Marine Bio - Ch.2 Species interactions

Interspecific competition example

Shark and octopus

Marine organisms are constantly interacting for food, mates and

Shelter

Camouflage

blending in with background (abiotic stuff like rocks)

How does character displacement impact a population

competing organisms might evolve over adopting to have different physical features

Parasitism

1 organism benefits (parasite) the (host) that the parasite is attached to is harmed

Commensalism

1 organism benefits and the other has no impact

Example of Mutualism

An eel and cleaner shrimp

Producer

Autotroph

Predation (predator/ prey) example

Bear and salmon OR Whales get seals off ice - animal eating another animal

Mutualism

Both organisms benefit

Producers (autotrophs)

Capture energy from the sun or from chemicals and store it in the bonds of sugars, making it available to the rest of the community = always occupy the first trophic level - photosynthesis - chemosynthesis

Fish adapting to hunt different food resources by different mouth shapes ( like a flounder with a bottom positioned mouth to feed on bottom feeders or a large mouth bass with an extended bottom jaw to feed on prey above them,) is an example of

Character displacement

The two forms of food production are photosynthesis and

Chemosynthesis

How does coexistence lead to character displacement? Example:

Coexistence leads to character displacement because animals learn to now use different resources and no longer compete for the same resources. Example: 2 sisters competing for the front seat of the car, after a while eventually the 2 sisters will figure out what days each gets the front passenger seat. They learned to coexist and work with one another.

Omnivores

Combination eaters

Types of symbiosis

Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism

Competition exclusion principle

Competition exclusion principle species less suited to compete for resources will either ADAPT, MOVE, or DIE OUT

Compare and contrast mimicry and camouflage

Contrast: Camouflage: blending in with background (abiotic stuff like rocks) Mimicry: matches living things (coral is living) Compare: hiding in plain site without getting seen

Types of competition

Grazing (herbivory) Predation Parasitism

What are the different types of consumers called? What do they eat?

Herbivores: plant eaters Carnivores: meat eaters Omnivores: Both plant and meat eaters Detritivores and Decomposers: recycles nutrients within the ecosystem by breaking down nonliving organic matter

When a leatherback sea turtle munches on sea lettuce, that is what form of competition

Herbivory

Another name for a consumer is a

Heterotroph

consumer

Heterotroph

What is the human considered in parasitism

Host

interspecific competition

Individuals of DIFFERENT species strive for a limited resource in the same area - out competing each other - lowers reproduction success, population growth, and survival rate

When resources, completion begins. What form of competition occurs between two of the same species? (For example, two male hermit crabs fighting over a fertile female hermit crab)

Intraspecific Competition

What do sea urchins feed on with their five ever sharpening, ever replacing teeth

Kelp

Parasitism example

Leech on human arm for blood

Grazing (herbivory) example

Marine lizards eating seaweed. Plants are trying to survive

Carnivores

Meat eaters

intraspecific competition

Members of the SAME species compete for the same resources - organisms better adapted to the environment will have better chance of survival

Some prey avoid predators by simply hiding in plain sight. What are the two different ways in which prey can avoid predators in this manner? Can you give an example of each one?

Mimicry: copy another species Ex - Two snakes with the same color patterns. One is venomous and the other is not. The non venomous snake is able to get away from the predator. Camouflage: blends in with environment or background Ex - octopus blends in with beach sand Chameleon changes color patterns

What form of symbiosis involves two organisms benefiting

Mutualism

The process of _________ explains how beneficial trained become more common in a population, and unfavorable traits become less common

Natural selection

Herbivores

Plant eater

The three forms of competition

Predation Herbivory Parasitism

In the scenario of a killer whale feeding on a seal, the seal is considered what

Prey

List the levels of the energy pyramid from least to greatest or from bottom fo triangle to top

Producers Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores

Detritivores and decomposers

Recycle nutrients within the ecosystem by breaking down nonliving organic matter

food chain and a food web: How are they the same/different?

Same: Both Involve the cycle of of one animal eating another or plant eaters eating plants. Each show how the food is eaten overtime. Difference: Food chains are linear series of feeding relationships. Food web: shows the overlapping interconnected food chain present in a community.

In a kelp forest ecosystem, what is considered the keystone species

Sea otter

The competition exclusive principle states that species less suited to survive in an area will either

Adapt Leave Die out

What is a producer? How do they eat/obtain nutrients for themselves?

(Autotroph) A producer captures energy from the sun or from chemicals and store it in the bonds of sugars, making it available to the rest of the community. - They obtain nutrients for themselves by using energy from the sun by plants, algae or bacteria through photosynthesis. - Energy from chemicals is captured by some bacteria through chemosynthesis

Example of character displacement

- A bird eating just seeds and the next generation is going to have physical features adapted to easily eating seeds - 2 sisters competing for the front seat of the car, after a while eventually the 2 sisters will figure out what days each gets the front passenger seat. They learned to coexist and work with one another.

Grazing (herbivory)

- Herbivore benefits - marine plant is harmed or killed

Predation (predator/ prey)

- Predator has food - prey is harmed or killed

Character displacement

- physical features - organisms are going to get better and better at what they do - no longer competing for the same resources -

How much energy is passed from one trophic (feeding) level to the next?

About 10% of the energy available at any trophic level is passed to the next; most recast 90% is lost to the environment.

When shared resources are limited, organisms compete. What are the two forms of species competition that occur when resources are limited?What is the end result of these forms of competition? Can you give an example of each one?

1. Intraspecific competition: members of the same species compete for the same resources. Ex: 2 mountain goats fighting over the prized location of feeding. RESULT:Organism better adapted to the environment will have a better chance of survival. 2. Interspecific competition: individuals of different species strive for a limited resource in the same area. Ex: shark and octopus RESULT: Lower reproductive success, population growth, and survival rate

Intraspecific competition Example

2 mountain goats fighting over the prized location of feeding.

Symbiosis

A close and long term interaction between different species

Competition

A mechanism for species interaction where one organism benefits and the other is negatively impacted

How does evolution through natural selection lead to organisms being better suited for their environment? (think English Peppered Moths) Example?

Evolution through natural selection leads to organisms being better suited for their environment. Because of genetic variation among individuals, they inherit traits that help them survive and reproduce. This causes those animals to become more common in a population, and unfavorable traits to become less common. Example: Giraffes with long necks survive because they can reach food and the small giraffes end up dying off.

What are the 3 reasons why species would interact with another?

Food Shelter Mate

Species are constantly interacting for

Food (water) Shelter (light or space) Mate

The __________ is the ultimate source of energy for all life on earth

Sun

A close and long term interaction between Teo different species is called

Symbiosis

Compare symbiosis and competition.

Symbiosis is a close and long term interaction between different species. Competition is a mechanism for species interaction, where one organism benefits and the other is negatively impacted. Both each have three different types and similarly have parasitism as one of their types. Both involve animals interacting with one another and both show how one animal benefits and the other is harmed or unaffected. A similar example of Symbiosis and competition would be a leech on a human's arm. In this case the leech is the parasite and the human is the host.

What are the types of species interactions and can you give an example of each one?

Symbiosis: Commensalism: A whale has barnacles all over his body and he is unaffected, while the barnacles benefit by living on him. Mutualism: An eel and a cleaner shrimp. The eel gets his teeth cleaned so he can hunt for food and the cleaner shrimp get to eat by cleaning the eels teeth and eating all the food in his mouth. Parasitism: A fish with leeches on it. The fish is the host while the leeches are the parasites sucking it blood and eventually killing the fish. Competition Grazing: Marine lizards eating seaweed plants that are trying to survive. The marine plants are killed while the herbivore eats. Predation: Bear and salmon. Bear hunts for salmon in the river population of salmon goes down to being eaten. Parasitism: Tick on a human. Human is the host while the tick is the parasite.

What is the importance of a keystone species in an environment?

The importance of a keystone species in the environment is that major changes in its number effect the populations of many other species in the community. It is not to remove organisms but to keep organism numbers at a neutral one to live in an environment.

What is the most important factor that determines where marine organisms live? Why?

The most important factor that determines where marine organisms live is the sun. If the species is not able to live in the sun they will die off. They need the sun to produce energy through photosynthesis.

The competitive exclusion principle explains how organisms that compete for the same resources in the same environment survive. What do these organisms do to survive in the same environment, feeding on the same resources?

These organisms: Adapt Move or Die out

Why do species go through natural selection? Example?

They go through natural selection because organisms overtime are better suited for their environment. Little genetic changes is a day to day flux, which shows which animal is better suited for an environment. - faster swimmers or better at hiding

Example of parasitism

Tick on human (tick parasite) (host human)

Example of Competition exclusion principle

We have third lunch at feehan and bring our own food, which shows we are adapted so we don't throw elbows in cafeteria

Example of commensalism

Whale has barnacles on its back (not affected)

Evolution

a change in the characteristics of an organism over time

Mimicry

matches living things (coral is living)