Marriage & Family Final
Psychologists Nathaniel Branden and Robert Sternberg have developed some rules for nourishing a romantically loving relationship. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
Be bluntly honest
The text points out that some scholars view the authoritarian/permissive/authoritative parenting model as
Biased and ethnocentric or Eurocentric.
The good divorce does not end a family but instead produces a __________—two households, one family
Binuclear family
The good divorce does not end a family but instead produces a __________—two households, one family.
Binuclear family
Which of the following is NOT one of the types of post-divorce relationships identified by Ahrons?
Bitter Pills
During the 1990s, declines in the teen birth rate were especially large for __________ women.
Black
According to classification by researchers Huston and Melz, which type of marriage is low on showing signs of love and affection but also low on antagonism?
Bland, or empty shell
The authors of this text choose not to use the once-familiar term __________ in this chapter because family therapists and other stepfamily experts have concluded that stepfamilies do not readily __________.
Blended family/blend
Cohabiting stepfamilies are more likely to experience __________ than are remarried stepfamilies.
Boundary Ambiguity
Which of the following is NOT included in the text's discussion of daily family hassles?
Death of a close relative
An important goal from the marital __________ perspective is to return to a society more in line with the values and norms of companionate marriage.
Decline
The proportion of children under age eighteen living with two married parents __________ over the past 30 years.
Declined steadily
The divorce rate has ________ in the last two decades.
Decreased
__________ means preparing to defend oneself against what one presumes is an upcoming attack.
Defensiveness
According to the most systematic investigation, marital complaints made by both men and women are usually about
Deficiencies in the emotional quality of the marriage.
In the face of a crisis, family members may be numbed by the new or sudden stress and, in a process of denial, go about their business as if the event had not occurred. Gradually, however, they begin to assimilate the reality of the crisis and to appraise the situation. Then, the text points out, the period of __________ sets in.
Disorganization
Christina is angry with her husband John for spending too much time and energy on his business endeavors, but she expresses hatred for his very expensive car. This is an illustration of
Displacement
Jimmy is an adoptive child. Before his adoption was finalized, he was returned to the agency that handled his case. This reflects which of the following?
Disrupted-adoption
Ruth is an adoptive child. After her adoption was finalized, she was returned to the agency that handled her case. This reflects which of the following?
Dissolved Adoption
Today, the vast majority of remarrieds have been __________.
Divorced
According to the text, the nuclear-family model
Does not work well for most families
Over the past decade, there has been a _____ in fathers who have joint physical custody.
Dramatic Increase
Most research presents a consistent picture of post-divorce __________ for women.
Economic Decline
In Amato's typology, the __________ perspective holds that financial difficulties brought about by marital dissolution is primarily responsible for the problems faced by children of divorce.
Economic Hardship
Traditionally in American society, children were viewed as
Economic assets
A divorce might evoke feelings of _____, at least at first.
Elation
Louisiana, Arizona and Arkansas became the first states to
Enact a covenant marriage law
As adolescents search for identity and begin to define who they are and will be as adults, they need help from their parents. Which one of these is NOT a need listed by the text?
Financial incentive
Families whose members choose to be __________ in roles and leadership meet crises creatively.
Flexible
Which of the following is NOT one of the factors mentioned in the text for meeting a crisis creatively?
Formal social support
Louise Brown, the first "test tube" baby, ___________ in 2006.
Gave birth to her first child
The text explores three areas in which the stepfamily is likely to seem an incomplete institution, with ambiguous norms. Which of the following is NOT one of these areas?
Gender Roles
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in the last 50 years, the marriage rate has __________.
Generally Declined
A study of alcoholic families found that adult children of alcoholics who came from families that __________ were less likely to become alcoholics themselves.
Had maintained family dinners and other rituals
Sociologist Judith Wallerstein conducted lengthy interviews with 50 predominantly white, middle-class couples in northern California. In order to participate, both husband and wife had to define their marriage as
Happy
Marriage was originally a social institution directed toward the practical purposes of economic support and responsible child rearing. Today, marriage tends to be viewed as a
Happy, emotionally supportive relationship
Most observers (though not all) conclude that the divorce rate ___________.
Has stabilized for the time being
For prospective parents who seek to time their parenthood earlier or later in life, what advice does the text give?
Have an awareness of the trade-offs—having children is a challenge at any age!
Some everyday family stressors are unique to low-income families. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
Having a large family Christmas
Studies show that good parenting involves at least four factors. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
Having siblings who are experienced with parenting
According to the text, a stepfather can react to difficulties in finding a place in a new family in at least four ways. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
He may become a "shrinking violet."
Relatively low role ambiguity has been associated with
Higher remarital satisfaction, especially for wives
When compared with teens in married, two-biological-parent homes, those in single-parent and cohabiting families are more likely to experience all EXCEPT which of the following?
Higher teen pregnancy rates
______ have more negative attitudes toward divorce.
Hispanics
John and Danielle were constantly using criticism, passive-aggressive behavior, and contempt during their fights, and they hadn't said any words of love or touched each other for months. According to Huston and Melz, which type of marriage do they have?
Hostile
According to the text, the high expectations inherent in an individualistic marriage may be associated with several societal results. Which of the following is NOT one of these results
More early marriages and pregnant teens
Many fathers are ______ than several decades ago.
More emotionally involved
The text lists several advantages to earlier parenthood. Which is NOT among them?
More time to pursue a career before having children
The text uses which of the following terms in referring to the low point of family disorganization?
Nadir
The proportion of one-child families in America appears to be growing due to at least three factors. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
Negative personal experiences with siblings from childhood
Nearly half of all single-parent families are __________.
Non-Hispanic White
The new image of a "good" father in today's society says that fathers __________.
Not only take financial responsibility but also are actively involved in child care
In most states, stepparents are __________ provide contributions.
Not required to support their spouses' children financially, although most voluntarily choose to
Another challenge to remarried families is that roles of stepchild and stepparent are __________.
Not well defined, clearly understood or fully agreed upon
Interviews with stepfamily members reveal that definitions of family between parents and children and between siblings
Often differ
Research on communication patterns in stepfamilies reveals several different communication patterns. In which pattern do the child and the biological/adoptive parent maintain interaction, but the stepparent remains pretty much irrelevant to the child's life?
Outsider Triad
In Amato's typology, the __________ perspective stresses the quality of parenting in terms of children's adjustment to divorce.
Parental adjustment
The _______ perspective assumes that a family with both parents living in the same household is the optimal environment for children's development.
Parental loss
Children of divorce also are more likely to have been _____ meaning they were forced to take on adult responsibilities before they were developmentally mature enough to handle them.
Parentified
The text lists several advantages to having a one-child family. Which of the following is NOT one of these advantages?
Parents can buy fewer Christmas and birthday presents
In Europe, requirements for women's sexual exclusivity emerged to maintain the ______ line of descent.
Patriarchal
There is a lack of bereavement display and support rituals (including the omission of a funeral) for families who are suffering from __________.
Perinatal loss
Bill and JoAnn have recently married and have made a commitment to each other that they will keep each other as the most important people in their lives, and stay together as long as they live. Bill and JoAnn's joint commitment reflects the expectations of
Permanence
The __________ parent's style is indulgent, and often leads to the classic "spoiled child."
Permissive
Which parenting style is characterized by low parental monitoring and low parental warmth?
Permissive-emotional neglect
Which parenting style is characterized by low parental monitoring but high parental warmth?
Permissive-indulgent
_________ includes not just the stressor but also previously existing family strains and future hardships induced by the stressor event.
Pileup
_____ is a type of polygamy wherein a woman has multiple husbands.
Polyandry
_____ is a marriage form found in more places and at more times than any other.
Polygyny
Joline and David have been married for several years. They respond to each other warmly, with interest, affection, and shared humor. Joline and David's behavior reflects
Positive affect
A _______ , or social support from family and friends, is associated with children's better adjustment.
Private safety net
Single mothers often have a ___________, or social support from family and friends.
Private safety net
For as long as most people can remember, the words "teenage pregnancy" have been associated with which word?
Problem
The Multi-Ethnic Placement Act of 1994 and the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997
Prohibit delay or denial in placement of children on the basis of race, color, or national origin of the parents.
In American society, having children is taken for granted, whereas not having children seems to need a justification. This reflects a
Pronatalist bias
Brad and Jan have recently adopted a child through a licensed agency. This example reflects __________ adoption.
Public
One stepfamily scholar (Papernow) has suggested a seven-stage model of stepfamily development. Which of the following is NOT one of the stages in this model?
Rebeliion
A consequence of remarriage, which have higher divorce rates than first marriages, is an emerging trend of
Redivorce
One study cited in the text looked at the general character of postdivorce extended-kin relationships. This investigation found that, in half the cases, the kinship system included __________ of divorce and of remarriage.
Relatives
Ethnicity is often associated with __________.
Religious Beliefs
In 2006, a Gallup Poll revealed that, in reference to the Roe v. Wade decision, a majority of Americans believe that the decision should
Remain the law of the land
Deborah Tannen argues that men typically engage in conversation aimed mainly at conveying information, which she refers to as
Report Talk
Which of the following is NOT one of the consequences of the Child Support Amendments to the Social Security Act, the Family Support Act, and other governmental child support provisions?
Required ex-spouses to pay child support that reflects at least 50 percent of their tax-adjusted income
Families capable of "doing well in the face of adversity" are called families.
Resilient
Sociologist Andrew Cherlin suggests that the U.S.'s high divorce rates may be in part a reflection of a broad sense of ____ unique to American culture.
Restlessness
Which sociologist proposed the ABC-X family crisis model?
Reuben Hill
After declining during the 1990s, nonmarital birthrates have
Risen again to an all-time high
Which United States Supreme Court decision legalized abortion throughout the United States?
Roe vs. Wade
Mark is angry because his wife invited friends over when he wanted to relax. He decides to act bored during the entire evening. Mark's behavior reflects
Sabatoge
Children in high-conflict marriages
Seem to benefit from a divorce
Rhonda and Javier have recently married and have agreed that they will only have sexual relations with each other. This agreement reflects the expectations of
Sexual Exclusivity
The text points out that couples who communicate mutual affection create a contagious "__________ effect" so that the household atmosphere becomes one of emotional support.
Spiraling
Which of the following is NOT one of the five major social institutions as identified by social scientists?
Sports
Evidence shows that children, especially when they are young, tend to have which of the following influences on marriage?
Stabilization
The text points out that remarriages dissolve at higher rates than first marriages, especially for remarried couples who have
Stepchildren
In the ABC-X family crisis model, "A" is the
Stessor event
Joe refuses to listen to his wife Paulette and is particularly resistant to considering her complaints. Joe's behavior illustrates
Stonewalling
The text points out that something must happen to cause family stress or to precipitate a family crisis. That something is what social scientists call a
Stressor
With a group of other married couples, Melissa and Bobby regularly exchange partners in order to engage in purely recreational sex. This reflects a practice known as
Swinging
Significant changes have taken place in American childbearing patterns in the decades since World War II. Which is NOT one of these changes discussed by the text?
Teen pregnancies are on the rise
Josh and Lizzie were always very physical and lovey-dovey with each other, but they also fought often, sometimes getting loud and physical in their anger. According to Huston and Melz, which type of marriage do they have?
Tempestuos
What was formerly known as Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) is now a federal aid program called
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
As wards of the court, foster children are financially supported by
The State
Which of the following nations has the highest total fertility rate among developed nations?
The United States
Middle-class Americans often dream of attaining "the white picket fence." That is, they see marriage as an opportunity for idealized domesticity within the "haven" of their own single-family home. Which marriage does this describe?
The companionate marriage bond
The text urges consideration of various points in easing the transition from single-parent to stepfamily status. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
Try as best you can to replace a lost parent
Statistics on stepfamilies are difficult to attain, and the statistics we do have are probably
Underestimates
When neither spouse enters a remarriage with children, the couple's union is usually
Very much like a first marriage
Withdrawing from friends and kin __________ a family's ability to meet a crisis.
Weakens
When a group of researchers cited in the text examined the relationship between actual divorces and perceived barriers to divorce, they found that only three of the nine barriers studied were associated with a lower likelihood of divorce. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
When the parties involved realize something must be done
Which of these does your text NOT list as a factor influencing how new parents view their babies?
Whether the pregnancy was planned or unplanned
Which of the following categories does NOT represent the large majority of youngsters now handled by adoption agencies?
White infants who are not developmentally disabled
The increase in childbearing among older single women is largely a(n) __________ phenomenon.
White, middle class
Research based on a national representative sample of more than 10,000 U.S. teens found that the negative effects of divorce and living with a single mother were less serious for black and Hispanic adolescents than they were for ______.
Whites
In a recent book on men and communication called I Don't Want to Talk About It, therapist Terrence Real attributes males' withdrawal to
A "secret legacy of depression"
In __________ there "is an imbalance between pressure and supports."
A family crisis
Mike has agreed to go out to eat with his wife Ellen, but at the same time yawns and says that he is tired and had a hard day at work. Mike's behavior illustrates
A mixed, or double message
The text points out that as family members separate and then join new families formed by remarriage, the new kin do not so much replace as __________ kin from the first marriage.
Add to
"Jumping the broom," is an __________ wedding tradition that symbolized the wife's commitment to her new household.
African American
In which of the following race/ethnic categories are children least likely to be living in two-parent families?
African American
The __________ middle class remains vulnerable to discrimination.
African American
According to the text, negotiating family boundary changes is particularly difficult when the loss of a family member is
Ambiguous
The text characterizes the components of a "common remarriage courtship pattern." Which of the following is NOT one of these components?
An adaptation period allowing for the adjustment of stepchildren
The text offers several explanations for the drop in overall fertility levels. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
An increase in sexual abstinence
During the period of disorganization, family members face the decision of whether to express or to smother any __________ they may have.
Angry feelings
Children who have experienced disrupted or dissolved adoption events may suffer from what is called __________ disorder.
Attachment
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that about one in 110 children in the United States has some degree of
Autism
As part of a patriarchal legal system, fathers were ______ until the mid-nineteenth century.
Automatically given custody
The text highlights some key points to consider when a person is contemplating entering a steprelationship. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
Avoid discussing the changes remarriage will bring with your children.
A key difference between swinging and polyamory is that in the case of polyamory, outside relationships
Can be emotional as well as sexual
There seems to be a connection between childlessness and _____________
Career Commitment
Policy advocates from a marital __________ perspective are mainly concerned about the high number and proportions of parents and children living in poverty.
Change
According to the text, contempt, criticism, defensiveness, stonewalling, and belligerence
Characterize unhappy marriages and signal impending divorce.
Studies comparing marriages with and without children consistently report marital happiness to be higher in
Child-free unions
__________ lower the likelihood of remarriage for both men and women.
Children
Arranged marriage has characterized __________ societies.
Collectivistic
One example of crisis-meeting resources is found in __________, like the Americans with Disabilities Act, which parent groups helped to pass.
Community resources
In a(n) __________ marriage, the husband was expected mainly to be a hard-working provider, and the wife a good housekeeper and cook.
Companionate
Research on communication patterns in stepfamilies reveals several different communication patterns. In which pattern does communication flow freely, involving all members of the stepfamily equally?
Complete Triad
Today, the rural-urban distinction in divorce has
Completely Disappeared
In explaining Asian American children's superior high school performance, a few Asian American social scientists have offered alternative concepts that emphasize indigenous __________, which blends parental love, concern, involvement, and physical closeness with strict and firm control.
Confucian training doctrine
Families are more adaptable when
Conjugal power is fairly egalitarian.
The feeling that one's spouse is inferior or undesirable reflects
Contempt
ENRICH and PREP are training programs for married couples that emphasize
Couple Communication
Which of the following options requires spouses to prove fault or live apart for a certain length of time in order to obtain a divorce?
Covenant marriage
The text's definition of crisis encompasses three interrelated ideas. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
Crises necessarily lead to catastrophe
__________ involves making disapproving judgments or evaluations of one's partner.
Criticism
Folktales like Snow White, Cinderella, and Hansel and Gretel reflect the view of stepmothers as
Cruel, vain, selfish, competitive, and even abusive.
The cultural equivalent approach that compares African American parents with other ethnic groups can be seen as
Eurocentric
Which of the following is NOT a sign of family disorganization?
Everyone cooks, eats, and goes to work like normal
Parents and children, along with other relatives such as in-laws, grandparents, aunts and uncles, and cousins are included in the __________ family.
Extended
Those who view individualized marriage as __________ say that those who look back with nostalgia to the good old days may be idealizing the past.
Family Change
Policy advocates from a __________ perspective are concerned with the breakdown of the family including money spent on welfare.
Family Decline
Those who view individualized marriage as __________ assert that our culture's unchecked individualism has cause widespread moral weakening and self-indulgence.
Family Decline
When a family member becomes addicted to alcohol, the entire family system is affected. Which theoretical perspective views a family as such?
Family Systems
"When family members are uncertain in their perception of who is in or out of the family or who is performing what roles and tasks within the family system," this is a state called __________.
Family boundary ambiguity
Those who view individualized marriage as __________ say that those who look back with nostalgia to the good old days may be idealizing the past
Family change
Dealing with the experience of a family who is trying to adjust to sending the youngest child off to college illustrates which theoretical perspective?
Family development
Which theoretical perspective views many causes of family stress as originating outside the family, such as in the family's neighborhood or workplace?
Family ecology
Brenda and John have recently changed jobs, moved to a new neighborhood, and welcomed the birth of their third child. Using the definition provided in the text, it is safe to say that Brenda and John are experiencing
Family stress
_____ is a state of tension that arises when demands test or tax a family's capabilities.
Family stress
Which theoretical perspective views the family as a living thing, with each component influencing all of the others?
Family systems
In the ABC-X family crisis model, "B" is the
Family's ability to cope with a crisis
In the ABC-X family crisis model, "C" is the
Family's appraisal of the stressor-event
There are_____ social, moral, and legal constraints on divorce than in the past.
Far fewer
Some groups have friends who are so close that they are hardly distinguished from actual relatives. These relationships are referred to as "__________" kin.
Fictive
The text observes that although it may not affect marital quality, employment might nevertheless contribute to a divorce by giving an unhappily married woman the economic power, the increased independence, and the self-confidence to help her decide on divorce. This set of circumstances illustrates what is called the __________ effect.
Independence
The United States is increasingly __________, where romantic love is valued in marriage.
Individualistic
From the __________ theoretical perspective, the way that a family defines, appraises, or interprets a crisis-precipitating event can, at times, have as much or more to do with members' ability to cope as with the character of the event itself.
Interactionist
Which theoretical perspective views families as shaping family traditions and family members' self-concepts and identities?
Interactionsist
Family systems theory emphasizes __________ in family relationships
Interdependence
In Amato's typology, the __________ perspective holds that conflict between parents prior to, during, and after the divorce is responsible for the lowered well-being of children of divorce.
Interparental conflict
The ___________ perspective holds that conflict between parents is responsible for the lowered well-being of children of divorce.
Interparental conflict
Which of the following concepts indicates the condition of wanting to conceive and bear a child but being physically unable to do so?
Involuntary infertility
Considerable research supports the overall conclusion that growing up with married parents
Is better for children
In the __________ custody variation in joint custody agreements, both parents have the right to participate in important decisions and retain a symbolically important legal authority, with physical custody (that is, residential care of the child) going to just one parent.
Joint Legal
In order to obtain a divorce when a couple has a covenant marriage, fault must be proven. Which of the following is NOT one of the examples given by the text as "fault," or justification for divorce?
Lack of domestic skills
The text lists several advantages to later parenthood. Which is NOT one of these?
Late mothers were eager to become grandmothers
Chuck and Lisa arranged an adoption with a birth mother through an attorney. This example reflects all EXCEPT which of the following types of adoption?
Lawyer-assisted
In accordance with the stress model of parental effectiveness, single mothers have several stressors which can lead to less effective parenting behaviors. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
Less education
Wallerstein and her colleagues followed their sample of children of divorce for ten years. In terms of the impact of divorce on these children ten years later and after, the overall impression left by their research is one of
Loss
One reason for the decline in marriages in the U.S. is that Americans increasingly expect to find __________ in marriage.
Love
Research clearly indicates that the tactics associated with winning in a particular conflict are also those associated with
Lower marital satisfaction
Which of the following terms in the textbook refers to the duration of marriage?
Marital stability
In the United States, __________ remains the most socially acceptable—and stable—gateway to family life.
Marriage
Jack and Judy have worked out a divorce settlement through an alternative, non-adversarial means of dispute resolution, and with the assistance of a
Mediator
Scholars have investigated everyday stressors that are unique to certain professions. Which of the following type of family is "subjected to unique stressors, such as repeated relocations that often include international sites, frequent separations of service members from families, and subsequent reorganizations of family life during reunions?"
Military
Historically, well into the twentieth century, almost all stepfamilies were formed after
The death of a spouse
Family sociologist Andrew Cherlin has noted that time-honored family definitions and social norms "count for far less" than in the past. He calls this__________.
The deinstitutionalization of marriage
Some religions, such as Catholicism, do not recognize a remarriage after divorce unless
The first marriage has been annulled.
Couples are "yoked" together by high expectations for permanence, bolstered by the strong social control of extended kin and community. Which does this describe?
The institutional marriage bond
The crude divorce rate is
The number of divorces per 1,000 population
Upper-class, highly-educated parents are more likely to emphasize concerted cultivation, which is
The overall development of their child's talents and potential.
The text indicates that perhaps the most significant factor in the comparative instability of remarriages is
The presence of stepchildren
Historically, marriage and family had two important functions: (1) guaranteeing property rights, and (2) _________.
The responsible upbringing of children
The text points out that being frequently spanked in childhood is NOT linked to
The responsible use of alcohol and other drugs
Several factors influence how family members define a stressful situation. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
The sociobiological backgrounds of the members themselves
Research shows that distressed marital couples are distinguished by
Their negative exchanges during conflict
In remarriage, women may trade child raising for enhanced economic security. This is referred to in the text as ___________.
Traditional exchange
The stepmother role has been described as the "stepmother ________."
Trap
Unwed birthrates are highest among
Young women in their twenties