Marriage and Family

According to the text, employed women earned _________ percent of what employed men did.

82

According to the text, people who have the "nostalgia bug" aren't aware of several facts, including a. teenage pregnancy rates were higher in the 1950s than they are today. b. people have been talking about and writing about child abuse and domestic violence since the early 1900s. c. parents spend less time with their children today than in the past. d. most marriages were happier in the past than they are today.

A

Julie and Rick are married. Julie is Asian and Rick is African American. Their marriage is a. exogamous. b. endogamous. c. incestuous. d. bigamous.

A

Kelly and Anthony have just married and moved in with Anthony's parents. This residency patterns is called a. patrilocal. b. matrilocal. c. neolocal. d. bilocal.

A

Marriages in which either the husband or the wife has two or more spouses is called a. polygamy. b. polygyny. c. polyandry. d. monogamy.

A

The term "serial monogamy" refers to a situation in which a person a. marries several people over their lifetime but is only married to one person at a time. b. is married exclusively to one person for their entire lifetime. c. is married to two or more persons at the same time. d. cohabits rather than remarries after a divorce.

A

principle of least interest

A theory of power in which the person less interested in sustaining a relationship has the greater power.

climate differences with touch

Latin's with warmer climates are more comfortable with closer range contact

trust

Belief in the reliability and integrity of another

Between 1960 and 2000, the proportion of children living with a never-married parent a. decreased. b. stayed the same. c. increased. d. could not be measured.

C

According to the Census Bureau, which of the following is NOT a nonfamily household? a. a single woman living by herself b. a gay or lesbian couple living together c. two or more roommates living together d. a childless married couple living together.

D

Among one-parent families, most are a. father-child families. b. grandmother-child families. c. parent-grandparent families. d. mother-child families.

D

basic conflict

Pronounced disagreement about fundamental roles, tasks, and functions. Cf. nonbasic conflict.

African American women are less critical of gender inequality than white women. t/f

False

Since 1970, the percentage of single-parent households as a percentage of all households

Has gone up

__ gaze and more frequently than americans

arabs

In biology-based arguments of gender, a predisposition _______________.

can be influenced by the social structure.

_____________ is the new brand of marital infidelity that emerged in the 1990s.

cyberadultery

The term used to describe rape by the individual the female is "going out with" is

date rape.

The term __________ originally referred to a specific date, time, and place of meeting.

dating

sample

group of people that are representative of the population they want to study

The term pool of eligibles is used to define

individuals who are regarded as acceptable marriage partners.

In some cultures, mate selection begins as early as

infancy

equal couples, women still

made more concessions around husbands schedules, worry more about upsetting partner, and attend to partner's wants and needs

According to the text, perhaps the most significant change in sexuality since the sexual revolution, among heterosexuals at least, has been in _____________ sex.

marital

women begin to talk about problem

more likely sense other disturbed

Sociologists use the term "sex ratio" to describe the

number of men to every 100 women.

Among immigrants, males may lose some masculine _________ because of the changing gender roles upon entering the U.S.

privilege

men resolve things by being

problem solvers

evaluation research

process of determining whether a social intervention has produced the intended result

gatekeeping

A method of exerting control over and exercising power in such familial situations as caring for children by making the decisions that determine how.

hostile conflict

A pattern of negative interaction wherein couples engage in frequent heated arguments, call each other names and insult each other, display an unwillingness to listen to each other, and lack emotional involvement with each other.

forgiveness

A reduction in negative feelings and an increase in positive feelings toward a "transgressor" after a transgression, an attitude of goodwill toward someone who has done us harm, and showing compassion and forgoing resentment toward someone who has caused us pain.

marital paradigm

A set of images about how marriage ought to be done, "for better or worse".

resource theory of power

A theory of marital power that suggests that the person who is the sole or larger source of financial resources gains and exercises decision making power.

relative love and need theory

A theory of power in which the person gaining the most from a relationship is the most dependent.

self-silencing

Act of keeping quiet, not expressing one's feelings or venting one's frustrations.

gottman's are known as

warning signs for divorce or the 4 horsemen

In its original form, the double standard meant that _______.

women should not have sex before or outside of marriage, but men can.

symbols

words, gestures, or pictures that stand for something

honeymoon effect

you can say anything 1st year, then neg. premarital communication leads to less satisfaction

4 styles of miscommunication - Satir's

1. Placater - always agreeable, passive, act helpless, no one knows what want or feel 2. Blamer - act superior, bodies tense, often angry, gesture by pointing, hide feeling weak 3. Computers - don't show feeling, tonelessly say things 4. Distractors - frentic, feel lonely, out of place, avoid talk of relevant feelings

Noller's 3 important functions in marriage

1. conveys interpersonal attitude (how to get along) 2. expressing emotions (body language) 3. handle ongoing interaction (posture and eye contact and touch - most important)

personal space

1.5' to 4' - most people interact in public

During the 1980s, adolescents as young as ________ years of age participated in some form of dating or pairing off.

13

The highest acceptance of interracial dating occurs among people born since

1977

After various factors associated with earnings are taken into account, research finds a varying, but perhaps as much as a ___________ differential in earnings that is usually attributed to discrimination.

22 percent

According to U.S. Census Data, there are approximately 10 women 65 and older for every __________ men 65 and older.

5 9 7 8

How many new cases of HIV are diagnosed each year in the U.S.?

56,000

A network of people who are related by blood, marriage, or adoption is called a(n) a. extended family. b. kinship system. c. family of orientation. d. family of origin.

B

According to the U.S. Census Bureau's definition of family, which of the following groups would NOT be considered a family? a. elderly sisters living together b. a gay or lesbian couple living together c. a single father living with his biological children d. a married couple living with their adopted children

B

Cultural norms and laws which forbid sexual intercourse between close blood relatives are called a. exogamy rules. b. incest taboos. c. endogamy rules. d. initiation rites.

B

Family myths about what is "natural" include the belief that a. married couples must be everything to each other. b. people should get married and have children. c. families should be self-sufficient. d. families are safe places.

B

Generally the requirements for establishing a common-law marriage include all of the following EXCEPT a. living together for a significant period of time. b. getting blood tests. c. presenting oneself as part of a married couple. d. intending to marry.

B

Laws about when and whom we marry are an example of a. social movements.​ b. family policies. ​​ c. economic shifts. d. technological innovations.

B

Part of the increase in one-parent families is due to a. couples cohabitating rather than marrying. b. the surge in births to unmarried women. c. the decline in remarriage after divorce. d. the decline in the number of children under 18.

B

Some social scientists argue that, despite myriad problems, families are happier today than in the past because a. people are usually happier in remarriages than first marriages. b. there has been an increase in multigenerational relationships. c. the minimum wage is now adequate to raise a family. d. adult children are not expected to live with their parents.

B

Studies examining the amount of time parents spend with their children have shown that a. children spend less time with their parents today than was the case several decades ago. b. children spend more time with parents today than was the case several decades ago. c. children in families where both parents work tend to spend less time with their parents than was the case several decades ago. d. the amount of time children spend with their parents has not change for the last several decades.

B

Supplying material resources for the family, such as food, shelter, and clothing, is part of the family's __________ function. a. socialization b. economic security. c. emotional support d. procreation

B

The family form that is most common in much of the world is the a. nuclear family. b. extended family. c. family of procreation. d. blended family.

B

The process by which children acquire the language, the accumulated knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and values of its society and culture and learn the social and interpersonal skills needed to function effectively in society is called a. emotional support. b. socialization. c. rationalization d. social placement

B

To study people's choices, social scientists often take a(n) __________, focusing on individual's social interactions in specific settings. a. macro-level perspective b. micro-level perspective c. global perspective d. objective perspective

B

What types of marriages are especially likely to end in divorce? a. first marriages of women over 30 b. marriages entered into because the woman became pregnant c. marriages in which the couple had children d. marriages where the husband is younger than the wife

B

Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning nonfamily households in the U.S.? a. the percentage of nonfamily households has decreased since 1970 b. the percentage of nonfamily households has increased since 1970 c. the percentage of nonfamily households has stayed the same since 1970 d. the percentage of nonfamily households in the U.S. is greater than the percentage of family households

B

The traditional definition of the "family" has included all of the following characteristics except

Being emotionally committed to one another

A woman who has more than one husband is practicing a. polygamy. b. polygyny. c. polyandry. d. monogamy.

C

According to Charles Horton Cooley, groups that are characterized by close, long-lasting, intimate, and fact-to-face interactions are called a. secondary groups. b. families. c. primary groups. d. teammates.

C

According to several national surveys examining the value we place on marriage and the family, a. Americans rank their family as less important to them than work or religion. b. few high school seniors say that having a good marriage and family are extremely important. c. the majority of first-year college students say that raising a family is "very important" in their lives. d. most "millennial" teens (those born after 1982) say they do not trust or feel close to their parents.

C

Between 1900 and 1950, the percentage of single-person households a. stayed the same. b. decreased dramatically. c. increased dramatically. d. was largely unknown.

C

Bigamy occurs when a. a married partner is unfaithful to his or her spouse. b. people have children without being married. c. a person marries a second person while a first marriage is still legal. d. people live together without being married.

C

Jamal and Tanya have just married and moved into an apartment of their own to live by themselves as a couple. This residency pattern is called a. patrilocal. b. matrilocal. c. neolocal. d. bilocal.

C

Many who endorse the "family is deteriorating" perspective imply that the family could be shored up if a. men and women waited to get married until they were older and more mature. b. people had fewer children to care for. c. fathers were breadwinners and mothers cared for children and the home. d. fathers spent more time nurturing their children.

C

Nonrelatives who are accepted as part of the family are known as a. social kin. b. temporary kin. c. fictive kin. d. associative kin.

C

Of mothers with children under 6 years of age, __________ are in the labor force. a. very few b. a minority c. a majority d. an unknown number

C

The "empty-nest syndrome" refers to a. living by oneself after a divorce. b. childless couples. c. the departure of grown children from the home. d. the rise of one-parent families

C

To study constraints that limit individuals' options, focusing on large-scale patterns that characterize society as a whole, social scientists take a(n) a. objective perspective. b. micro-level perspective. c. macro-level perspective. d. global perspective.

C

Which of the following statements is true concerning where ethnic families live? a. Ethnic families tend to live mainly on the west coast or east coast. b. Ethnic families tend to move to areas with few other ethnic families to avoid competition for jobs. c. Ethnic families tend to cluster in areas with established immigrant communities that can help newcomers find housing and jobs. d. Federal government policies have encouraged immigrants to live in many different geographic regions.

C

Why is there no universal definition of the family? a. Very few people live in families anymore. b. Social scientists do not have enough data about the family to create a definition. c. Contemporary household arrangements are very complex. d. It is difficult to determine what types of families actually exist.

C

All of the following statements are part of the myth of the perfect marriage EXCEPT a. couples should be good providers. b. couples should be fantastic sexual partners. c. couples should be spiritual soul mates. d. couples should be of the same race and ethnicity.

D

In ________________ family structures, both partners share power and authority about equally. a. matriarchal b. patriarchal c. neolocal d. egalitarian

D

People who adhere to the "family is deteriorating" school of thought think that a. as soon as an individual realizes that she or he is unhappy in a marriage, she or he should leave. b. financial success is the most important factor in keeping families together. c. marital partners should increase their sense of entitlement and decrease their sense of duty. d. marriage should exist for the sake of children and not just for adults.

D

Polyandry may have existed in societies a. where matriarchy is the predominate family form. b. in which there is a shortage of men. c. with plentiful access to food. d. where it is difficult to accumulate property.

D

Shelby married Tracy and had two children. Tracy and the children are Shelby's family of a. orientation. b. recognition. c. origin. d. procreation

D

Since the early 1990s, increasingly young married adults have tended to live a. with the parents of the husband. b. by themselves in their own residence. c. with the parents of the wife. d. with the parents of either the wife or husband - or sometimes with the grandparents of one of the partners.

D

Televisions, videocassette recorders (VCRs), microwave ovens, and personal computers are examples of a. economic shifts. b. social movements. c. family policies. d. technological innovations.

D

The family form which consists of parents and children, as well as other kin such as uncles, aunts, nieces and nephews, cousins, and grandparents is called the a. nuclear family. b. family of procreation. c. family of orientation. d. extended family.

D

The text defines a family as an intimate group of two or more people who do all of the following EXCEPT possibly a. live together in a committed relationship. b. care for one another and any children. c. share activities and close emotional ties. d. marry.

D

The type of marriage in which one person is married exclusively to another person is called a. polygamy. b. nuclear. c. primary. d. monogamy.

D

To say that the family is a "haven in a heartless world" is to say that the family should a. be mostly self-sufficient. b. physically care for elderly family members. c. be the only group responsible for raising children. d. provide, love, nurturance, and emotional support.

D

Which group makes up one of the fastest growing households? a. married people with children. b. cohabitors with children. c. roommates. d. singles.

D

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons why it is important to have a cross-cultural and global perspective when understanding the family? a. The U.S. today is a mosaic of many cultural, religious, ethnic, racial, and socioeconomic groups. b. The world is shrinking and thus we are more likely to come into contact with family practices and customs in other cultures. c. U.S. businesses recognize the importance of understanding other societies. d. Understanding the customs of other countries supports our ideas that U.S. family forms are the norm.

D

Which of the following is a micro-level influence on the family? a. Technological innovations b. Popular culture c. Social movements d. Individual choices

D

Black women generally reject egalitarian relationships. t/f

False

Research strongly supports gender theories of socialization. t/f

False

feedback

In communication, an ongoing process in which participants and their messages produce a result and are subsequently modified by the result.

assertiveness

In conflict situations, Assertiveness refers to attempts to satisfy our own concerns.

cooperativeness

In conflict situations, cooperativeness refers to attempts one makes to satisfy concerns of others.

intimate zone

Spatial distance (0 to 18 inches in the U.S.) typically reserved for one's most intimate relationships.

contempt

Verbal or nonverbal communication with another that conveys that the recipient is undesirable. Contempt can be displayed verbally through insults, sarcasm, and mockery, or nonverbally through such expressions as rolling one's eyes.

In sharing sexual pleasure, each partner assumes __________, that is, responsibility for his or her own sexual response.

a certain role

Evolutionary perspectives stress that stratification and the division of labor in society shape gender roles. In this view, it is ____________ that produce the gendered behavior that we see.

adaptive strategies and skils

equilibrium

adjustment process to restore the family to the way it was in the past

Men are expected to have ______________ character traits like strength, self confidence, assertiveness, and ambition.

agentic

According to the ___________ perspective, men are inclined toward casual sex with many partners, whereas women are inclined to be selective and monogamous.

biosocial

From a(n) _____________ perspective, we consider that humans are designed for the purpose of transmitting their genes to the next generation.

biosocial

A practice among schoolmates involves ____________ where many cross-sexual interaction rituals are based on and reaffirm boundaries and differences between girls and boys.

borderwork

role of sex

by withholding women gain power, men use in form of rape

Gender difference in longevity has been attributed to greater risk factors for boys and men. Which of the following is NOT one of these risk factors listed in the text?

cancer

A sense of one's sexual identity begins in ___________.

childhood

what is a good predictor in marriage

communication

issues of most conflicts

communication, children, sex, money, personality, how to spend time, infidelity, housework

In the exchange perspective, what a person expects out of a relationship is referred to as _________.

comparison level

"Dial-your-mate" is a form of __________ dating service.

computerized

Asexuality differs from abstinence in that the latter is a _________________.

conscious choice

Consider the statement: "Due to social pressures, firms frequently have to hire underqualified women." This illustrates ___________ sexism.

contemporary

gottman's 5 reactions to conflict (signs divorce risk)

contempt, criticism, stonewalling (resisting partner's complaint) and belligerance (defiance challenge)

functions of nonverbal communication

convey interpersonal attitudes, express emotions, and handle the ongoing interaction

Mace's love-anger cycle

couple too close, conflict, recoild agry, back off, then move close until fight, learn about self, compromise

___________________ in language and media convey gendered expectations?

cultural images

An alternate ______ for men emphasizes adventure, sometimes coupled with violence and/or the need to outwit, humiliate, and defeat other men in barroom brawls, contact sports, and war.

cultural message

Today, __________ is/are based far more on sharing and supporting one another than on traditional gender roles.

dating

learning theory suggests

develop by observing parents and how they interact

family problems

difficulties result from societal problems

probability sample

due to random selection each person has an equal change of being chosen

satisfying sexual relationships requiere

effective sexual communication

least level of violence

egalitarian

unique black patterns

emotional vitality, realness, direct experience, mother wit

If a country establishes laws that prohibit interracial marriages, the country supports

endogamy

men when angry release

epinephrine (leads to rapid heartbeat, quicken respiration)

Biological theories of gender differences were initially offered by _________________.

ethologists

feminist theories

examine the social, economic, and political inequality between women and men in society

ecological theory

examines how a family influences and is influenced by its environment

conflict theory

examines how groups disagree, struggle for power, and compete for scarce resources

family development theory

examines the changes that families experience over their lifespans

content analysis

examining communication

A relative absence of assertiveness and ambition characterizes our expectations of women who are thought to embody ____________ character traits.

expressive

According to equity theory, attraction toward a partner is based on

fairness

A number of specific genetic differences between heterosexuals and homosexuals have been conclusively established. t/f

false

Abstinence-only education is very effective. t/f

false

Americans are more likely to approve of a gay or lesbian lifestyle than of civil rights protections for gays or lesbians. t/f

false

Contraceptive use among teens has decreased over the past five years. t/f

false

From the interactionist point of view, the notion of sexual orientation was created by nature not social interaction.

false

Gender refers only to male or female anatomy and physiology. t/f

false

Gender socialization does not begin until late toddlerhood. t/f

false

Males in foraging societies are more dominant than males in agricultural or industrial societies.

false

Men's movements are virtually non-existent in the U.S. t/f

false

More people self-identify as gay or lesbian than have taken part in sexual behavior with someone of the same sex. t/f

false

Most males contract HIV through heterosexual contact. t/f

false

One aspect of marital sex that has been consistently neglected in the research literature is sexual frequency. t/f

false

Sexual identity and gender identity are basically the same. t/f

false

Stereotypical masculine people are often thought to have communal character traits. t/f

false

feminist theory has been criticized for stressing expectations about how men and women should behave

false

too much openness

false; more disclosure = more happiness

social class and power

families perpetuate social stratification

institutional connections

family is affected by institutions such as law, politics, and the economy

Resource theory of power (Blood and Wolfe)

final say in decision making as indicator of power

Because of actual or perceived racism aimed at the African American community, it is reasonable to expect that

gay black males are likely to be bisexuals.

Dorothy perceives herself as being ultra feminine, based on society's definition of appropriate gender roles. Dorothy's perceptions are linked to her _________________.

gender identity

In all couple types - gay, lesbian, heterosexual cohabitants, and married couples- sexual satisfaction was associated with ___________.

general relationship satisfaction

By the 1930s ____________, an exclusive relationship with one person was an entrenched part of the mate selection process.

going steady

Jeff and Sonia, who have dated each other since they were sophomores, agreed in their senior year of high school to see each other exclusively. We would say that Jeff and Sonia are now

going steady

David and Susan have been married for 20 years. Both are less interested in sex than they were at the beginning of their marriage, and their sexual frequency has declined over this period of time. David and Susan's circumstances reflect what the text refers to as ___________.

habituation

Jean is attracted only to opposite-sex partners. Jean is _______.

heterosexual.

field research

highly structured and involves carefully designed projects in which data are recorded and described and converted into quantitative summaries

Brad hates homosexuals and has an aversion to homosexual behavior. His orientation is predicted on fear. It is MOST reasonable that Brad is ____________.

homophobic

Genetic heritage is expressed through __________ processes.

hormonal

The tendency to marry upward in social status is referred to as

hypergamy

Nearly 60% of all sexual assaults that take place on college campus occur where?

in the victim's living quarters.

secondary analysis of existing data

includes historical materials, personal documents, public records, and official statistics

Confidence, assertiveness, and ambition can be classified as __________ character traits?

instrumental

manifest functions

intended, obvious, clearly evident

According to the ________ perspective, children develop self-concepts based on feedback from those around them.

interaction-constructionist

According to the ___________ theoretical perspective on human sexuality, women and men are seen as being influenced by cultural messages about how we are to be sexual.

interactionist

longer eye contant signals

interest

The _________ model of sexual satisfaction explores the costs and rewards of a sexual relationship.

interpersonal exchange

__________ is the new brand of marital infidelity that emerged in the 1990s.

interpersonal exchange

African American and Latino women consider racial/ethnic as well as gender discrimination in setting their priorities. In fact, their feminist views are characterized by __________, or structural connections among race, class, and gender.

intersectionality

"Chromosomes, hormone, the internal sex structures, the gonads, and the external genitalia all vary more than most people realize." This statement complements a discussion of which of the following?

intersexuality

touch can signifiy

intimacy, immediacy, and emotional closeness

latino patterns

intimate feels not discussed openly, formality in relationships b/w spouses (no deep intimacy/intense conflict), negative feeling not expressed, nonverbal is important

Chicano/Chicana (Mexican American) activism gave ________ a central place as a distinctive cultural value.

la familia

neutral distance

latino's may be too close for anglos

Which of the following is NOT one of the major functions of dating today?

learning how to control others

Seldom are both parties equally interested in continuing their relationship. Thus the one who is least interested has an advantage. Some researchers have described this as the principle of

least interest

husband's inputs

less important in setting climate for resolve/escalate conflict

asian patterns

less verbal and expressive, rely on indirect/nonverbal communication, avoid confrontation, skirt issues

nonprobability research

little or no attempt to get a representative cross section of a population

Latino men are stereotyped as extremely patriarchal, following a cultural idea of ___________.

machismo

structural functional perspective

macro level and it examines how a society's interdependent parts work together to ensure its survival

sources of marital power

male dominance (bible), US law and marital dominance(if wife doesn't follow husband, seen as deserter), principle of least interest (partner with least interest has most power)

In Kimmel's typology of camps within the men's movement, which group emerged in the 1990s and tends not to focus on patriarchy as problematic?

masculinists

Sociologists use the term __________ to refer loosely to the wide range of behaviors and social relationships individuals engage in prior to marriage and that lead to long or short-term pairing or coupling.

mate selection

___ initiate more hand touch

men

Gender difference

men more likely to be less involved

social dominance shown through touch

men touch women more than vice versa; privilege of higher status

symbolic interaction theory

micro-level perspective that examines individuals everyday behavior

Most mainstream pornography can be considered __________, exhibiting hatred, dislike, mistrust, or general disregard for women.

misogynistic

Actual practice among conservative Christian couples appears _________.

more egalitarian than formal doctrine would suggest.

why do husbands do demand/withdraw communication more than women

more likely satisfied with status quo; avoid tension and conflict

couples who differ in education, religion, or marital history are....

more likely to have conflict

problem solving/support behavior

more negative because: 1. younger less religious come from divorce home 2. more accepting of divorce 3. greater alcohol use and infidelity

self-silencing

nearly 1/3 men and 1/4 of women; women are 4 times more likely to die within 10 years

Before 1980, the cultural expectations for men include all but which of the following?

nurturing and tenderness.

Acquaintance or date rape occurs most frequently

on college campuses.

In a(n) ______________ society, sex is defined as a physiological activity, valued for its procreative potential.

patriarchal

signification others

people in our primary groups

social exchange theory

people seek though their interactions with others to maximize their reward to minimize their costs

Sprercher and Felmlee

perceive themselves has more emo. involved feel to have less power

The mate selection process is sometimes referred to as a marketplace because

personal resources are traded and exchanged.

For a couple to assume sexual responsibility and experience freedom in sexual expression, the text emphasizes one important element in the relationship. What is this element?

planning time to be alone and intimate.

Masters and Johnson view sex as ___________ by which partners commit to expressing their sexual feelings with each other.

pleasure bond

Gay/lesbian sexuality, like heterosexual behavior, has been explored among African Americans mostly in the context of ________________.

problems

In Kimmel's typology within the men's movement, which group supports feminists in their opposition to patriarchy?

profeminists

A feminine expectation that has emerged over the past twenty years is that of the "___________ woman", independent, ambitious, and self-confident.

professional

touch

prompts disclosure

clinical research

provides in-depth information and detailed and vivid descriptions of family life

instrumental roles

providing food and shelter for family and being hardworking

expressive roles

providing the emotional support and nurturing that sustain the family unit

three most important kinds of nonverbal communication

proximity, eye contact, and touch

highest levels of violence are in

relationships that are male/female dominated

combining theories

researchers and practitioners often use several perspectives to interpret data or choose intervention strategies

quantitative research

researchers focus on a numerical analysis of people's responses or specific characteristics

The fact that a good number of Americans are married to individuals from their own neighborhoods is best explained by

residential propinquity.

In American society, which of the following does NOT tend to be associated with images of sex?

retirement

As the age of puberty has declined, the age at marriage has _________.

risen

wives

send clearer messages, give more positive/negative messages, set emotional tone, and use emotional appeals

theory

set of statements that explains why a phenomenon occurs

In the traditional dating pattern, the expected outcome for the male was

sex

In the traditional dating pattern, the expected outcome for the male was

sex.

Early sexual behvaior peaks at age five, declining thereafter until _________.

sexual attraction first manifests itself around age 11 or 12.

Jacob has a partner of the opposite sex. This behavior involves Jacob's ____________.

sexual orientation

Few transgendered men and women make the full transformation to the preferred sex because _____________ is very expensive.

sexual reassignment surgery (SRS)

From the 1970's on, parents have reported treating their sons and daughters _________.

similarly

females are more likely to

smile more, use more qualifies, tag questions, use polite tones and are less likely to use profanity and control and claim space

Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of dating?

social control of sexual expression

qualitative research

social scientists examine and interpret nonnumerical material that they then interpret

"8minuteDating" is part of a widely growing phenomenon referred to as __________ dating

speed

Which of the following is NOT one of the suggestions therapists give to couples wishing to spend intimate time alone together?

spend time discussing finances, family, or work.

communication strategy for happy couples

summarize each others words, validate feelings, clarifies to understand fully

surveys

systematically collecting data from respondents through questionnaires or interviews

In which of the following social classes would you expect parents to exercise the least control over mate selection?

the lower class

According to the text, most males and many females have the attitude that

the male use of force and aggression to have sexual intercourse is acceptable.

According to the text, more and more women are entering nontraditional occupations such as _____.

the military

Journalist Peggy Orenstein observed students in two California middle schools and found that ________________.

the participation and even antics of white boys in the classroom were considered inevitable and rewarded.

Donna, a family therapist, is explaining to her friend Betty, a 40-year-old African American female and Vice President at a large bank, that Betty is having difficulty finding a mate due to the marriage squeeze. In simple terms, what Donna means is that

there is an imbalance in the ratio of men who are eligible for marriage to women who are eligible for marriage.

if wife is satisfied at her job

there is lower conflict

what is an advantage of theories and research

they help us understand ourselves and our families

basic conflict

threaten end of relationship

According to the text, human are sexual beings ____________.

throughout their entire lives.

Traditional gender roles cause both men and women ____________.

to suffer in some way

barriers to communication include

traditional male gender role, personal reasons, fear of conflict, and absence of self awareness

Some bureaucratic forms now include a check box for "_________" as well as those for "male" and "female."

transgender

family life cycle

transitions that a family makes as it moves through a series of stages and events

African Americans are more severely affected by new cases of HIV infections than other race or ethnic groups. t/f

true

Boys and girls tend to play separately and differently. t/f

true

Differences among women or among men (within-group variation) are usually greater than the differences between men and women (between-group variation). t/f

true

Everyone who has been infected with HIV will eventually develop full blown AIDS. t/f

true

Exploratory behavior is more encouraged in boys than girls. t/f

true

From childhood to old age, people are sexual beings. t/f

true

In the interpersonal exchange model of sexual satisfaction, satisfaction is seen to depend on the costs and rewards of a sexual relationship.

true

Institutions in which virtually every society have been characterized by patriarch and male dominance. t/f

true

Lesbian relationships are the least sexualized of four kinds of couples discussed in the text. t/f

true

Many contemporary biologists have relinquished biologically deterministic models in their thinking about gender and family. t/f

true

Men are more likely to engage in extramarital affairs than women. t/f

true

Men continue to dominate corporate America. t/f

true

couples living together before marriage are more likely to divorce

true

demand withdraw is not healthy

true

theories and research are important because they help us make better decisions

true

self-disclosure builds

trust

Children are maturing about _____________ before than they were one hundred years ago.

two years earlier

According to the text, the future of dating is

uncertain

latent functions

unintended, unrecognized

developmental tasks

various role expectations and responsibilities

most effective form of communication

verbal and nonverbal should be in agreement

According to researchers, arranged marriages tend to be

very stable

family systems theory

views the family as a functioning unit that solves problems, makes decisions, and achieves collective goals

Cross-culturally and historically, it appears that ___________ societies have been characterized by some degree of male dominance.

virtually all

population

well-defined group of people that researchers want to know something about

Images of men as instrumental and women as expressive are based on ____________________.

white, middle-class, heterosexuals.

characteristics found among happy marriages

willingness to accept conflict and engage in non destructive ways, less frequent conflict and less time spent in conflict, ability to disclose feelings, expressions of equal affection, more time spent talking, ability to encode and decode accurately

In sharing sexual pleasure, partners realize that sex is something partners do ________ each other.

with

AIDS was first identified in what year?

1981

The marriage gradient refers to the

social status of each partner.

It is predicted that Americans will spend _____________ on dating services in 2013.

$1.7 billion

hall - intimate zone

0-18 inches (romantic partners, close friends, parents, young kids)

A household made up of a married parents and their biological or adopted children is called a(n) a. nuclear family. b. extended family. c. family of origin. d. dual earner household.

A

A marriage in which the couple must follow procedures specified by the state or other jurisdiction, such as buying a license, is called a a. ceremonial marriage. b. common-law marriage. c. legal marriage. d. licensed marriage

A

A(n) __________ is a category of people who have a similar standing or rank in society based on their wealth, education, power, prestige, and other valued resources. a. social class b. family of origin c. kinship system d. extended family

A

According to the "family is changing, not deteriorating" perspective, a. family problems such as desertion, out-of-wedlock birth, and child abuse have always existed. b. the mother who works outside the home is a new phenomenon. c. few single-parent families existed prior to 1950. d. divorce did not become available until the late twentieth century.

A

The text points out that the status of the family continues to spark debate among three schools of thought. Which of the following is NOT one of these schools of thought? a. the family is disappearing b. the family is deteriorating c. the family is changing, not deteriorating d. the family is stronger than ever

A

What are the two demographic changes that have had the most far-reaching consequences for family life? a. declining birthrates and an increase in the average age of the population b. more marriages and a decline in birthrates c. shorter life expectancy and higher divorce rates d. higher divorce rates and an increase in the average age of the population

A

Which of the following is NOT a reason why singles make up one of the fastest growing groups? a. Many young adults no longer value marriage. b. Many young adults are postponing marriage. c. People are more likely than in the past to outlive a partner. d. Older women who are divorced or widowed remarry at much older rates than do older men.

A

Which of the following is a macro-level level influence on the family? a. economic forces b. contraceptive practices c. difficulty balancing various roles d. communication styles among married partners

A

Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning self-sufficiency and the American family? a. Few families—past or present—have been entirely self-sufficient. b. Most families in the past were entirely self-sufficient. c. Middle class families tend to prosper because they are self-sufficient. d. Only the poorest families tend to need help from the government.

A

demand-withdraw communication

A communication pattern in which one person makes an effort to engage the other person in a discussion of some issue of importance. The one raising the issue may criticize, complain, or suggest a need for change in the other's behavior or in the relationship. In response, the other party withdraws by either leaving the discussion, failing to reply, or changing the subject.

A primary group is characterized by

Close intimate relationships

nonverbal communication

Communication of emotion by means other than words, such as touch, body movement, and facial expression.

A socially approved mating relationship that people expect to be stable and enduring" is a definition of

Marriage

marital heterogamy

Marriage of two people from different backgrounds and/or with different demographic characteristics.

personal space

More common distance (1.5 to 4 feet in U.S.) at which people interact. One's personal space is the spatial zone just beyond the intimate zone, within which one can access a variety of sensory information (e.g., scent, touch, etc.)

proximity

Nearness to another in terms of both physical space and time.

nonbasic conflict

Pronounced disagreement about nonfundamental or situational issues. Cf. basic conflict.

homogamous

Relationship characteristic wherein partners or spouses share common demographic or personality characteristics

power

The ability to exert one's will, influence, or control over another person or group.

honeymoon effect

The tendency of newly married couples to overlook problems, including communication problems.

resolving conflicts by

active listening, compromise, agreement, assertion, supporting, and reason

In China, the mating process changed considerably during the 1990s, due to

a dramatic decrease in the number of marriageable women.

Current controversy centers on whether sex education should be "abstinence-only" or "___________________" (also termed "comprehensive").

abstinence-plus

satisfied couple

accepts nondestructive conflict, discloses more, talks more, and accurately decodes messages

Contrary to internet and media reports,, researchers point out that there is no evidence of ___________.

an infidelity epidemic

In Kimmel's typology of camps within the men's movement, which group works to counter feminist interests by attending to men's rights?

anti feminists

Contemporary sexism denies that gender discrimination persists and includes the belief that women _________.

are asking for too much

Children receive most of their sexual knowledge ____________.

at home from mothers and female family members.

experiment

attempts to demonstrate cause and effect, usually inexpensive

why should we study the family?

because theories and research help us understand why things happen/what we don't know can hurt us

women solve things by

being emotionally expressive

According to the text, a woman lives with a ___________ or a divided awareness that caregiving is most important to her, but it is not highly valued in society.

bifurcated consciousness