Marine Biology Unit 2

Chordata

3 Subphyla within Chordata: Urochordata, Cephalochordata, Vertebrata ex: Thaliacea or "Salps" Larvacea (Urochordates)

Pleuston

Organisms that live right at the sea surface, with part of the body projecting into the air.

How long do Florida red tides last?

Red tides can last as little as a few weeks or longer than a year.

some corals are so reliant on the zoo, that they no longer feed when the zoo are expelled in _________ events.

bleaching

geological material that is comprised into rocks are called _______________ beaches, which comprise the _______________ intertidal zone

consolidated beaches, rocky

Polyps generate a hard _____________ from the seawater and use it to protect their soft bodies. In fact, they inhabit the ____________of their ancestors and simultaneously secrete their own.

exoskeleton, exoskeleton

what causes the man o war blown to the shore

giant air bladder

Vallela are also called "by-the- wind -sailor" and are classified as __________________ and have a ________________ flap. Are pushed by the winds.

hydrozoans, vertical

plankton that are 2-20cm

macroplankton

Clownfish and sea anemone maintain a ___________ ___________between them. Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship where both parties receive benefits. Clownfish are a type of bony fish while sea anemones are cnidarians. Both clownfish and sea anemone are predatory animals.

mutualistic relationship

Epiplankton are ________ the surface of water

near

hypoplankton

near bottom

hypoplankton

near the bottom

Nutrient water has also contributed to the jelly blooms in the Chesapeake and Black sea researcher Purcel said. Caused by ____________ fertilizers, and sewage. This helps the jellies out _____________ other fish for food. This is due to the fact the fish are ___________ predators, whereas jellies can eat whatever drifts their way

nitrate, compete, visual

cyanophyta/cyanobacteria

not actually plants, but bacteria that can photosynthesize -"blue green algae"

cold water can hold a lot of ____________ (upwelling) lots of nutrients, therefore being very productive, and warm waters are much less productive.

oxygen

(Pacific coastline) upper intertidal zone includes what animals

periwinkles dominate, limpets, lichens, encrusting algae also common

In Hydroid colonies there is ________________ diff. types of individuals. Medusa, reproductive polyps, feeding polyps, and stinging polyps.

polymorphism

The Physalia (Man O War) you have both the ________form (tentacles) and ____________ (gas filled). They are actually colonies.

polyp, medusa

__________ are invertebrate animals belong to the phylum Cnidarians and have characteristic gelatinous shapes and sharp tentacles that they use for hunting their prey.

polyps

Protoplankton

protistans

the tiniest of the plankton

ultranano,micro, or nano , all less than 0.2mm

Based on the trials in the Brooks symbiosis paper Neither shrimp species Used chemical cues in the absence of ________ cues. The results of the paper also showed that the shrimp species L.fucorum and L. tenuicornis can distinguish between different _____________ and ____________.

visual, structure, habitats

Benthic environments have shown to have _____________.

zones

certain _______________ undergo a daily vertical migration; moving down during the day and up at night possibly to minimize predation

zooplankton

Certain ___________ undergo a daily __________ migration, the most massive migration on the planet earth, and it occurs every day!

zooplankton, vertical

These microalgae of the genus Symbiodinium, commonly known as ______________, are the cause of the evolutionary success of coral reefs.

zooxanthellae

coloration in corals is almost excusively derived from dinoflagelates, which are algae, that become incorporated in the tissues, collectively known as __________________.

zooxanthellae

sea anemones and giant clams also have __________________.

zooxanthellae

Neuston

Planktonic organisms living at the sea surface

Sand particle beaches have _________sloped shores

moderately

Kelps

-blades can reach 100m and grow 0.5m/day -can grow extremely rapidly, can grow kelp forests, environments with kelp ARE VERY important ecosystems! -blades can be used for many types of extractions for ice cream mineral

Mixoplankton

*really important due to nutritional and ecosystem role. -both autotrophs and hetero -

Holoplankton

*really important due to nutritional and ecosystem role. -live entire life as plankton "holo" = whole time

Ctenophora

-"comb jellies" -gelatinous organisms lacking nematocysts (except one species - can call small plankton -very abundant in upper pelagic, photic zone, deep sea -also engage in bioluminescence or iridescence.

Glacus is a type of Nudibranch (and is shellless gastropod) and have ____________, and can neutralize nematocysts, take developing nematocysts and transport them to dual structures, used to hold the nematocysts, and continue to develop.

-"gills" = branchia (ex of Nudibranch species named :Glacus)

cobble

-6-35 cm high, highly unstable -oxygenated water penetrates deeply into sediment; -steep shore

Genus Nomeus

-A certain fish hangs out with the tentacles and is not affected. (association.) likely mutualistic -Rather than using mucus to prevent nematocysts from firing, as is seen in some of the clownfish sheltering among sea anemones, the fish appears to use highly agile swimming to physically avoid tentacles

What is a Florida red tide?

-A red tide, or harmful algal bloom, is a higher-than-normal concentration of a microscopic alga (plantlike organism). -In Florida and the Gulf of Mexico: Karenia brevis -To distinguish K. brevis blooms from red tides caused by other species of algae, researchers in Florida call the former the "Florida red tide."

Diatoms

-A unicellular photosynthetic alga with a unique glassy cell wall containing silica -generate a lot of oxygen worldwide

Chordata

-A vertebrate phylum consisting of organisms that possess a notochord at some period during their life -cartilagenous fishes, including sharks, & manta rays

How do dolphins communicate?

-Acoustics and sonar, high frequency -Dolphins' echolocation is so accurate it can detect an object's size, the direction it's traveling, its density as well as its position above or below the dolphin. -body language signals -0.2 to 150 kHz.

Describe the symbiotic relationship between coral and algae?

-Algae gain benefits of shelter, direct access to sunlight. -The zooxanthellae (algae/dinoflagellates) produce food. -The algae make nutrients for the corals from said compounds and also from sunlight. Therefore, dinoflagellates promote the growth and development of coral reefs. -This exchange is critical for the coral to form its exoskeleton through the precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). -The symbiosis between coral reefs and microscopic algae Dinoflagellates comprise a group of photosynthetic endosymbiotic algae that provide color and nutrients to corals

Ciliophora

-Ciliates, use cilia for feeding and movement, develop cysts, has defined mouth and feeding organelle, free-living, asexual and sexual reproduction -ex: paramecium(not in marine envt.) -ex in marine envt.: Tintinnids!!

Anthophyta

-Flowering plants aka Angiosperms: -Important in food chains, as sediment stabilizers and food source Importnat ecosystem roles: i.) mangrove trees (key stabilizers for sediment.) ii.) Sea grasses : turtle grass, manatee grass, shoal grass and eelgrass iii.) Marsh grasses

Chlorophyta

-Green algae, Cellulose cell walls, Unicellular or multicellular -reefs in FL were being smothered by "podium", likely nutrient outflow, dissolved nutrients from waste, pumping fertilizers out there, smothering our reefs. Ended up disappearing. -Acetabularia is a type of green algae -Chlorophyll a and b -Store glucose polymer -Gave rise to plants

What can happen to the sand in a winter profile?

-High winds -stronger wave action -A berm is a level space, shelf, or raised barrier (usually made of compacted soil) separating two areas.

Industrial products from macroalgae

-Hydrocolloids (polysaccharide products), -Alginates are salts of alginic acids (come from brown algae species: Lamineria, Macrocystis, and Ascophyllum -Carrageenans (kappa, lamda, iota) : complex group of polysaccharides from red algae -Agars: mix of polysaccharides from red alga -Agaroses: highly specialized macroalgal products that have played a pivotal role in the biotechnological revolution (ex: gene mapping) -Sea weed meal, manure, liquid fertilizer -Phycobiliproteins (fluorescence) -Spirulina : filamentous blue green algae -Betacarotene -Chlorella (green algae)

What can happen to the sand in a summer profile?

-Low wave action -Low winds -Sands build up, drift off, create elevated areas off shore (meters) -berm has distinctive bump -A berm is a level space, shelf, or raised barrier (usually made of compacted soil) separating two areas.

Vertical zonation in unconsolidated Shores/ Beaches

-Meiofauna (Interstitial) : minute interstitial animals living in soil and aquatic sediments. -Megafauna: ghost crabs, coquina, mole crab "Emerita" -Copepods are one of the most abundant organisms in benthic and in water column.

Phytoplankton

-Microscopic, free-floating, autotrophic organisms that function as producers in aquatic ecosystems a.) diatoms b.) Dinoflagellates c.) Cocolithophores d.) Silicoflagellates

Metazoa

-Multicellular animals having cells differentiated into tissues and organs and usually a digestive cavity and nervous system - examples: Cnidaria, Jellyfish, Ctenophore, Polychaeta, Arthropoda, Chaetognata, Chordata, Vertebrata

Metazoa

-Multicellular animals having cells differentiated into tissues and organs and usually a digestive cavity and nervous system -a major division of the animal kingdom that comprises all animals other than protozoans and sponges. They are multicellular animals with differentiated tissues

Major foods from macroalgae

-Nori (allgal blade called Thalus) of the red macroalgae(Poryphyra). *Japanese food -Wakame, derived from brown algae -Kombu, related species of brown alga -Palmara palmata : aka "dulse" , red algae -Rhodymenia

secondary consumers

-Organisms that primarily feed on the primary consumers -carnivores that eat herbivores ex: sea-nettle jellyfish

In the seasonal seas video A food chain is shown between the phytoplankton, sea-nettle jellyfish, and copepods. Identify the producer, primary consumer, and secondary consumer in this food chain.

-Producer : phytoplankton are the producers. -Primary consumer : copepods are the primary consumers. -Secondary consumer: sea-nettle jellyfish.

Rhodophyta

-Red algae, Coraline Algae, form CaCO3 precipitates, pink sands where abundant. Extracts used in agar, toothpaste, ice cream, paint, emulsifying agent -some red algae, just like corals will precipitate calcium carbonate, when they die the red calcium carbonate, sand appears pink sometimes (Coralline algae). -very important food source, asian nations very important staple in diet.

Nematocysts

-Small capsules that contain a toxin which is injected into prey or predators -defense and prey capture

Sea grasses

-Turtle grass: Thalassia testudinum -Manatee Grass: Syringodium filiforme -Shoal Grass: Halodule wrightii -Eel Grass: Zostera marine

Sarcodina

-amoeba with & w/o shells. -Sarcodine, any protozoan of the superclass (sometimes class or subphylum) Sarcodina. -foraminifera

Chaetognatha

-arrow worms -voracious predators in the plankton community. -lions and tigers of plank. comm.

Osteichthyes

-bony fishes, including neritic forms, such as grouper, snapper, triggerfish, grunt, oceanic forms, such as tuna, marlin, ocean sunfish, flying fish, and sailfish. -a class of fish having a skeleton composed of bone in addition to cartilage

Dinoflagellates

-can be planktonic, symbiotic -type of algae that can cause problems aka red tide. -they are naturally a healthy part of ecosystems. i.) Red tides: blooms in some coastal bays and estuaries; toxins can damage seafood and cause respiratory problems when present in salt spray. ii.) Zooxanthellae: planktonic forms that subsequently switch to symbiotic individuals and live in tissues of other animals (eg corals, sea anenomes, giant clams, snails.) iii.) Bioluminescence : some produce faint glow.

Intertidal Zonation

-caused by complex Biotic/Abiotic interactions a. Physiological tolerances b. preferences by larvae c. competition for space d. predation pressure can be high

Planktonic Forms

-drifiting in the water column -phytoplankton, zooplankton

eutrophication

-excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to runoff from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen. -prefix "eu":true -"trophic condition"

Diatoms

-extremely abundant; diatomaceous "earth: or deposits used in filters, paints and toothpaste. -many have silica dioxide covering (glass like appearance -can be used for toothpaste as an abravise & other human uses. -produce more O2 on the earth than any other organism (including rainforests).

Vertebrata

-fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals -most group of marine animals produce larvae that are mero-planktonic. -certain zooplankters undergo a daily vertical migration; moving down during the day and up at night possibly to minimize predation

Sargassum

-form floating communities, with diverse species composition. -Example of :Phaeophyta (brown algae) -diff. species, hide within them, floating "coral reefs", sea birds, sea turtles can sometimes aggregate within them. -extracts used for minerals, fuel source, ice cream, paper coating. -food source

Sarcodinas

-freshwater : amoeba -in general all are amoeba like (amoeba like structure) -many in the marine env. produce CaCO3 and silica dioxide shells -Formaniferans (produce CaCO3) *Globigerine : an amoeba like organism (a sarcodina) ,but produces a protective shell pseudopods, can extend pseudopods, they produce incredibly huge deposits. *ex: White cliffs of Dover in England (made by "calcareous oozes" aka deposits )

Phylum Mollusca

-gastropods many don't have shells), bivalves, cephalopods -Pteropods or "sea butterflies" ---> PTERO = wings or fins

Phylum Cnidaria

-gelatinous organisms, with stinging structures called nematocysts. - under kingdom Animalia containing over 11,000 species of aquatic animals found both in freshwater and marine environments, - distinguishing feature is cnidocytes, specialized cells that they use mainly for capturing prey.

Cnidaria

-gelatinous organsms, with stinging structures called nematocysts. -3 major classes within Cnidaria: Hydrazoans, Scyphazoans, and Anthazoans -Physalia (scientific name) of : Portugese Man O war -Jellyfish

Name some of the reasons/scientific speculations for the jellyfish blooms in both articles.

-global warming -overharvest of fish stocks -tons of fertilizers, sewage, and other nutrient rich pollution fouling coastal waters

Macrophytic (non-Microscopic) Algae

-important in food chains & habitat structure. -chlorophyta, phaeophyta, rhodophyta, anthophyta -structures: holdfast, stipe, and blade

tertiary consumer

-large marine carnivores -eg: tuna -eat other carnivores

secondary consumer

-medium sized carnivores -ex: sardines -eat herbivores

marsh grasses

-most common: Spartina, Juncus, Salicornia

fungi

-not actually plants, but important recyclers. -role in marine systems is very limited. -mainly in terrestrial

Macrophytic Algae

-not true plants -key in food chains, and habitat strucure, -ex: sargassum * very important -cold water comes down -stipe:stem-like -thallus: body -holdfast: rootlike structures -blade: leaf-like -technically speaking roots, stems, and leaves must have vascular tissue in them called xylum and phloem.

Arthropoda

-numerous representatives -Crustacea: numerous representatives -Copepods

primary producers

-phytoplankton ex: diatoms -make food from sunlight & chemicals

What did scientists think was the issue causing the "native moon jellyfish" bloom swarming far off shore?

-proliferation of offshore oil rigs, artificial reefs, and other man made structures, which can increase underwater breeding habits for jellyfish -heavy infusion of nitrogen excess that causes unnatural planktonic blooms the jellies thrive on -overfishing of the gulf menhaden, which reduces the jellies natural competition in hunt for food.

Radiolarians

-same as foraminifera, but produce silica dioxide shell -glass like/snowflake like appearance -"silicious oozes" or deposits---> Silica dioxide

Reptiles

-sea turtle, sea snakes, and marine iguana (Galapagos) -vertebrates that live on land, scales cover body, lay eggs, cold blooded

Cocolithophores

-single-celled autotrophs characterized by shells of calcium carbonate -covered with calcareous plates

Krill

-small, shrimplike creatures -Phylum Arthropoda -essential for food chain -some of the largest animals on the planet (whales) feed on krill

Cephalopoda

-squids; some get very large, exceeding 18 m -Phylum: Mollusca

Metagenesis

-the alternation of generations between sexual and asexual reproduction. -hydrazoans and scyphazoans -alternate between polyp and medusa stage.

primary producers

-the first producers of energy-rich compounds that are later used by other organisms -Organisms that produce their own food through the process of photosynthesis. ex: phytoplankton

Vertical migration of zooplankton

-the greatest mass migration of animals on earth

apex predator

-the top predator in an ecosystem ex: killer whales, sw croc -no natural enemy

Silicoflagellates

-unicellular and eukaryotic members of the phytoplankton that have a star-shaped silica skeleton. -form skeleton made of silica

copepods

-very abundant -minute shrimp-like crustaceans; often they are the most common zooplankton in estuarine waters

primary consumers

-zooplankton , herbivores; ex: copepods -consumer phytoplankton

sand

0.1-2mm; frequent movement -oxygenated water penetrates less than 1 m -moderately sloped shore.

size classification of Mesoplankton

0.2-20mm

The arm/wing like structure in Galcus have 3 functions (Nudibranchs), what are they?

1.)help with gas exchange 2.) terminal influence to transport nematocysts 3.) allows animal to float and drift (pleustonic/neustonic)

size classification of Macroplankton

2-20cm

size classification of Megaplankton

> than 20-200cm

___________are an extremely diverse group of organisms that make up the lower phylogenetic echelons of the plant kingdom.

Algae

primary consumer

An organism that eats producers ex: copepods

Pelagic tunicates (free-swimming) are in the class Appendicularia or Larvacea. they retain a ___________shaped body all of their life.

Appendicularia, tadpole

In the Atlantic coastline what animals frequent the Mid Intertidal zone?

Barnacles dominate, and Rockweed, mussels are present

Pacific coast Mid-intertidal zones have what animals dominant?

Barnacles dominate, mussels, and seaweeds

What is the Benthos community, and give an example of a benthos organism.

Benthos is the community of organisms that live on, in, or near the seabed, river, lake, or stream bottom, also known as the benthic zone. This community lives in or near marine or freshwater sedimentary environments, from tidal pools along the foreshore, out to the continental shelf, and then down to the abyssal depths. -examples: (benthic invertz) sponges, sea anemones, corals, sea stars, bivalves, sea urchins

Phaeophyta

Brown algae; found in colder marine ecosystems; kelps are largest (30 meters long)

Nematocysts are one of the hallmark feature for which Phylum?

Cnidaria

IIrukanje is in the genus ________

Chironex

"Sea Wasp" is in the genus ____________. They have a part called the 'belham' (box-like). Deadly.(** Anywhere from 30 sec-4 min to get help or die if stung).

Chironex/ Cubomedusa

Acetabularia

Chlorophyta

What kind of algae is codium? In our local reefs.

Chlorophyta

Dolphins are in what phylum and order?

Chordata, Cetacea

Small planktonic crustaceans, such as ______________ water fleas, and krill, are a major link in the food chain between the photosynthetic phytoplankton and the larger carnivores, such as many fish and whales. (Subphylum: Crustacea), Phylum: _______________

Copepods , Arthropoda

greatest O2 producer?

Diatoms

The mole crab also know as __________ is an example of megafauna found in vertical zonation of unconsolidated beaches.

Emerita

T/F Dinoflagellates are NOT of the most important eukaryotic microorganisms, as they're the primary producers of the oceans.

False

Black Mangrove

Genus : Avicennia Scientific name: Avicennia germinans

White Mangrove

Genus: Laguncularia Scientific Name: Laguncularia racemosa

Red Mangrove

Genus: Rhizophora Scientific name: Rhizophora mangle "true mangrove"

The ___________ crab (Ocypoda) make burrows, and are considered megafauna also. Make piles of sand casts.

Ghost crab

Shoal Grass

Halodule wrightii

In the Atlantic coastline what animals frequent the Lower intertidal zone?

Irish moss

In Florida and the Gulf of Mexico, the species that causes most red tides is ________ _____________.

Karenia brevis

Host location of Sargassum in Brooks paper habitat by two of the most common invertebrate symbionts________________ fucorum and ______________tenuicornis, was investigated.

Latreutes, Leander

____________worm (Arenicola) feed on the sediment (meiofauna diet), and they create molt of feces. These worms are considered to be megaufauna.

Lug

In the Atlantic coastline what animals frequent the Upper Intertidal zone?

Lichens, encrusting algae(black zone)

plankton which are > than 20cm

Megaplankton

Marine Life food chain

Marine food chain. Phytoplankton form the basis of life in the ocean. They use photosynthesis to convert energy from sunlight into chemical energy (food). Some of this food passes directly along the food chain when zooplankton eat the phytoplankton and in turn are consumed by larger animals such as fish, whales, squid, shellfish and birds.

Epiplankton

Near the surface

at the surface

Neuston

Is red tide a new phenomenon?

No, red tides were documented in the southern Gulf of Mexico as far back as the 1700s and along Florida's Gulf coast in the 1840s.

What toxin can the algae produce that can cause humans to have e diarretic shellfish poisoning?

Okadaic acid

What toxins were poisioning the Chesapeake bay and North carolina fish kills? They are a type of phytoplankton.

Pfiesteria

What algae category are sargassum in?

Phaeophyta

(intertidal zonation) ___________ _________________ -intertidal organisms must withstand harsh physical conditions, such as temp. extremes, wave and tidal actions, and salinity chanages, all of which vary within the intertidal zone.

Physiological tolerances

Diatoms, dinoflagellates , cocolithophores, and silicoflagellates are all examples of ________.

Phytoplankton

__________ are the autotrophic (self-feeding) components of the plankton community and a key part of oceans, seas and freshwater basin ecosystems.

Phytoplankton

at the surface , and part protudes into the air

Pleuston

_________ (Urochordates), can grow very large, feed on plankton, and can make up huge colonies.

Salps

Most common marsh anthophyte?

Spartina

Meroplankton

Species of zooplankton that spend only part of their lives as members of the plankton community lives the rest of life as a benthic organism. -"mero" most

Manatee Grass

Syringodium filiforme

Dolphins have self awareness, and look at themselves in mirrors and see themself., which few other animals can do. T/F

T

Nekton are made up primarily by Cephalopods, Chondricthyes, Osteichthyes, and Marine Mammals. T/F

T

Nomeus fish and the Man o War have an association T/F

T

T/F : Red algae are not really red unless they are in shallow water, if in deeper water they do not appear red

T

T/F dinoflagelates can also be symbiotic (example the ones that live in coral polyps.)

T

T/F the following are associated with Dinoflagellates: 1. Red tides ii. zooxanthellae iii. bioluminescence

T

clownfish mucus does not stimulate the release of the nematocysts in the anemone. T/F

T

They know 60 words and can comprehend 2,000 sentences, can understand sign language, can eat on land, found in every ocean, drift nets threat, weigh>500 lb, can imitate other dolphins, have their own language, they can have sex recreationally, they stun fish with sounds and fluke. T/F

T/F

sable island is where grey seals breed

T/F

Most common submerged anthophyte?

Thalassia

Turtle grass

Thalassia testudinum

Which kind of jellyfish was found invading the region between the Mississippi sound and the Gulf, creating jelly swarms affecting larval fish, shrimp, and crab?

The Australian spotted jellfish

Is the Florida red tide found in estuaries, bays or freshwater systems?

The Florida red tide can be found in bays and estuaries but not in freshwater systems such as lakes and rivers. Because K. brevis cannot tolerate low-salinity waters for very long, blooms usually remain in salty coastal waters and do not penetrate upper reaches of estuaries.

Identify the producer, primary consumer, and secondary consumer in this food chain: plankton, auklet, rockfish, and herring.

The herring are the primary consumers they feed on Plankton, the plankton serve as the producers. The auklet birds are considered secondary consumers. They can dive and force the herring to the surface , the herring gather in a ball, the rockfish head toward the herring, the fish scatter the herring and the birds than have an opportunity to feed. The rockfish are also secondary consumers.

Essay question: Describe "unconsolidated shores and beaches"

There are three different sediment types/physical characteristics in unconsolidated shores and beaches: > The cobble beaches (6-35cm) are characterized by highly unstable oxygenated water, which penetrates deeply into the sediment. The shores of cobble beaches are steep. > Sandy beaches (0.1-2 mm)are characterized by frequent movement; oxygenated water penetrates less than 1 meter; and they have moderately sloped shores. >Mud beaches (less than 0.1mm); have no movement; oxygenated water that penetrates less than 1 cm; and flat shores

Example of a marine Ciliophora?

Tintinnid

_________ is a harmless jelly that is under threat due to habitat destruction.

Tripidelia

Trophic Levels of the Marine Food Chain

Trophic Levels of the Marine Food Chain The standard marine food chain has 5 basic levels - known as trophic levels. Primary producers (phytoplankton; e.g. diatom) make food from sunlight/chemicals. Primary consumers (zooplankton & other herbivores; e.g. copepods) eat phytoplankton. Secondary consumers (medium-sized carnivores; e.g. sardines) eat herbivores. Tertiary consumers (large marine carnivores; e.g. tuna) eat other carnivores. Apex predators (e.g. killer whales, saltwater crocodiles) have no natural enemies.

Some dinoflagellates can create bioluminescence T/F

True

size classification less than 0.2mm

Ultrananoplankton, Nanoplankton, & Microplankton

Do red tides occur anywhere else?

Yes, many algae species cause red tides all over the world. Yet, the organism that causes Florida's red tide, K. brevis, is found almost exclusively in the Gulf of Mexico from Mexico to Florida.

Eel grass

Zostera marina

Protozoa

a.) not actually animals but closely related. i. Sarcodonia, Radiolaria ii. Ciliophora (ciliates)

Zooplankton

a.) old name : Protozoa ("animal-like protist")

Copepods are __________ worldwide (in the sea).

abundant

One of the most fundamental aspects of symbiosis is how the symbionts establish the __________________

association

Rocky intertidal zonation

banding patterns; Supratidal zone (wetted only by wave splash) can have salt-tolerant lichens

unconsolidated beaches

based on rock size varying from relatively large (cobble) down to smaller sizes like sand, down to much smaller called mud.

why are green algae green?

because they are reflecting green wavelengths of light

Benthic forms

bottom dwellers

Tripdelia cystophora/ Cubomedusa is another kind of ________ jelly.

box

Brown tides are formed by _______________, and unlike red and green tides do not create a neurotoxin.

chrysophytes

Nudibranchs can ingest ________________.

cnidarians

Hydrazoans typically form ____________ called hydroid ________

colonies, colonies ex: Physalia (Porteguse Man O War)

wintertime temperatures in the Chesapeake bay area and Black Sea were causing swarms of which jellies that absolutely devastated fisheries. (In both locations the jellies were found to be doing well in warmer waters)

comb jellies

________________ for space in the intertidal zone is high both intraspecifically (members of same species) AND interspecifically (members of different species).

competition

Snails (mollusca, gastropoda) can do what to allow themselves to float? This snail shown in the photo is an exception to some kinds of other snails who are typically benthic.

creates bubbles by secreting mucus, and trapping in the gas to float. Lives continuously as a neustonic creature.

Green films are caused by ___________.

cyanobacteria

BathayalPlankton

deep water

Bathyalplankton

deep water

Ciguatoxin originates from a ___________ named _____________ toxicus, which colonizes coral beds. The toxin is passed up through the food chain first affecting coral-grazing fish, and then is passed up to pisciverous (snapper, grouper, jack), and finally to man.

dinoflagellate, Gambierdiscus

Red tides are the works of _________

dinoflagellates

dinoflagellates do not use the same WL as algae, and they can start ____________ the water, causing red tide. They can produce toxins that spoil food, fish accumulate toxins within their tissues. Can cause respiratory problems. (*common in sarasota, tampa bay area, but have occurred in wpb)

discoloring

Ciguatera is also known as the ____________ downfall, and is the most common for of seafood poision., it mimics decompression sickness.

divers

Mammalia

dolphins, manatees, whales, seals, sea lions

_________________ , algal , phytoplankton, and zooplankton blooms, can cause 'jelly blooms", and can occur at astounding rates. They can literally cause total destruction of ecosystems. Can cause trouble for ecotourism and the fishing ind. Indicates in-balance in ecosystem.

eutrophication

The data from the australia jellyfish experiment from the research cruise in the Gulf, shows that the invaders have a predilection for eating ________ ___________ and _________.

fish eggs, larvae

Pfifsteria cells aka _______ __________ is deadly to fish and causes lesions on fish. The organism can lie dormant for years, it detects fish and morphs into forms that emit toxins that eat into skin fish. Occured in Chesapeake Bay. * aka "Cell from hell"

fish killer

_______ __________ are among one of the products derived from algae and are known for the high omega 3 fatty acid content, beneficial health impacts.

fish oils

Ciguateria is a ________ poisioning found wherevercoral fishes are a food source. It is the most frequently reported ______________disease

fish, seafood

Emerita crab feed in the ________zone but they have to stay there, but the wave energy cause them to move up out of it, but to stay in they allow themselves to be hurled up, burrow in and feed, and then they let themselves roll around.

interdial.

In the Atlantic coastline what animals frequent the Extreme lower Intertidal zone?

intertidal kelps

what are physiological tolerances in terms of intertidal zones?

intertidal orgs must withstand harsh physical conditions, like temp extremes, wave and tidal action, and salinity changes

Competition for space is high both for different species (interspecifically) in ________ _________.

intertidal zones

Polyps belong to the same family as __________ and ________________. They have a soft, cup-shaped body, from the end of which tentacles come out, as with jellyfish. However, these animals spend their lives attached to a substrate (such as the seabed), so they don't have the ability to move.

jellyfish, and anemones

In pacific coast Lower intertidal zones what animals are typical?

kelps, surf grass

Some urochordates have larval forms called _____________.

larvaceans (ancestral type to the vertebrate *closely related_ -some can create gelatinous home to live in.

mud

less than 0.1 mm -no movement -oxygenated water penetrates less than one cm; flat shore

The shrimp in brooks paper chose the _______ Sargassum over the non-artificial Sargassum.

live

Another example of an animal in the intertidal zone that is a _____________ are called the __________clam (Donax).

megafauna, Coquina

Most marine organisms produce _______________ larvae.

meroplanktonic

plankton that are distinguishable (0.2-20mm)

mesoplankton

Meiofauna

minute interstitial animals living in soil and aquatic sediments.

Appendicularia secrete around themselves an elaborate ___________houses. Which provide them with both protection and help with __________filtering, and sinking prevention

mucoid, external

Most algae are ______________ (like most higher plants) or are closely related to animals that are. Algae produce more than _______ of photosynthesis on this planet.

photosynthetic, 50%

Pelagic tunicates are distributed in marine ___________ worldwide, and occur in large numbers so that their filtering activities strongly affect the __________ community.

plankton

The invasive australian jelly concentrate on eating mainly __________. (which are a major source of fuel for the Gulf ecosystem species). The main problems are that they jellies are _______________ with the other fish and are better predators, and they are ingesting the larvae and eggs of ______________ important fish species

plankton, competing, commercially

Zooxanthellae

planktonic forms that subsequently switch to symbiotic individuals and live in tissues of other animals (eg corals, sea anenomes, giant clams, snails.)

Benthic

plants and algae (aquatic photosynthesizers with simple structures) -cyanophyta, cyanopbracteria, fungi, diatoms, macrophytic algae, anthophyta

The australian jellyfish (Phyllorhiza Punctata) proved to be very good ____________scouring the water from the surface down to the bottom eating not only eggs but also larvae and plankton (which larvae eat). Scientists said they came as full sized ___________.

predators, adults

Habitat selection trials in Brooks paper combining both chemical and visual cues resulted in no _____________ between the 2 Sargassum species by either shrimp species.

preference

What can happen with preferences for larvae or adults in intertidal zones?

preferences for certain areas, can exclude other species

Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are ___________ closely related to many common bacteria.

prokaryotes

ROYGBIV is pretty much the sequence in which the light penetrates. So red algae, are not red because they are not using _____ wavelengths of light.

red

The _______ mangrove part of body is in the water and its sea water (2-3 times saltier than the composition of solutes in a cell---> we cannot drink seawater). Therefore this kind of mangrove can pump out all of the salt.

red

Chondrichthyes, specifically rays can show in in crazy numbers for ______________

reproduction

Members of the class Thaliacea (Chordata-->Urochordata) include ____________dolioids, and pyrosomes and are more like floating ascidians, and have feeding and respiratory current flow straight through their barrel shaped bodies

salps

An animal that depends on the sea kelp, they have a symbiotic relationship with the kelp as they keep sea urchins (part of their diet) populations under control, which in turn aids the sea kelp forest from becoming overly-grazed. They also use the sea as a resting ground, and wrap the kelp around their body when it is time to take a snooze.

sea otters

Most productive seas?

seasonal seas

The major agal products are produced by the _______ industry. They use primarily Brown algae, which is the largest and most conspicuous of the macroalgae, as well as Red algae.

seaweed

Polychaeta

segmented worms

Foraminifera

single-celled organisms, members of a phylum or class of amoeboid protists characterized by streaming granular ectoplasm for catching food and other uses; and commonly an external shell (called a "test") of diverse forms and materials.

Coral reefs are gigantic marine structures that form from the ____________- of organisms known as corals. Each individual coral is a polyp, an animal, which hangs out with others to form these colonies.

skeletons

Sand particle size is __________ and involve _____________-movement as a result of _____________

small, frequent, water

sandy beaches

summer/winter profile -winter: high wind, sand in the winter profile is removed and drifts off shore, raising bottom creating "sand bars", stronger wave action -summer : low wind; sand builds up drifts off creat , low wave action

The whales migrate heading towards where the _______ is going because sun in december maximally shines in the the Tropic of Capircorn, thus where most phytoplankton will be, and therefore majority of __________

sun, Krill

nektonic forms

swimming , thus movements are independent of water currents.

Nektonic forms

swimming, thus movements independent of water currents

The Sargassum community is made up of a unique and diverse assemblage of ____________ organisms, most of which are likely seeking _________.

symbiotic, refuge

what would happen if a fish that got stung started thrashing, would it cause the jelly damage?

they have very toxic venom, it is a safety mechanism, they have to maintain contact, needs to be quick to instantly stun or kill fish.

Cobble beaches are highly______________ and are found on _________ shores.

unstable, steep

Rocky Intertidal zone

vertical zonation

Researchers working in the Chesapeake Bay have seen a link between ____________ _________ and jelly blooms.

warming waters

Elevated sea water temp. can make it more difficult for ________ to make enough food to "pay their rent", so many corals _______ the algae, when they are not making enough food products. The coloration goes away , and you see _______ ______________ (light penetrating through clear tissues, and light penetrates the calcium carbonate base from which the polyps arise. CaCO3 is white naturally, which reflects ROYGBIV (and our eyes see white, white is a reflection of the colors of the spectrum). Coral bleaching, is an undeniable climate change.

zooxanthellae, expel, coral bleaching