrive
why infrared
better vegetation identification less haze water stands out
monochromatic
black and white
The spatial operator _______ can be used to determine the service area of a fire-station; the spatial operator ______ can help a traveller find the closest bus stops to a set of tourist destinations.
buffer, near
You work for a travel agency and need to determine the number of hotels within 5 miles around the San Diego Zoo for clients. The GIS operation that defines a 5 mile region of interest surrounding the San Diego Zoo is:
buffering
A ______ defines a organizations purpose and forms the basis for defining tasks to be implemented by the organization.
business concept
shadows
can be utilized two ways: 1) the shape or outline of the shadow can provide an impression of the profile view of the object. 2) measuring the heights of objects
Air photo mosaics
can cut out and paste cnetral portions of an air photo series together. Central areas have the least distortion (azimuthal map projections)
This map shows each state re-sized in proportion to the relative influence of the individual voters who live there. The numbers indicate the total delegates to the Electoral College from each state, and how many eligible voters a single delegate from each state represents. Which type of map symbol is used in this map?
cartogram
a map
cartographic representation of geographic reality/a model of locations/proportional to reality
The art and science of making maps describes
cartography
terrain variation
causes relief displacement
vector to raster
cells are assigned in a raster if they intersect with a converted vector (ex: any cell rule; near cell rule)
raster
cells, continuous coverage, jagged lines uses - elevation, land use
Gnomonic
center of the earth
planar projections
center point is north or south pole
The center of a map projection is determined by the:
central parallel and central meridian
reproject
changing a dataset from one map projection (or measurment system) to another
beidou
chinese under development
Please select one mapping method used by the map showed above.
choropleth
The map you see here is an example of
choropleth
standard deviation
classification that apportions values based on the statistics of the field - highlight which values are typical and which are outliers - best applied to normally distributed data
geometric interval
classification that bases the class intervals on a geometric series in which each class is multiplied by a constant coefficient to produce the next higher class - works well with continuous data (such as precipitation)
defined interval
classification that is similar to an equal interval one, except the user specifies the size of the class interval, and the number of classes then depends on the range of values - ideal when comparing classes of composed percentages, dollars, temps, and other values when specific break values are desired
Classification
classifying a range of values into a small number of groups by different colors or symbol sizes.
things not to do on a map
clutter, if you can't read it don't include it, map elements should serve a purpose, use imagery wisely
ArcMap document
collection of spatial data layers, tables and properties
Which graphic element carry magnitude information and can be used on QUANTITATIVE maps?
color value
merge
combines multiple polygons into a single polygon
aerial images
common, inexspensive, easy to interpret
Continuous object themes
complex surfaces, with no obvious defined boundary. Like a volcano. usually represented by the raster model.
geocentric
comprensive mental map
which is NOT a source of error for GPS
computation errors made by receiver
automated scanners
computer scans map and creates digital representation on its own still requires editing
euclidian geometry
conceptual framework
A(n) ___________ projection preserves shape, while a(n) ___________ projection preserves area
conformal; equivalent
The figure above shows you a ___ map projection
conic
equivalent projection
conic projection pro - provides acurate area con - scale and shape are not preserved
On the map below, is the population density of China depicted as a discrete or a continuous phenomenon?
continuous
cors
continuous operation reference stations
On the Landsat 5 image of the eastern end of Great Slave Lake (below), the diagonal line at the top right is probably a _______:
contral
The common areas that tie unreferenced data to spatially referenced data are called
control points
false
converting between raster and vector format has no impact on the actual GIS layer
.prj
coordinate system and map projection
registration
coordinate transformation is also known as
In a long wavelength, waves occur more frequently.
false, In a long wavelegth, wave has low frequency and occur less frequently
clip
cuts a whole in a polygon. like a cookie cutter
conformal projection
cylindrical projection pro: parallels and meridians at right angles con - large objects distorted
Name the three developable surfaces used in creating world maps
cylindrical, azimuthal, conical
types of planar projections
cylindrical, conic, azimuthal
One would normally begin with ________ in a GIS project:
data acquisition
ephemeris
data referring to the GPS satellite's position in orbit
geospatial data
data that describes where something is, as well as what something is.
interval data
data that have a regular scale but are not related to a meaningful zero point
ordinal data
data that have categories that are ranked based on some quantitative measure
ratio data
data that have the added property that the measurements have a meaningful zero point that indicates the absence of the thing being measured
aspatial data
data that is not tied, or is only incidentally tied, to a location on the earth's surface
nominal data
data that name or identify objects
numeric data
data that represent phenomena that fall along a regularly spaced measurement scale
categorical data
data that separate features into distinct groups or classes
vector
data that uses sequences of x-y coordinates to store point, line, or polygon features; every feature is linked to an attribute table containing info about the feature
date
date/time format for calendar dates and times
A reference surface or model of Earth, used for plotting locations across the globe is called a(n)
datum
A reference surface or model of Earth, used for plotting locations across the globe, is called a(n):
datum
A reference surface, or a model of Earth, that can be used to determine locations around the globe describes a:
datum
Indirect measurements
dbh (diametre at breast height), site index (productivity), growth, stand age, stand structure (volume - individual tree and stand m3/ha, basal area m2/ha)
What is the status of Landsat 5?
decommissioned and permanently shut down in 2013
vertices
define line shape
cartesian coordinates
defined by 2-3 intersecting points values defined based on the origin examples: utm, us plane system
attribute
defines "what" features are in regards to spatial data. An attribute in non-spatial characteristics such as labels, categories, numbers, dates or standardised values.
In general, GCS measurements are made in what unit
degrees
satellites are owned by
department of defense
nominal atribute
descriptive information
Metadata refers to:
descriptive information about the data
Optional element that elaborates on the purpose or content of the map. Can include metadata.
descriptive text
Prominent (usually at the top of the map) but succint text that describes the document without using the word "map."
descriptive text
what is RS used for?
detecting something about an object without physical contanct
field length
determines how many characters can be stored in a field name
shapefile
developed by esri in early 1990s
In "heads-up" digitizing
digitizing is performed on a computer screen using an image as a backdrop.
problems with source maps
dimensional stability boundary or tilling problems maps are abstractions of reality features are generalized
size
directly related to the scale of the photo. The scale of the air photo is critical in identification of the given object. Ex. a buildings purpose can be categorized much easier if its true size is known
vector
discrete shapes, clean lines uses - points, lines, polygons
Vector data are better suited for representing __________ features and raster data are better suited for representing __________ features
discrete, continuous
An equidistant map projection preserves what?
distance
scale
distance on map in relation to earths surface
When making dot density maps, which aspects of dots can be modified to change the display of the map (selec all applied)?
dot size dot color dot value dot shape
double
double-precision floating-point values with 16 significant digits in the mantissa
spaghetti data model
each point or polygon represents a string of x and y pairs each feature is independent which increases redundancy
many-to-one linkage
each row in an attribute table corresponds to a certain feature, sometimes they are grouped as a single unit
base line
east and west lines in twonships
cell dimension
edge length of one cell
The ________ spectrum shows the wavelengths of energy and their corresponding properties.
electromagnetic
nodes
endpoints
nodes
endpoints of a line
true color
enhanced interpretation
color infrared
enhanced vegetation, water, and more contrast
Crowdsourcing
entails using the activities of untrained volunteers to create content and resources that can be used by others
The key reference point for lines of latitude is the:
equator
What is the only parallel that is a great circle?
equator
What marks the difference between north and south latitude?
equator
Lambert's cylindrical projection preserves the relative size of geographic features. This type of projection is called:
equivalent
us state plane system
established in 1930 by us coast guard and geodetic survey aprox 130 zones
logical consistency
evaluates whether a data model or data set accurately represents real-world relationships between features
egocentric
experience
A planar projection can preserve both direction and shape
false
A regular aerial photo has an uniform scale over the area it covers
false
Aerial photography is the acquisition of data and imagery from the use of satellites
false
All data have a geospatial aspect.
false
Almost everything on Earth's surface reflects energy in the same way.
false
An orthophoto can be accurately used as a map.
false
Earth is perfectly round
false
GPS has no use in recreation activities.
false
Generally speaking vector data model is suit for representing continuous geo-spatial data while raster data model is suit for representing discrete geospatial data.
false
Geospatial technology is often used for environmental monitoring but rarely used for people-centric activities like law enforcement or health and human services.
false
In general, geospatial data and nonspatial data cannot be linked in useful ways
false
In general, geospatial data and nonspatial data cannot be linked in useful ways.
false
In general, geospatial data and nonspatial data cannot be linked in useful ways. true/false
false
In general, it is quite easy to overlay maps created from different datums
false
In general, the higher the RMSE (root mean square error), the better the match between the unreferenced data and the source data
false
It is okay to compute standard deviation using ordinal data.
false
Lines of longitude are also known as parallels.
false
One can measure the width of a Line symbol on a map and tell the actual width of the corresponding line feature on the ground.
false
One datum is used for all measurements of Earth's locations
false
People can use GPS to do anything they want without concerning about privacy issues.
false
SPC uses DMS (Degree, Minute, Second) for its measurements.
false
Since panchromatic emulsion is sensitive to all wavelengths of visible light, a panchormatic image is colorful.
false
The average person can receive information from L1 frequencies when he or she is indoors
false
The goal of SA was to make the C/A (coarse acquisition) code on the L1 frequency more accurate
false
The images pulled from Google Earth tend to be "continuous" - i.e., composed of streaming live data that is constantly updated
false
The images pulled from Google Earth tend to be continuous—that is, composed of streaming live data that is constantly updated)
false
True of False: A city (i.e. Madison) is usally represented as a polygon in a vector map. It can NEVER be shown as a point in a map with whatever spatial scale.
false
True or False: Given the data distribution of violent crime density, it is a good choice to use equal interval classification method to classify the data.
false
True or False: On a dot density map, the location of dot represents the actual geographic location (e.g. longitude and latitude) of that dot.
false
True or False: Qualitative data describes the magnitude of features numerically, while quantitative data portrays the category or type of features in certain aspect.
false
True or False: The map belolw uses the visual variable of orientation.
false
True or False: To perform overlay on raster data, the two layers can have different spatial resolutions and geographic coordiantes.
false
True or False: vector data model is typically used to represent continuous features, while raster data model is used to describe discrete features.
false
UTM has a line of minimal distortion along a parallel
false
UTM is designed for areas which have large E-W extent
false
Users of GPS (on the ground) can send information back to satellites orbiting earth
false
Vehicle navigation systems typically do much less than a GPS receiver.
false
When selecting control points, it is best to cluster them near the center of the map
false
True or False: The map belolw uses the graphic variable of orientation.
false , it uses shape
GIS is unable to use non-spatial data
false ,A typical way to manage non-spatial data is using tables, aka, attribute table
The best projection has no geometric distortion in area, shape, distance, and direction.
false because , Every projection distorts at least one aspect of the real world - shape (Conformal), area (size), distance, or direction (Local angles)
Orthographic projections have a "light source" at the Earth's center.
false because, Orthographic projections view the globe with a light source from an infinite distance away.
Radar is a good example of passive remote sensing.
false, Radar provides energy source by itself and therefore is a good example of active remote sensing
In vertical exaggeration, y-values are artificially enhanced for terrain visualization purposes.
false, The value gets exaggerated is z-value.
A geostationary orbit and a near-polar orbit are the same thing.
false, They are not same. Near-polar orbit is a north-to-south path where the satellite moves close to the north and south poles while it makes several passes a day about Earth.
Landsat 5 is still in operation as of today.
false, retired in 2013
Imagine you are looking at a geodatabase that contains 50 states, 500 cities, and 100 rivers. How many feature classes are there? How many features? How many attribute tables? How many total records in all the attribute table?
feature classes: 3 Features: 650 attribute tables: 3 records: 650
topological data model
features share geometry used by arc gis
line
features used to represent objects in one dimension
points
features used to represent objects that have no dimensions
polygons
features used to represent two-dimensional areas
if a map scale is not available
field measurement of two points and input into map
long
field type where integers are stored as 10 byte binary numbers
short
field type where integers are stored as 2 byte binary numbers
float
field type with floating-point values with eight significant digits in the mantissa
Which of the following geodatabase formats can store a maximum of 1 TB of data?
file geodatabase
A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) consists of regular-shaped____while a TIN model consists of irregular-shaped____
first blank: grids second blank: triangles
When analyzing the spatial distribution patterns we are interested in 3 typical patterns: random, clustered and regular. Please match the patterns you see to one of the three patterns
flowers pic is random barbwire pic is regular USA map is clustered
In ArcGIS' Catalog, which of the following operations is used when accessing another drive (such as files on a server or files on a USB drive)?
folder connections
When does Relief Displacement work the best?
for parts of the scene away from nadir (PP) and for objects that are nearly vertical (buildings, smokstacks). Also when nadir = PP (only reliable when using vertical air photos)
geographic coordinate system
gcs defined by angular measurement on a sphere lat long
The process of hiding small objects in an area, then listening their coordinates on the Web in a form of "treasure hunting" is known as
geocaching
Another term for "address matching" is ___________.
geocoding
What are synonyms for georeferencing?
geometric transformation, registration, image-to-map rectification
gdop/pdop
geometric/positional dilution of precision measure of how accurate the readings are
perspective projection is one that can be made
geometrically, by projecting straight lines from a globe onto a developable surface
Which is NOT a primary function of GIS?
geospatial data acquisition
global satellite navigation system
gnss
map transformation
go from one 2D coordinate system to another
gcs
grin on datum
Regression analysis
ground plot measurements regressed against photo measurements produces allometric equations (ie stand volume = f (tree height, stocking)
The control segment of GPS is composed of a series of
ground stations
types of map generalization
grouped, offset, omitted exaggerated categorized
two main spheroids
grs80 and clarke 1866
GIS components
hardware, software, data, people and infrastructure.
Colour film
has 3 active layers. Haze filter reduces blue light (atmospheric scattering). Green active layer also sensitive to blue (green and red light) - use a yellow filter to remove remaining blue light.
Colour Infrared
has 3 active layers. Uses yellow coloured filter to remove blue light. When the CIR neagtive it made into a print; the IR layer is converted to red, the red layer is converted to green, and the green layer is converted to blue. Objects that reflect a lot of IR light show up as RED. Healthy vegetation reflects a lot of IR light (broadleaf plants) - able to see plant stress weeks before in IR then with visible light.
Black and white film
has one active layer that is sensitive to all visible wavelengths. Some films are sensitive to the UV part of the spectrum but the glass lens filters most UV light.
Using a digital, georeferenced, high-resolution aerial photo as a source for digitizing describes:
heads-up digitizing
Compared to a small-scale map, a large-scale map will have a relatively ________ value for its representative fraction (RF), and will show a ________ amount of geographic area.
higher, smaller
GIS applications that look at emergency evacuation plans, smoke plume modeling, and disaster mitigation and recovery efforts are often used in which field
homeland security
GIS applications that look at emergency evacuation plans, smoke plume modeling, and disaster mitigation and recovery efforts are often used in which field?
homeland security
Remote sensing
how environmental conditions for the planet can be monitored
Accuracy
how much a map or database approximates reality
Binary
how numbers are stored.
Topology (in GIS terms) describes:
how objects are connected to one another independently of their coordinates
ASCII
how text is stored; every character is assigned a single-byte code.
When talking about map generalization we actually talk about _____
how to select and present meaningful information on map according to the scale
For geospatial technology to work, every location on Earth must be:
identified and measured
attribute consistency analysis
identify contradictory theme types in different data layers
flow maps
illustrate the movement of people, animals, goods, and ideas, as well as physical processes like hurricanes and glaciers
satellite and aerial imagery
image to map in gis
Assuming your control points are well chosen, adding more points are well chosen, adding more points should
improve the fit between the unreferenced data and the source
When used to describe maps which of the following is (are) correct (choose all that apply)
in a large scale map there is more detail than in a small scale map for a given location a large scale map will cover less geographic area than a small scale map
absolute pathname
includes all paths to the data.
raster data analysis.
includes local, neighborhood, zonal, and global operations.
Spatial and attribute information
information that is stored via spatial and aspatial data in files, which are linked together. stored as vector and raster.
Which portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is located just beyond the visible wavelengths (the wavelength are longer than the visible lights):
infrared light
Small optional map element sometimes used to give perspective geographically, or to include distant items.
inset map
virtual maps mind
intangible and sometime conceptual (mind maps)
vertex
intermediate points on a line
In which type of overlay does the new layer show only the common features of the other layers?
intersect
Which spatial analysis operation will select all areas that the first dataset and the second dataset have in common?
intersect
Which spatial overlay operation can only keep the shaded area shared by A and B but remove other parts? (Note: A and B are two circular shapes partially overlapped with each other)
intersection
Initial point
intersection of base line and principle meridian
Each township is subdivided into
into 36 sections, each 1 mile square (640 acres
Aspect
is the orientation of a projection with respect to the earth's axis
How can API make an effective contribution?
it must yield information which is CONSISTENT, RELIABLE, and COST EFFECTIVE.
Inside join
join based on whether one feature class is inside another (wholly or partially)
truth, original, displaced, simplified, omitted, exaggerated, fused
kinds of map generalization
In 1906, aerial photography of "San Francisco in ruins" was taken by
kites
control points
know locations set to center a map must be in an easy to find location
Which one of the following is an example of nominal data?
land ownership of each land patch in dane county
Which of the following does not utilize a geostationary orbit?
landsat 7
satellite images
large area covered, broader spectral range
small scaled maps
large areas
map scale
large scale maps show a small area at large detail, small scale maps show a large area at small detail
Which of the following does LIDAR use to measure terrain?
laser beams
Geographic coordinate system
latitude and longitude
The Geographic Coordinate System uses which of the following systems to determine a location?
latitude and longitude
If you want to know what features are the various symbols on a map representing, you should look for the map's ______.
legend
The map element that serves as a guide to the various colors and symbols on the map is the:
legend
small scale map
less detail
What is the difference between the earth's semi-minor and semi-major axes?
less than .34%
rs light
light is a photon and a wave measured by wavelength
Interval
like degrees celsius. addition and subtraction are valid. but multiplication is not.
spatial reference systems
like lat long and utm helps to give the map meaning in the real world
manual edditing
line and point locations are adjusted on a graphic display
isopleth data
lines connect points of equal value like contour lines isotherms isobars
Which lines on the graticule run north-south, converge at the poles, and mark angular distance east and west of the prime meridian?
lines of latitude
distance join
links features based on whether one feature is closest to another
The Table of Contents option that lists whether layers are being seen or not being seen is:
list by visibility
Which of the following is an example of non-spatial data?
list of building names for a delivery truck to visit
Which of the following is an example of non-spatial data? locations of emergency phones on a college campus, list
list of business names for a delivery truck to visit
A conformal projection preserves the property of:
local shapes
differential gps processing
locate known location and determine how off the receiver is based on known location
line data
location accuracy and line width
Geospatial data is
location based
point data
location is key
area data
location, boundries, minimum mapping area
black and white - panchromatic
lower cost, wide sensitivity
On an older printed / scanned map, the zero reference point is usually found in the
lower left corner
navstar gps
made in 1980s restricted to millitary use until 2000
Photogrammetry
making measurements from vertical air photos. Both horizontal (distance, anglesm areal extent) and vertical measurements (object height, angles, and elevation changes)
A translation of places on the earth's surface to corresponding places on a flat surface describes:
map projections
spheroid
mathematical model of the earth surface the earth is lumpy
Vector analysis operations
measurement queries buffering reclassification overlay operations
Which of the following is NOT a type of data classification commonly used by GIS in creating maps?
median
UTM coordinates are measured in
meters
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM )uses which of the following units of measurement?
meters
What unit is UTM measured in
meters
Universal Transverse Mercator
meters scale coordinate system
What are two things that make a good soil test analysis extractant?
mimics a plant root, procedure- rapid inexpensive
topological model
model that stores features but also contains info about how the features are spatially related to each other
spaghetti model
model that stores features of the file as independent objects unrelated to each other
A very-large-scale map would likely show
more detail than a very-small-scale map
The process of merging a series of small-tile aerial photos into a large spatial-scale air photo is called _______.
mosaicking
Are there jobs?
most of the new jobs are digital. Some companies specialize in API (JD Mollard and Ass.). Many applications are now digital using digital air photos and satellite imagery (cheaper, faster, more consistent information - less human error)
relational database
multiple tables, relationships not defined. uses a temporary association. The preferred database.
What are the main API applications?
municiple planning, forestry, infrastructure planning, surveys for mapping (NTS maps), environmental assessment, agriculture, geology, and many more
Which of the following data classification methods selects class break levels to minimize the variance within each of the classes and maximize the difference between classes?
natural breaks
The longitude reading of a point in Oregon should be entered as a _______ value in a GIS package:
negative
Raster analysis operations
neighbourhood functions reclassification overlay
compromise projections
neither equivalent or conformal looks right
To describe geospatial data, which pair of levels of measurment belong to qualitative data category?
nominal and ordinal
Having all count values of the data brought to the same level describes
normalization
Most maps have a graphical device that looks like a compass pointing in one specific direction. Which direction?
north
nad27
north american datum 1927 used land based surveys based on clarke 1866 spheroid
nad83
north american datum 1983 satellite based system origin - center of the earth based on grs80 spheroid most recent update in 2011
principle meridian
north and south lines in townships
A graphical representation of the orientation of a map can best be shown with a
north arrow
In order to creates a 3D effect using graded shadows casted by high ground (like the figure above), it is assumed that the light source shining from ______
northwest
photoscale is
not constant
If you use a photo scanner to scan an old map, then open the image in a GIS with data for the same location, the image will
not match up because it lacks any spatial reference
If mapping the following attributes for counties, indicate which ones would generally be normalized. avg daily temps, number of hispanics, square miles of parkland, median rent, total river miles, sales tax rate
number of hispanics, square miles of parkland, total river miles
cardinality
numeric relationship between objects of one table and matches in the other.
What term is used to describe an ellipsoid of rotation that, like the earth, rotates about its shortest axis?
oblate ellipsoid
What type of aerial photo is taken when the camera is placed at an angle?
oblique photo
data
observations made from monitoring the real world
manual digitizing
on a screen or digitizing tablet digitize by making points, lines and polygons on a scanned map
BW Infrared
one active layer sensitive to all visible light and infrared light. Healthly vegetation absorbs most visible light, but reflects most infrared light.
In a geodatabase, a feature dataset can contain:
one or more feature classes
When joining, the cardinality of the relationship between tables must be considered. Choose the most appropriate operation for each relationship: one to one many to one one to many many to many
one to one: join many to one: join one to many: relate many to many: relate
Stereographic
opposite side of the earth from the map projection
gps satellite
orbits earth twice a day 7.5 year lifespan 1900 lbs fancy clocks
RGB Colour Theory
our eyes see red, green, and blue. Plants phosynthesize visible light (hence their colour). This is called additive colour theory. Fliters are based on subtractive colour theory (if you want to filter out a certain colour, put the opposite coloured filter in front of the camera lens - yellow filter eliminates blue)
conformal projection
preserves angles and shapes
Conic projection:
preserves area and distance at the expense of direction and shape.
equal area projection
preserves area and size
choropleth data
patchwork pattern
The physical arrangement of items in an aerial image refers to
pattern
spatial
pattern, size, color, and shape
Wavelength (of electromagnetic energy) is measured from
peak to peak
Which of the following geodatabase formats can store a maximum of 2 GB of data?
personal geodatabase
4 categories of symbolization
photographic, pictographic, geometric, referent coordination
satellite images
pictures of the land surface based on computer data collected from satellites
aerial photos
pictures taken from the air, such as from airplanes or helicopters.
A geometric distortion of remote sensing involving the rotation of an aircraft that causes a nose-up or nose-down attitude is ________?
pitch
With a small scale map you could
plan a long drive
Cartesian coodinates
planar coordinates used for small areas.
what information can be remotely sensed
planimetric location and dimensions, topographic location, color, surface temp, texture, surface roughness
5 map contents
point data, line data, area data,isopleth data, choropleth data
In a geodatabase, a feature class contains:
point, line, or polygon data.
point snapping
points which fall within a specified distance of each other are snapped
In the vector data model, all items are represented as:
points, lines, and polygons
features
points, lines, polygons
If a line feature is joined to a polygon feature, with the polygon as the destination table, what will the feature type of the output layer be?
polygon
Drawbacks of vector
poorly adapted to storing continuous data contour lines derive difficultly some time-consuming analysis
Gravity models are the most widely used of the spatial interactions models. Journey to work is one example, list another examples of this model.
population migration, journey to work
Choose the best field for each of the following type of data in a geodatabase: population of countries in the world: precipitation in inches number of counties in a state highway name distances between US cities in meters birthdays
population of countries in the world: double precipitation in inches: float number of counties in a state: short highway name:text distances between US cities in meters:long birthdays: date
What are the three main examples of segments of GNSS
position segment
The spatial autocorrelation of the figure below can be described as _______. The Moran's I of this figure is _______.
positive spatial autocorrelation , above zero
Applications of API in forestry
preparing forest type (v-type), working group, ecosite maps, locating access roads and corridors for primary to tertiary forest road development, assessing forest disturbances (fire, insect defoliation/disease, and plant stress), estimating tree or stand volume, timber sale and appraisal, monitoring forest changes and harvesting practices, management regulation and compliance, preparing harvest operations, conducting regeneration surveys, mapping wildlife habitat.
The key reference point for lines of longitude is the:
prime meridian
The geometric center of aerial imagery is
principal point
The center of an aerial photo is referred to as its
principal point.
The map uses which type of map symbol to show the number of confirmed human cases of Nile virus?
prism
Extrusions on a thematic map are called
prisms
Planar Projections
project map data onto a flat surface An azimuthal projection preserves direction for all straight lines passing through a single, specified point
Lambert Conformal Conic
projection is one of the best projections for middle latitudes with an east-west orientation Portrays shape more accurately than area and is common in many maps and geographic databases for North America The State Plane Coordinate System, used throughout the United States, uses this projection for most state zones that are spread east to west
Azimuthal Equidistant projection
projection preserves true scale from a single specified point on the projection to all other points on the map
Perspective
projection that can be constructed with geometry (light source affects the final product
Position on the landscape is one type of information provided by a soil survey, list two more:
properties of soil map units, percent area in the landscape, capacities
A point-feature thematic map that varies the size of each symbol based on the value of the mapped geographic variable is best described as _______.
proportional symbol map
Transmission time (t) multiplied by the speed of light (c) gives you the
pseudorange between receiver and satellite
The map below is best described as a __________.
qualitative multivariate map
virtual map
qualities that can be used as a map
The means of data classification that creates a relatively even distribution of ranges (similar numbers of features in each class) on a map is the:
quantile method
Which of the following is NOT a form of electromagnetic energy with short wavelengths?
radio waves, The wavelength of radio waves varies between 1 millimeter (0.039 in) to 100 kilometers (62 mi). It is a long-wavelength electromagnetic energy
spectral
radiometric - color and temp
If the following data were stored as rasters, which ones would be discrete and which would be continuous: rainfall, soil type, voting districts, temperature, slope, and vegetation type?
rainfall: continuous soil type: discrete voting districts: discrete temperature: continuous slope: continuous vegetation type: discrete
The maps below illustrate two spatial point patterns. The point pattern in Map A is best described as a _________ pattern, and the point pattern in Map B is best described as a __________ pattern. Please choose the best combination of the words from the choices to fill the blanks in sequence.
random and clustered
domain
range of possible values for an attribute
ordinal atributes
ranked in order
The two different primary ways in which geographic data is represented in the computer are called vector data and " " data.
raster
The model used to represent continuous fields in GIS is the _________, which represents data in a set of ________.
raster data model; grid cells
interval attributes
real numbers
how gps works
receiver has clock so it can calculate the time it takes a signal to bounce from the satellite
Suppose you would like to group the elevation values in a raster data layer (as showed in the left map) into five categories (as showed in the right map). Which spatial analytical operation will you use?
reclassification
Which statement about the UTM system is false?
records the location of features in feet and zone boundaries coincide with state and national borders
In a color infrared photo, green reflection is displayed as:
red
In a normal color infrared image, infrared energy is usually displayed in ________ (color).
red
Landsat 7 has the following bands. If you create a false color image by combining Band 4 - Band 3 - Band 2 and mapping them to Red-Green-Blue color guns respectively, which color will most living vegetation look like?
red
What colours can RGB make?
red+blue = violet (purple); green+blue = cyan (turquoise); red+green = yellow; all three mixed together = white. All of the colour mixtures are affected by the bightness level of each colour; 50% red+ 50% green+ 50% blue = grey
In a multi-band composite image, where near infrared is shown in red channel, red band in shown in green channel, and green band in shown in blue channel, which color would the dense forest in the image show?
red, Vegetation reflects most of the near infrared radiation.
The base network data used for geocoding is referred to as
reference database
You are visiting Seattle and receive a map from the Seattle Visitor's Bureau showing the streets of downtown Seattle and points of interest. You are looking at a:
reference map
layer file
references a feature class and stores info about its properties
thematic accuracy
refers to attributes
precision
refers to either the number of significant digits used to record a measurement or the statistical variation of a repeated single measurement
resolution
refers to the sampling interval at which data are acquired; may be spatial, thematic, or temporal
geometric accuracy
refers to the x-y values of a feature class or raster and how closely they correspond to actual locations on the earth's surface
Remote sensing is actually capturing:
reflected light
Which of the database management systems is the most flexible and the preferred choice of GIS systems?
relational
The study of geography is best described as the study of
relationships between people and the spatial characteristics of earth
topographical space
relationships connective, amount of connectivity btwn places, regardless of absolute didtance separating them
parallax
relative shift in the position with a change in viewing location
The tendency for tall objects in remotely sensed images to lean away from a center point and toward the edges of the image is:
relief displacement.
map scale
remember it is a fraction
control segment
repositions the satellites and updates clocks. recalibrated them basically
geodatabase
represent an entirely new model for storing spatial information with additional capabilities
raster
represent map data or imagery using arrays of regular cells, or pixels, containing numeric values
thematic raster
represent map features or quantities; known as discrete when they are used to store objects and continuous when used to store values that represent a continuously varying quantity, such as elevation
Cylindrical projections
represent meridians as straight, evenly-spaced, vertical lines Parallels as straight horizontal lines Meridians and parallels intersect at right angles, as they do on the globe
virtual maps digital
represented digital format
map projection
represents the curved surface of the earth in two dimensions
Which method is used to change data from one map projection to another?
reprojecting
The process of transforming all of your data sets to match one spatial referencing measurement system is called
reprojection
how to create allometric equations?
research. Conduct field work measuring biophysical parametres. Regression analysis.
A geostationary satellite
rotates at the same speed as the Earth.
topology rules
rules that force the data you are creating to correspond with your ideas of reality
Lines of latitude
run east to west around the globe and provide north and south measurements
glonass
russian since 2012
All interpolation methods use sampled values and positions to model points that are not___________.
sampled
two types of RS
satellite imagery and aerial photography
National Land Cover Data 2011 were compiled from:
satellite images
The purity or intensity of a hue is referred to as color ______ .
saturation
A graphical representation of the equivalent distances on a map can best be shown with a
scale bar
An element on a map shows that 1 centimeter is the equivalent of 40 miles. Which element are you looking at?
scale bar
considerations for map projections
scale of map maps purpose shape of the map
stretching
scaling an image to include more shades; can improve the display of normally distributed values by ignoring the tails of the distribution.
photoscale
set by flight height
Jenks method
sets the class breaks at naturally occurring gaps between groups of data; each class interval can have its own width, and the number of features in each class will vary - works well on unevenly distributed data
A conformal map projection preserves ___?
shape
A conformal map projection preserves what?
shape
GPS is a "public domain: good in that it is free and available to everyone to use worldwide
true
On multivariate maps we may use different symbols to simultaneously display multiple themes. In the following multivariate map, which graphic element(s) is/are used to create symbols representing different shellfish and bottom types?
shape color hue and orientation Color hue is used to represent different types of bottom matieral. Shape is used to create different patterns in area symbols. Orientation is used to create symbols of "crab" and "shrimp". Note that the direction of the pattern is different for the two.
geoid
shape the earth would have if all the topology was removed sanding down the earth and filling the cracks with putty
In a Mercator projection __________ remain intact but _________ can be grossly distorted
shapes, sizes
isoline maps
show lines that connect points of equal value
graticule grid
shows latitude and longitude
reference grid
shows letters and numbers defining squares
measurement grid
shows map units present in coordinates
topographic maps
shows shape and elevation of terrain
Transverse Mercator
sideways Cylindrical Projection Used for navigation Lines of navigation
false color
sift bands, include other wavelengths
classified raster
similar to a graduated color map; divides the values into a small number of bins.
spatial join
similar to attribute join, except spatial features are used
Conic Projections
simplest conic contacts the globe along a single latitude line, a tangent (standard parallel) Longitude lines are projected onto the conical surface, meeting at the apex Latitude lines are projected onto the cone as rings Projection is usually from the cent
The map above uses a _____ projection.
sinusoidal equal area , The sinusidal shape of the parrellel is uqinue to Sinusoidal projections.
On the map below, which visual variable is used to display the total number of international passenger arrivals at each airport in Canada and the United States?
size
Which type of transformation entails pulling the image, often at a slant
skewing
large scaled maps
small areas
Varying accuracy
some data collected by GPS and some by previous digitising from maps of unknown generalisation. Some may have been stretched from previous geometry during georeferencing.
Negative values can be used when making measurements _____ of the Equator and/or _____ of the Prime Meridian
south, west
Negative values can be used when making measurements ______ of the Equator and/or ____ of the Prime Meridian.
south; west
dynamic space
space that embodies movement
Which of the following should you avoid when naming GIS files, folders, and map documents
spaces, and special characters
scale
spatial relationship between map and reality
The ground size of one pixel's worth of imagery is a measure of
spatial resolution
In the attribute table for a "states" feature class, columns would represent:
specific attributes (name, population, etc.)
The specific bands and wavelengths that a sensor can measure defines its
spectral resolution
Which is not a commonly used projection surface?
sphere
Which one is not one of the basic functions of GPS?
spying
edges in a raster model have a
stair-step shape
Placing the green band in the blue color gun, the red band in the green color gun, and the near infrared band in the red color gun will create which type of composite image?
standard false color
rule of joining
states that there must be one and only one record in the source table for each record in the destination table
Rubber sheeting
stretches and distorts pre-existing vector data to move vertices and nodes to knows locations. It preserves the topological structure within the data.
benefits of raster
suited for storing continuous data many simple analysis
Which option may be used to handle a one to many relationship in a spatial join?
summarized join
Which spatial analysis operation will select all areas from the first dataset and all areas from the second dataset, except those areas they have in common?
symmetrical difference
Which type of overlay eliminates the areas that the layers have in common?
symmetrical difference
The component of ArcMap that shows all layers being used in the map document is the:
table of contents
projection
takes 3D angular coordinates of a GCS and uses mathematical equations to displace them to a cylindrical, conic, or planar surface, which is then unwrapped to a plane
map projection
takes a 3D earth and creates a 2D map
projected coordinate system
takes features on the earth and projects them on a flat surface yet maintains topology
real map
tangible directly viewable
virtual maps temp.
temp maps displayed on comp monitor, a data base used to generate graphic diplay
Forest species identification: use of your knowledge of:
terrain analysis, landforms, soild types, forest silviculture
Geographic
the "G" in GIS stands for....
prime meridian
the 0 degree line of longitude is called the...
NAD27, NAD83, WGS84
the 3 datums we use today
shape, scale, distance, area, direction
the 5 characteristics that get altered in map projections are...
End Lap
the 60% overlap between neighbouring air photos (stereo pair, stereotriplet, or stereogram). This permits stereo viewing of all the surface areas when using a stereoscope.
Attribute data in vector data model are typically stored into tables, while attribute data in raster data model are stored as values associated with each cell.
true
"When using regions of non-uniform size, comparison is subject to bias due to differences in area. This is a problem both within and between scales and it is difficult to solve." This is a description of
the MAUP
Who designed, operates, and maintains the United States GPS?
the U.S. Department of Defense
SPCS is a coordinate system used for the data of which region
the United States
The original developer of NAVSTAR GPS was which country's department of defense?
the United States
When does the shadow method work best?
the air photo was taken under strong lighting conditions (bright sunlight creates dark shadows), the object has clearly seen top edges/point, the object is nearly vertical, there is flat ground, little understory or snow, the object is close to nadir.
magnetic declination
the angle (at a particular location) between magnetic north and true north
What does the term parallax refer to?
the apparent change in relative positions of a stationary object caused by the change in the viewing position (ie objects in the foreground appear to move more then the background) NOTE: in vertical air photos parallax displacement occurs only parallel to the flight line (along the x-axis)
Air photo Interpretation Definition
the art and science of IDENTIFICATION of objects by their images, and DETERMINING THEIR MEANING AND SIGNIFICANCE. or the systematic visual examination of imagery to identify, interpret and determine the significance of results applied to a problem
Which of the following is NOT a form of geospatial data?
the assessed value of a particular house
Association
the co-occurance of certain features in relation to each other. ie. what things would be expected to occur near already identified objects
map generalization
the final map scale, the resolution required in the map, the purpose of the map all affect...
texture
the frequency of the tonal variation for a given object or region on the air photo. Texture is prodiced by an assembly or region of features to small to be identified individually. Image texture changes as scale changes.
shape
the general form, configuration, or outline of the individual objects. When viewing in 3D, height can also be considered. Must remember that you are viewing the object from nadir, which can be an unfamiliar vantage point.
site
the geographic location of the object (physical and social characteristics). Knowing geography of the study region can provide many clues as to the expected types of land cover or activities
A good example of a control point is
the intersection of roads
Moran's I can be used to measure the degree of spatial autocorrelation. In the following two maps, which one, the left or the right, will have a higher value of Moran's I?
the left map shown in this picture
Which of the following is NOT an example of geospatial data?
the length of a piece of wood
Precision
the level of measurement and exactness of discription in a GIS database.
What are reasons that GPS is inaccurate
the multipath effect, a poor geometric arrangement of satellites, atmospheric interference in the ionosphere and troposphere
A sun-synchronous orbit indicates that
the orbit is set up so that an area on the ground is imaged at the same time of day.
Where is a map's distortion minimized
the point of tangency
image interpretation
the process of identifying and mapping features
map extent
the range of x/y values currently displayed in teh data fram
projection
the representation of a figure or solid on a plane as it would look from a particular direction
geodesy
the science of measuring the shape of the earth
Pattern
the spatial arrangement of objects. Can be regular, linear, random, clumped. Usually describes the arrangement of a group of objects, or at a scale larger than the objects being described
Geography is the study of ______________.
the spatial characteristics of Earth, and the relationships between people and these spatial characteristics
Geography is the study of ______________.
the spatial characteristics of earth and the relationships between people and these spatial characteristics
In a TIGER file, the FRADDR field refers to
the start of the address range on the right side of the street
pathname
the successive folders to data.
choropleth maps
thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent data as average values per unit area
raster data takes up more storage
there's a lot more raster encoding methods because...
geoid
which term best describes the earth?
quantile
this classification puts about the same number of features in each class - best applied to linearly distributed data
GPS requires use of
three satellites for an earth surface fix (locating a point on the earth surface). AND four satellites for a 3D fix(locating a point in the 3D space).
Map projection is a process of converting from
three-dimensional surface to a two-dimensional surface
What are the information the GPS receiver need to calcuate its distance from the satellite? Check all that apply.
time delay and the speed of signal
Off-nadir viewing allows a sensor
to image locations not directly under the sensor.
tone and colour
tone = the brightness of the object on the photo, colour = the RGB method describes the intensity of each of these three colours
What are some recognition elements?
tone/colour, pattern, texture, shape, size, association (branching characteristics, crown shapes, shadows, spatial distributionpatterns)
puck
tool to digitize maps coresponds to distance
ArcMap utilities such as zooming, panning, and selecting features are available on the:
tools toolbar
vector data
topology is *CREATED* in....
raster data
topology is *IMPLIED* in....
In map layout and design generally where is the most important information on the page?
toward the upper left of the page
drawbacks of raster
trade-off between precision and storage space can only store 1 numeric attribute per raster.
Which type of transformation entail altering the location and placement of a map
translation
A map is a projection of:
translation of locations on Earths surface to their corresponding locations on a flat surface
___________ occurs when a wavelength of energy passes through a surface, and __________ occurs when energy is trapped and held by a surface.
transmission ; absorption
What variables can be measured directly from air photos using interpretation, measurement tools, guides?
tree or stand height, visible stand diametre, degree of stocking (stem density), percent crown closure. Many of the most important tree or stand characteristics CANNOT be measured directly on aerial photographs. They must be ESTIMATED through statistical techniques (ie regression analysis) using tree or stand characteristics that can be measured directly.
TIN
triangulated irregular network; stores 3D surface infor
A false easting is a measurement made east or west of an imaginary meridian set up for a particular zone in the UTM system
true
A satellite in geostationary orbit is always in the same place at the same time.
true
A satellite in geostationary orbit rotates at the same speed as Earth.
true
A satellite with a four-day temporal resolution passes over your house on January 2. The next day the satellite passes over your house will be January 6.
true
GPS satellites have atomic clocks, whereas typical GPS receivers have inexpensive quartz clocks
true
Georeferencing can be used for non-map data, including unreferenced drawings and plans
true
Georeferencing is the process of aligning an unreferenced data set with one that has spatial reference information
true
Geospatial technologies range from multi-billion dollar satellite networks to free smartphone apps
true
Google Earth presents a 3D representation of Earth.
true
Hyperspectral imagery is made possible by a sensor capable of sensing hundreds of bands of energy simultaneously.
true
IKONOS has lower spatial resolution compared with Quick-bird.
true
Ideally, 3D models should be georeferenced.
true
In passive remote sensing, the sensor simply measures reflected or emitted energy.
true
In the UTM system, each UTM zone has its own central meridian
true
In the georeferencing process, it is best if the source data use a similar projection to the unreferenced data
true
John and Mary are collecting GPS data together. John's GPS says their location is at (631058, 4885805). Mary's GPS says their location is at (1204817, 663391). Explain what is going on. What must be done to make the GPS units agree. The GPS units are setup with two different coordinate systems. The coordinate systems need to be adjusted so they match for both units. (true or false)
true
Landsat 7 has a Sun-synchronous orbit.
true
Lines of latitude run in an east-to-west direction around the globe.
true
Lines of longitude are closer together at the poles and farthest apart at the Equator.
true
Measurements made from one datum are unlikely to precisely match the measurements made from another datum
true
Measurements made from one datum may not precisely match the measurements made from another datum.
true
Online mapping services like Google Maps are an application of geospatial technologies. True/false
true
SPC zones are formed by following state or county boundaries.
true
Suomi NPP's overall mission is to examine global environmental phenomena and to advance knowledge and understanding of Earth's systems as a whole. It is the first satellite launched to build the next-generation satellite system to take over Earth Observation System (EOS)
true
The U.S. Department of Labor believes that geospatial technology is an enormous growth area that is likely to generate many new jobs
true
The U.S. Department of Labor believes that geospatial technology is an enormous growth area that is likely to generate many new jobs. True/false
true
The images provided by remote sensing tend to be "snapshots" of a particular place at a particular time
true
The images provided by remote sensing tend to be "snapshots" of a particular place at a particular time. T/F
true
The images provided by remote sensing tend to be snapshots of a particular place at a particular time.
true
The vast majority of the electromagnetic spectrum is invisible to the human eye.
true
True of False: Aerial photo is an example of raster data.
true
True or False: Conceptually, the classification of a geographic feature (such as a city park) as point, line or area is in part determined by the scale of the map.
true
True or False: On the map below, population density is assumed to be constant within each county.
true
True or False: The graphic elements that are suitable for qualitative mapping include color hue, orientation, and shape.
true
True or False: The major difference between nominal and ordinal data is that the values of ordinal data are associated with order or rank.
true
Urban planners typically deal with issues related to wastewater, green space, traffic, roads, and zoning
true
Vegetation reflects most of the near infrared radiation from the sun
true
When a vehicle navigation system provides incorrect directions to a driver, the error is usually the result of problems in the base network data.
true
Landsat 4 sensor has the following bands: 1 (Blue): .450 - .515um, 2 (Green): .525 - .605, 3 (Red): .630 - .690, 4 (Near IR): .770 - .900, 5 (Mid IR) 1.55 - 1.75, 6 (Thermal IR): 10.4 - 12.5, 7 (Mid IR) 2.08 -2.35 If you combine the 3-2-1 (R-G-B) band of Landsat image, you will create a
true color image
heirarchical database
type of database that has multiple files, each of which contains different records and fields
flat file database
type of database that stores rows of info in a text or binary file
attribute table
type of table that contains information about features in a geographic data set - always only one row of info for each feature
Different coordinates
under different Earth model approximations, the same spot on the Earth will be represented by different values for its coordinates (see Module 6).
Which spatial analysis operation will select all areas from the first dataset and also all areas from the second dataset?
union
UTM
universal transverse mercator
Why is it not practical to measure continuous variables at all points in the landscape?
unlimited points, limited time and resources
dot distribution maps
use dots to represent a specific variable
what do you you use for species mapping?
use interpretation guides, or interpretation keys
spatial query
uses information about how features from two different layers are located with respect to one another
attribute query
uses records in the attribute table to test a condition using Structured Query Language (SQL) and Boolean Operators
Different temporal relevance
using old images of a flood extent in your incident management system, or using an old air photo of a city before all the suburb development in a city mapping project.
Differences in darkness or lightness of a color is termed color ______ .
value
false easting
value added to x to ensure no negative values, 500,000 is central meridian
Would raster or vector data be a better format for storing land ownership parcels?
vector
coverage
vector data format developed for Arc/Info and is the oldest of the data formats
shapefile
vector feature class developed for the early version of ArcView and carried over into ArcGIS
Slope is calculated as
vertical rise / horizontal run
In a normal color infrared image, bright red often indicates
vigorous (healthy) vegetation
Quantitative maps
visual variables ex. size, pattern texture, gray tone, color lightness, color saturation ---- shows how much of something exists at some location (how many, large, wide, fast, deep things are)
bathymetric maps
water depth and underwater topography
waypoint averaging
waypoint is take periodically over a few days or weeks and then averaged to get accurate reading
What can we determine using parallax measurements?
we can determine the elevation difference between the datum and the given point.
cylindrical, conic, azimuthal, miscellaneous
what are the 4 general classes of map projections
analyze, store, manipulate spatial data
what does GIS do?
What are the key questions when designing an API project?
what is the purpose of the study? what is the best type of film product? what is the optimal scale (expected detail)? What is the local relief (expected relief displacement - lower flight more displacement)? What is the optimal time of acquisition (hour, season)?
hierarchical ?
what type of database is most commonly used in a GIS?
tru color
what your eyes can detect
1:1 vs 1 to many
what's the difference between hierarchical and network database structures?
line snapping
when a vertex or node is close they are snapped together
information
when data is processed to give them meaning
scaled
when the scale of the unreferenced image is altered during the transformation
skewed
when the unreferenced image is distorted or slanted during the transformation
translated
when the unreferenced image is shifted during the transformation
rotated
when the unreferenced image is turned during the transformation
waas
wide area augmentation system ground stations emit corrections
large errors
with more tilt with more relief at smaller scales
Scale
with spatial models, complex shapes are simplified, Scale is fundamental for how features are generalized. Scale of a map is the ratio between distances on the map and the corresponding distances in the real world.
wgs84
world geodetic system 1984 satellite based system worldwide coverage 2004 update uses earth gravitational model may differ from nad83 by 2 meters curently used by gps satellites
The Equator and the Prime Meridian both have a value of _____________ in geographic coordinate systems.
zero
Dimensionality
zero = point, one = line, two = polygon, 2.5 = one z value only, 3 = any z-y-z
