Marriage and Family Midterm

Today there are approximately ________ same-sex couple households in the United States.

1 million

About what percentage of married couples in the U.S. are same-sex couples?

1 percent

Polygamy has been illegal in the United States since

1878

About __________ million children under age 18 live in single-parent households.

20

Today, women compose approximately __________ percent of Congress.

24

Single-person households now make up __________ percent of U.S. households.

28

Research suggests that _____ percent of young males have been victims of physical violence.

35

Today, only about __________ percent of American households fit the 1950s nuclear family ideal of a married couple with children, where only the husband is employed.

5%

Almost __________ percent of young adults say they believe in one true love.

75

In the year 2016, the sex ratio was about 96 men for every 100 women in the United States. Why is this important to the study of marriage and the family?

A high rate of heterosexual marriage presumes matching numbers of males and females in a population.

T/F: Gender socialization does not begin until late toddlerhood.

False

What is meant by the term postmodern family?

Families today exhibit a multiplicity of forms.

According to family historian Stephanie Coontz, the institution of marriage has changed from being seen as the fundamental unit of work and politics to being __________.

a haven in a heartless world

In general, social scientists find that the most stable marriages are those that are homogamous in__________.

age, education, religion and race

The importance of the male provider role is a powerful theme in _______.

all race/ethnic groups

To help accomplish ethical standards, most researchers now must have their research plans reviewed by_________.

an institutional review board (IRB)

Which category (all ages) is least likely to live alone?

asian and hispanics

Research has shown that individuals gradually filter, or sort out, those who they think would not make the best life partner; for instance, women place importance on potential financial success in a mate. This is an example of which concept?

assortative mating

With few cross-cultural or historical exceptions, marriages have been expected to

be lifelong undertakings

As families have become less traditional, the legal definition of a family has

become more flexible

According to the text, a woman lives with a(n) __________ or a divided awareness that caregiving is most important to her but it is not highly valued in society.

bifurcated consciousness

Personal experience provides us with information, but it can also act as _________, which is why we need scientific study.

blinders

A practice among schoolmates involves _______, in which students patrol and maintain gendered expectations of masculine boys and feminine girls.

borderwork

While family members increasingly encourage girls to develop instrumental skills, _________.

boys are still discouraged from cultivating tenderness

Family _________ theorists posit that today's family forms need to be seen as historically expected adjustments to changing conditions.

change

Policy advocates from a marital __________ perspective are mainly concerned about the high number and proportions of parents and children living in poverty.

change

Comparing children's well-being in married families with that of those in one-parent families, Linda Waite found that children from married families had several strengths. Which of the following is NOT one of her findings?

children had a higher IQ and were more creative

Arranged marriage has been the tradition in __________ societies, where decisions are made based on strong extended family ties.

collectivist

Which of the following is NOT a style of relating, according to attachment theory?

complaint

Robert Winch proposed the theory of __________, whereby people are attracted to partners whose needs complement their own.

complementary needs

In an experiment, the ______ group receives no special intervention.

control

Native American women's political power ________ with European invasion.

declined

Deciding about, rather than sliding into, a situation involves looking at the alternatives, not just picking the ________ choice.

easiest

Jane married a man from her own social group. Her marital behavior illustrates

endogamy

According to the__________ perspective, dating couples choose either to stay committed or to break up by weighing the rewards of their relationship against its costs.

exchange

Warmth, sensitivity, tenderness, and placing concern about others' welfare above self-interest can be classified as __________ character traits.

expressive

A majority of unmarried families live in poverty.

false

Our beliefs about families, based on our own personal experience, are usually accurate.

false

Research reveals that women almost never engage in physical aggression in male-female relationships.

false

T/F: In most cases, marriage alone is sufficient to alleviate poverty.

false

T/F: Only 50 percent of Americans approve of black-white marriages.

false

T/F:The term transgendered implies that the individual is either homosexual or bisexual.

false

Policy advocates from a __________ perspective are concerned with the breakdown of the family including money spent on welfare.

family decline

________________ is made up of the ideas and feelings about the uniqueness and value of one's family unit, which often emerges in family traditions, rituals and celebrations.

family identity

A recent study among immigrants found that relationships "based not on blood or marriage but rather on religious rituals or close friendship ties" can serve as a functional alternative to the nuclear family. According to the text, what are these relationships called?

fictive kin

A significant disadvantage of using case studies is that_________.

findings and conclusions may be highly subjective

A highly masculine male who paints his fingernails pink is BEST described as an example of _________.

gender bending

The idea that there are naturally two very distinct genders is called

gender dichotomy

Michael is a stay-at-home father and feels pressure from society to watch football on TV, enjoy action movies, play basketball on the weekends, and bring home a bigger paycheck than his corporate executive wife. What is this societal pressure called?

gender expectations

Representative samples (like Gallup polls) are important to family survey research because the results can be ________ to the national population of the sample.

generalized

Propinquity is also known as

geographic availability

Economic _________has affected bread-winning and consumption in American families.

globalization

More than__________ of all nonmarital births occur to cohabiting couples.

half

the divorce rate

has been in decline since 1980

__________ refers to marriage between those who are different in race, age, education, religious background, or social class.

heterogamy

Research has compared adolescents living in married, two-biological-parent families with those who have lived with a cohabiting parent. Those adolescents who have lived with a cohabiting parent are more likely to experience all EXCEPT which of the following?

higher academic test scores

When compared with teens in married, two-biological-parent homes, those in single-parent and cohabiting families are more likely to experience all EXCEPT which of the following?

higher teen pregnancy rates

Friendship networks tend to be highly ______, encouraging similar people to meet and interact.

homogeneous

The Census Bureau uses which of the following terms to describe a person or a group of people residing together?

household

Family researchers will often generate a __________, or educated guess about the way things are, based on their theoretical orientation.

hypothesis

According to psychologist Beverly Smallwood, which of the following is NOT one of the most common love myths?

individuals are not able to change who they really are

In 1967, in the case of Loving v. Virginia, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that

interracial marriage must be considered legally valid in all states

What is the primary reason, according to the text, that the transition to adulthood has become elongated?

it takes longer to earn enough to support a family

The text points out that the social institutions of marriage and the family have become _________________ since the mid-twentieth century.

less predictable

Collecting data over a period of years using documented materials would reflect a(n)_________.

longitudinal study

Consider this statement: "If I can get him/her to do what I want done, then I'll be sure he/she loves me." This reflects

manipulation

In discussing the importance of friendships for single individuals, the text points out that__________.

men may be more open and disclosing with a female friend

The child population of the United States is ________ racially and ethnically diverse than the adult population.

more

Compared to married couples, cohabiters are all EXCEPT which of the following?

more sexually conservative

The text reports that _________ percent of first marriages were preceded by cohabitation.

more than 50

The level of domestic violence in cohabiting relationships is__________.

much higher than that within marriage

Of the components of consummate love, which is the quickest to develop and the quickest to fade?

passion

In Europe, requirements for women's sexual exclusivity emerged to maintain the ______ line of descent.

patriarchal

A type of polygamy wherein a woman has multiple husbands is __________.

polyandry

__________, or having more than one spouse, is culturally accepted in many parts of the world.

polygamy

Particularly among college-educated women, parenthood is _________.

postponed

Which of the following is a path young adults took in response to the recession?

postponed marriage

According to the text, permanence and sexual exclusivity are two every important elements of the marriage

premise

Among immigrants, males may lose some masculine _______ because of the changing gender roles upon entering the United States.

privilege

It is not uncommon for young couples to be on-again, off-again, a pattern relationship experts refer to as__________.

relationship churning

Statistics on women in politics highlight that women, who make up more than 50 percent of the U.S. population, are ________ in high government positions.

significantly underrepresented

Social scientists have defined the family as a(n) __________—a fundamental component of social organization.

social institution

The view that the family is an enduring social institution because of the important tasks it performs for society—economic security, emotional support, socialization of children—is the __________ perspective.

structure-functional

When conducting __________, researchers ask a series of structured, or closed-ended questions.

surveys

Once a couple starts to date, ______ are viewed as places to make an emotional connection and publicize the romance.

texting and social media

The text indicates that perhaps the most important task for unmarried individuals of both genders is__________.

the development of strong social networks

Marriage partners now expect love and emotional intimacy, open communication, role flexibility, gender equality, and personal growth. Which does this describe?

the individualized marriage bond

What was the first country to allow same-sex partners to legally marry?

the netherlands

Historically, marriage and family had two important functions: (1) guaranteeing property rights and (2) _________.

the responsible upbringing of children

Compared to marrieds, cohabitants pool their money __________.

to a lesser extent

Persons who change gender identity are referred to as _________.

transgender

Individuals who change their physical anatomy through sex-reassignment surgery are _________.

transsexuals

Single-person households now represent around a quarter of American households.

true

Some people live together because they are morally or politically opposed to the institution of marriage.

true

T/F In general, singles of both sexes have been less likely than marrieds to say that they were happy with their lives.

true

T/F: Polyamory refers to marriages in which one or both spouses retain the option to sexually and emotionally love others in addition to their spouse.

true

The number of one-person households has increased dramatically over the past thirty years.

true

Women now surpass men in the proportion of the total population that are college graduates.

true

Cohabiting couples are __________ as likely as marrieds to be interracial.

twice

The conflict and feminist theories call attention to __________ within groups—including families—and within the larger society.

unequal power