Marine chapter 6-7 study guide

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Describe special characteristics of Red Algae

- primarily marine and mostly benthic - highest diversity among seaweeds - red color comes from phycoerythrins - Thalli can be many colors, yellow to black Response of red algae to herbivory - making their thalli less edible by incorporating calcium carbonate - changing growth patterns to produce hard to gaze forms like algal turfs - evolving complex life cycles which allow them to rapidly replace grazed biomass - avoiding herbivores by growing in crevices

List and describe the ecological roles of RED marine algae

Annual red algae are seasonal food for sea urchins, fish, mollusks and crustaceans. - Ecological relationship of red algae - a few smaller species are: - epiphytes- organisms that grown on algae or plants - epizoics- organisms that grown on animals - red coralline algae precipitate calcium carbonate from water and aid in consolidation or coral reefs Human uses of red algae - phycocolloids (polysaccharides) from cell walls are valued for gelling or stiffening properties - EXAMPLE (sushi, soups, seasonings) - cultivated for animal feed or fertilizer in parts of Asia

List and describe the ecological roles of BROWN marine algae

Brown Algae as a Habitat - Help forests house many marine animals - sargassum weeds of the Sargossa Sea from floating masses that provide a home for unique organisms Human uses of brown algae - thickening a gens are made from alginates - once used as an iodine source - used as food (especially in Asia) - used as cattle feed in some coastal countries

which type/group of seaweed grows the tallest? name the structure that can grow more than 50 meter

Brown alga and kelp

What is the dominant pigment found in all 3 types of algae?

Chlorophyll a

Describe Special characteristics of Green Algae

Diverse group of microbes and multicellular organisms that contain some pigments found in vascular plants, chlorophyll A & B and certain cartenoids

Know differences and similarities in ecological roles between salt marsh plants, seagrass and mangroves.

Ecological roles of seagrasses ◦ highly productive on local sale ◦ role of seagrasses as primary producers ‣ less available and less digestible than seaweeds ‣ contribute to food webs through fragmentation and loss of leaves - sources of detritus ◦ role of seagrasses in depositing and stabilizing sediments ‣ blades act as baffles to reduce water velocity ‣ decay of plant parts contributes organic matter ‣ rhizomes and roots help stabilize the bottom ‣ reduce turbidity—cloudiness of the water ◦ role of seagrasses as habitat ‣ create 3-dimensional space with greatly increased area on which other organisms can settle, hide, graze or crawl ‣ rhizosphere—the system of roots and rhizomes also increases complexity in surrounding sediment ‣ the young of many commercial species of fish and shellfish live in seagrass beds ◦ human uses of seagrass ‣ indirect - fisheries depend on coastal seagrass meadows ‣ direct - extracted material used for food, medicine and industrial application

What are facultative halophytes?

Mangroves are facultative halophytes which means salt water is not a physical requirement for growth. Most can grow well in fresh water, but mangrove communities are not usually found in strict freshwater environment

where are most seaweed found? which type can be found at the surface?

Most species are benthic, growing on rock, sand, mud, corals, and other hard substrate in the marine environment as part of the fouling community

Name and describe the embryonic plant/seedling of a mangrove tree

Propagule- an embryonic plant that grows on the parent plant, breaks through fruit wall and grows an elongated cigar-shaped stem (hypocotyl)

Name each groups primary pigment

Red - phycoerythrins Brown- carotenoid pigment fucoxanthin Green- chlorophyll

Name the 3 types/groups of algae and phylum

Red Algae (phylum Rhodophyta) Brown Algae (phylum Phaeophyta) Green Algae (phylum Chlorophyta)

Name the ecosystems that are linked together

SEAGRASS-SALT MARSH-MANGROVES-CORAL REEFS

Describe the characteristics of seagrass (structures and function, located? Ecological roles and reproduction) know the 3 common examples of seagrass, explain why they are known as hydrophytes

Seagrasses are hydrophytes (generally live beneath the water) • vegetative growth—growth by extension and branching of horizontal stems (rhizomes) from which vertical stems and leaves arise • 3 basic parts: stems, roots and leaves ◦ stems ‣ have cylindrical internodes (sections) separated by nodes (rings) ‣ rhizomes—horizontal stems with long internodes with growth zones at the tips, usually lying in sand or mud ‣ vertical stems arise from rhizomes, usually have short internodes, and grow upward toward the sediment surface ‣ grow slowly ensuring leaf production keeps up with sediment accumulation ◦ roots ‣ arise from nodes of stems and anchor plants ‣ usually bear root hairs—cellular extensions ‣ Absorb mineral nutrients ‣ allow interaction with bacteria in sediments ◦ leaves ‣ arise from nodes of rhizomes or vertical stems ‣ scale leaves—short leaves that protect the delicate growing tips of rhizomes ‣ foliage leaves—long leaves from vertical shoots with 2 parts • sheath that bears no chlorophyll • upper blade that accomplishes all photosynthesis of the plant using chloroplasts in its epidermis undergo periods of growth and senescence • blade life cycles affect epiphytes on seagrasses

Name the 3 types of marine flowering plants. Explain the differences between algae and marine plants.

Seagrasses, Marsh Plants, Mangroves

Algae are known as ?

Seaweeds

Name and identify the structures of most algae

Thallus - the seaweed body, usually composed of photosynthetic cells when flattened, called a frond or blade Holdfast - the structure attaching the thallus to a surface Stipe - a stem like region between the holdfast and blade of some seaweeds Lack vascular (conductive) - tissue, roots, stem, leaves and flowers Structure of Red Algae - Almost all are multicellular - Thallus may be blade like or composed of branching filaments or heavily calcified Structure of Brown Algae - most species have thalli that are well differentiated into holdfast, stipe and blade. - bladders- gas filled structures found on larger blades of brown algae, and used to help buoy the blade and maximize light - cell walls are made up cellulose and alginates (phycocolloids) that lends strength and flexibility Structure of green algae - Most are unicellular or small multicellular filaments, tubes or sheets - Some tropical green algae have a coenocytic thallus consisting of a single giant cell or a few large cells containing more than 1 nucleus and surrounding a single vacuole - the cell grows but doesnt divide, the nucleus divides. - there is a large diversity of forms among green algae

Explain how salt is eliminated by mangrove trees

Through salt glands (black mangroves) or by concentrating salts in old leaves that shed

List and describe the Herbivory Responses for Tolerance-Avoidance-Deterrence.

Tolerance: rapid growth and release of huge numbers of spores and zygotes • Avoidance: small size allows them to occupy out-of-reach crevices • Deterrence: ◦ calcium carbonate deposits require herbivores with strong jaws and fill stomachs with non-nutrient minerals ◦ many produce repulsive toxins

What are halophytes?

a plant adapted to growing in saline conditions, as in a salt marsh.

Name and describe the 2 types of roots

anchor roots is branchings from the stilt root nutritive roots is branching from anchor roots which absorb mineral nutrients from mud.

Define compensation depth and coenocytic.

compensation depth: the depth at which the daily or seasonal amount of light is sufficient for photosynthesis to supply algal metabolic needs without growth

Define epiphytes

epiphytes, or air plants, grow everywhere but can be found mainly on the branches, trunks, and even the leaves of trees

Describe Special characteristics of Brown Algae

familiar examples are: rock weeds, kelps, and sargassum weed. - 99.7% of species are marine, mostly benthic (sargassum- not benthic) - olive brown color comes from the carotenoid pigment fucoxanthin, masks green pigment of chlorophylls A & C Distribution of brown algae - more diverse and abundant along the coastlines of high altitudes - most are temperate - sargassum weeds are tropical

List and describe the 2 ways humans utilize seagrass.

human uses of seagrass ◦ indirect - fisheries depend on coastal seagrass meadows ◦ direct - extracted material used for food, medicine and industrial application

Explain how they are classified/divided (based on what)

it is based on color

Define aerenchyme and lacunae, what is the function/purpose? • aerenchyme—an important gas-filled tissue in seagrasses

lacunae—spaces between cells in aerenchyme tissues throughout the plant ‣ provide a continuous system for gas transport ◦ aerenchyme provides buoyancy to the leaves so they can remain upright for sunlight exposure ◦ tannins—antimicrobials produced as a chemical defense against invasion of the aerenchyme by pathogenic fungi or labyrinthulids

Which group of algae has the highest number of species?

red algae

Describe characteristics of salt marsh plants (structures and function, located?, ecological roles and reproduction) know types/ examples.

salt marshes are well developed along the low slopes of river deltas and shores of lagoons and bays in temperate regions • salt marsh plants include: ◦ cordgrasses (true grasses) ◦ needlerushes ◦ various shrubs and herbs, e.g., saltwort, glassworts • Structure of salt marsh plants ◦ smooth cordgrass, initiates salt marsh formation, grows in tufts of vertical stems connected by rhizomes, dominates lower marshculm: vertical stem ◦ tillers: additional stems produced by a culm at its base, gives a tufted appearance ◦ aerenchyme allows diffusion of oxygen from blades to rhizomes and roots ◦ flowers are pollinated by the wind ◦ seeds drop to sediment or are dispersed by water currents • Adaptations of salt marsh plants to a saline environment ◦ facultative halophytes ◦ leaves covered by a thick cuticle to retard water loss ◦ well-developed vascular tissues for efficient water transport ◦ Spartina alterniflora have salt glands, secrete salt to outside ◦ shrubs and herbs have succulent parts

Describe the characteristics of mangroves (structures and function, located? Ecological roles and reproduction) know types/ examples

thrive along tropical shores with limited wave action, low slope, high rates of sedimentation, and high in salts conserve water, supply oxygen to roots and stabilize tree in shallow sediment Ecological roles: root systems stabilize sediments (aerial roots aid deposition of particles in sediments)/ epiphytes live on aerial roots/ canopy is a home for insects and birds/ mangals are a nursery/ mangrove leaves, fruit and propagules are consumed by animals/ contribute to detrital food chains Reproduction: simple flowers pollinated by wind or bees/ mangroves from higher elevations have buoyant seeds that drift in the water/ Mangroves disperse propagules via water with varying degrees of vivipary or embryonic development while the propagule is attached to the parent tree. structures: trees with simple leaves, complex roots/ plant parts help tree

Describe the distribution of seaweed, factors that affect its distribution.

• Distribution is governed primarily by light and temperature • Effects of light on seaweed distribution ◦ chromatic adaptation: the concept that the distribution of algae was determined by the light wavelengths absorbed by their accessory photosynthetic pigments, and the depth to which these wavelengths penetrate water ◦ distribution now believed to be more dependent on herbivory, competition, pigment concentration, etc.


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