Mass Comm Korpi Chapter 3

Which of the following did NOT begin in the 2000s? GeoCities MySpace YouTube Friendster Facebook

GeoCities

Which of these is the most likely to measure while investigating individual uses of media? Societal change. Economics. Stability. Gratification.

Gratification

Media can serve functions for you even when you do not pay close attention to the stories, entertainment, or whatever you are being exposed to.

True

Assuming you read with equal care, you are most likely to spot typographical errors when: You have a clear script or schema. You have no expectations about the material. You have clear expectations about the material. You are not searching for such errors.

You have no expectations about the material.

The First World is the world in your head.

false

The differences between entertainment content in the media and news or information content is not nearly as important as most people believe in explaining how and why people construct the worlds in their heads.

false

The docudrama is a unique phenomenon in television; it is the only time we get a mix of fact and fiction in one program.

false

The earliest recognized device for computing was the astrolabe.

false

Unlike in radio (and besides the use of telephones for their offices), television networks made little use of the telephone infrastructure because it lacked the necessary bandwidth for video.

false

survey research can clearly establish cause and effect between media exposure and people's behavior

false

If you reward something, you get more of the behavior you want and if you punish something you get less of it.

false?

Except in extremely unusual cases, any one bit of information about a topic has only an imperceptible effect on the world in your head.

true

Few, if any, of your meanings were constructed on the basis of information from a single message in isolation.

true

One reason digital is so pervasive in communication technology is that computers are good at digital.

true

The Westley-MacLean model points up the fact that, in any form of mass communication, information goes through a series of gatekeepers.

true

The inventor of "frequency hopping" didn't make a dime from this incredibly important invention.

true

Who is generally considered the first computer programmer? Charles Babbage Alan Turing Grace Hopper Ada Lovelace Carrie Ann Philbin

Ada Lovelace

When the media provide relaxation for the tense, diversion and stimulation for the bored, and enjoyment for all of us, what general function are they serving for us? Ritualizing our lives. Cultural socialization. Facilitating social cohesion. Aiding emotional release.

Aiding emotional release.

Which of the following is an example of ambient computing?? Smartphones. Analytical software. Meme apps. Alexa.

Alexa.

What competitor to iPhone technology managed to balance the smartphone market? Microsoft. Nokia. BlackBerry. Android.

Android.

When people are made aware of the fact they are not behaving in a way that their knowledge and attitudes indicate they should, internal pressure is aroused to change either that behavior, that knowledge, or that attitude. This is the basic assumption of what theory? Attitude Change theory. Script of Schema theory. Arousal theory. Consistency theory.

Consistency theory.

Which of the following would most likely cause narcotizing dysfunction? Constant news information being delivered at every avenue of media interaction. A steady flow of important, facts-based information. Repeated ads for a political campaign. Word-of-mouth advertising.

Constant news information being delivered at every avenue of media interaction.

It is helpful to think of each of us, or each of our societies, as a type of system because we can then try to: A - Explain the historical background of each medium. B - Understand how the system maintains itself and/or how it maintains its equilibrium. C - Simplify media research by eliminating those theories that are not system oriented. D - Determine whether the media make us more or less system-like.

B - Understand how the system maintains itself and/or how it maintains its equilibrium.

What is TCP/IP? A standardized protocol for internetworking and data transport. The internet. An early programming language. A protocol for wireless transmission/reception.

A standardized protocol for internetworking and data transport.

What is packet switching? A system where multiple computers send messages along the same connection lines. A system where compressed packets of data are transferred between two computers. A method of data compression. A method of computing that ARPANET used to help build the atomic bomb.

A system where multiple computers send messages along the same connection lines.

Which factors can affect the impact of the media on us? Check all that apply the way we and our institutions use the media prior knowledge our habits our interests our attitudes the social-cultural milieu

ALL

What company did the Bell System eventually become? Sprint Verizon Spectrum AT&T

AT&T

Which one of the following worlds varies the most from one person to another? First World Second World Third World Fourth World

Fourth World

What is the radio frequency technology that could not be tracked or jammed, which was invented by a Hollywood star in World War 2? Wi-fi Random radio Frequency hopping Frequency cycling

Frequency hopping

According to the SciShow video clips, which of the following was the first site to mix users and creators in a completely new way of using the internet? (In other words, which of the following is the progenitor of all the social networking apps we use?) Friendster Myspace SixDegrees GeoCities Orkut

GeoCities

According to Cultivation theory, the people who watch a great deal of television about police and crime have more varied beliefs than people who do not watch much television. People who do not watch much television are more similar to each other in their views.

false

According to Lazarsfeld and Merton, status conferral is primarily an interpersonal communication function and not an important function of the media.

false

According to Rogers, an innovation is any idea, practice, or device that has been patented.

false

According to technological determinism, society guides the media and its development.

false

After writing hundreds of programs for a computer that was never built and enjoying great notoriety as a visionary mathematician, Ada Lovelace died when she was 79.

false

Apple became successful by mimicking IBM's open architecture approach.

false

As political scientist Harold Lasswell pointed out, one of the societal functions that the mass media can never serve is the transmission of the social inheritance. This must always be done by family members, teachers, and other elders with whom one regularly associates.

false

Because most of us in America have had relatively similar experiences, we will tend to construct the same meanings from news stories we encounter in the media.

false

Because the internet was goverenment funded, in the 1970s and 80s consumers had free access to the internet.

false

Computer and software errors are called "bugs" because they are so annoying (as in "don't bug me").

false

Computers require electronics. In other words, you cannot have a computer without electronics.

false

Daniel Pink argues in the the book "Drive," that rewarding small, medium, and large achievements with corresponding small, medium, and large rewards is an absolutely vital strategy for dealing with most workers in the information workforce.

false

Digital is always better than analog.

false

The most important function of feedback is to: Give audience members a chance to blow off steam. Help sources adjust their communication to their audience. Help audiences adjust their reception to the source. Provide a cheap and reliable means for the media to analyze audience demographics.

Help sources adjust their communication to their audience.

Whose technology was the basis for the Tabulating Machine Company, which became International Business Machines (IBM)? Babbage Lovelace Turing Hollerith

Hollerith

Each bit of information that you sense affects your response to later information, UNLESS you have completely forgotten the related, similar, or "identical" information.

false

Each of the stories on the front page of the newspaper function independently -- that is, each stands on its own and is not affected by the others.

false

Effects of the mass media are almost totally positive.

false

Either the "functions approach" or the "effects approach" is adequate for a full understanding since they are both concerned with the same phenomenon—media communication.

false

Even though most adults in our society spend a tremendous portion of their lives watching television, they can easily reduce this consumption dramatically or eliminate it altogether.

false

For as long as electronic computers have existed, personal computers have existed.

false

For retention and persuasion, the primacy effect is consistently more powerful than the recency effect.

false

For the purpose of distinguishing between them, it is accurate to say that "communications" is a process that characterizes much of human interaction, and that "communication" is things, messages.

false

Having a complete idea requires complete information.

false

Huawei is the manufacturer primarily responsible for the proliferation of Android smartphones.

false

In assessing scientific models, we are primarily concerned with simplicity.

false

In computing, the "state" of a transistor represents a digit from zero to nine.

false

In fifty years, the Internet's grown from four computers to about 850 million.

false

In order for it to be digital, data must be represented in ones and zeroes.

false

In order to control the impact of the media on us, we can ignore the media themselves and just focus on rhetorical strategies.

false

In recent years total daily media use has been decreasing slightly.

false

In the 1930s and 40s computer scientists tried to apply Lee DeForest's triode technology to computing, but it failed.

false

In the mosaic model, each row represents a bit of information.

false

Information is a resource just like coal, oil, iron ore, timber, and hydro-electric power are resources.

false

It is nearly impossible for creators of media to distinguish between what is supposed to be interpreted as symbolic and what should be interpreted as natural. This is completely subject to the "eye of the beholder."

false

It takes less effort to perceive a message that is contrary to the way you see the world or that is different than what you expect.

false

Local media helps newly integrated members by entertaining them, but contributes little to their learning about the values of their new community.

false

Media technologies are converging (because of computers and digital), but media jobs and media businesses are not (because they are in the analog world).

false

Moore's Law successfully predicted advances in microchips from 1970 through 2010, but Moore's Law is now officially "dead."

false

Morse's telegraph was less expensive and easier to operate than needle telegraph systems (which accounts for its success), but it was also slower.

false

Most people understand quite well the role media play in our lives and the lives of others.

false

Needle telegraph systems were characterized by a high signalling rate.

false

Once you have constructed a meaning for something, it would be highly unusual for you to change it.

false

One important effect of time is its tendency to make our perceptions of issues, events, and people simpler and clearer.

false

One of Lasswell's weaknesses is that he focuses on the functions of media in society and ignores the possible negative effects.

false

Our interpretations of information are primarily topic dependent. That is, the meaning we construct for one topic is independent of our interpretations of other topics.

false

Repetition is important, but you must also include persuasion if you want to change attitudes.

false

Research shows that too much exposure to a commercial has a boomerang effect, that is, people are less likely to buy the product.

false

Scripts or schemata are the structures of the newspaper stories, television programs, or other media products to which you are exposed.

false

Since there were few apparent similarities to previous communication media, it took a considerable amount of time to develop useful applications for the transmission and reception of radio frequencies.

false

Since your fourth world is your mental representation of the real world, you build it almost exclusively from facts.

false

Societal functions are simply the sum of the functions that the media serve for individuals.

false

Telegraph is still the standard communication link for timetable and train order operation.

false

Telegraphy was a career path dominated by women.

false

The Pony Express and telegraph coexisted and competed for many years before the telegraph finally won out.

false

The Republic of Texas was successful largely because it took early advantage of Morse's donation of telegraph technology.

false

The Source-Message-Channel-Receiver model and the Westley-MacLean model are essentially the same.

false

The basic idea behind Hedy Lamarr's invention is to constantly change the amplitude of a communication signal to prevent the signal from being tracked or jammed.

false

The creators of media messages—like journalists, producers, and advertisers—have far more control than you do over the information and meanings that you get from the media

false

The effect of the news media on the way a person votes is a "societal effect" because every individual's vote is important to the society.

false

The first commercially successful personal computer was the Apple II.

false

The infrastructures for the telegraph, telephone, and especially the internet are dramatically different.

false

The mass media often operate relatively independently of each other, and therefore your use of them and their influence on you operate independently as well.

false

The media industries do nothing without reason. Therefore, it is unlikely that you will find unintended bits of information in your communication mosaic.

false

The negative effects of advertising are well-documented and have been scientifically quantified.

false

The particular path you take through the mosaic is related to which bits of information you encounter, but it has little to nothing to do with the context for these bits.

false

The scientific study of communication is alone in its dependence on models.

false

The term "broadband connection" refers to the broad range of information that the internet makes available to us.

false

The use of hashtags on telephones originated with Twitter.

false

Throughout its entire history the primary function of the telephone has been voice calls.

false

When Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton speak about the media and "status conferral," they are referring to the way the status of the mass media in our society has grown steadily since the invention of the printing press.

false

When thinking about the impact or effects of media, it is reasonable to assume a simple, direct, stimulus-response relationship between the media and its audience.

false

Whenever we talk about "the media" causing something, we are referring to the content of the media as the cause.

false

Whether or not we believe that we understand our world reasonably well has very little to nothing to do with our emotional state.

false

With the appropriate knowledge you can easily control media's uses and their effects on society as easily as you can your personal uses and their effects.

false

You must have complete information in order to have a complete idea about something.

false

Your understanding of war has a one-to-one relationship with all of the bits of information about war you have encountered in your lifetime, since these are the bits that make up your fourth world.

false

Now that a data center company owns it, the network of pneumatic tubes in the Western Union building (New York City) has proven useful for: fiber optic cables routing paper documents from printers to users air conditioning liquid cooling for rack servers

fiber optic cables

Which of the following network types increases in value the most rapidly as the size of the network increases? group forming transactional broadcast packet cable TV

group forming

The digital media we watch and listen to typically involve ALL of the following EXCEPT: compression perfect reproduction of the original analog to digital conversion digital to analog conversion

perfect reproduction of the original

Which of the following is the most accurate description of Colossus? the world's first truly general purpose, programmable, electronic computer the machine that broke the German Enigma code in WW2 (built by Alan Turing) the first large-scale use of vacuum tubes for computing the first fully transistorized computer

the first large-scale use of vacuum tubes for computing

In Morse code, the number of signals composing a letter was chosen by what factor? The frequency at which the letter was used in English. A letter's position in the alphabet. Letters were assigned code by standard military guidelines. How frequently a letter appears in most books.

How frequently a letter appears in most books.

"Chunking style" refers to: The way you relate other information to things you read, see, or hear. The way you organize information in memory. The size of the information bits or the number of information bits you attend to at a time when reading or viewing. The way a writer or editor groups information for audience members in order to make comprehension easier or more difficult.

The size of the information bits or the number of information bits you attend to at a time when reading or viewing.

Our beliefs and interpretation of information, even our definitions of words and other symbols, are influenced by the people with whom we interact. Communication scholars refer to this phenomenon as: The social construction of reality. The theory of personal influence. Persuasibility. Interaction theory.

The social construction of reality.

The semaphore system had what distinct drawback? The system could be disrupted by false messages. The system could be disrupted by visual obstruction. The system was mechanically complex and could break easily. The system was quickly outmoded by the telegraph.

The system could be disrupted by visual obstruction.

An entrepreneur watches an instructional video on YouTube to learn how to start an online business. In what capacity are they most likely using this media? They are using it for professional guidance They are seeking economic information They are engaged in pure information-seeking They are using it to self-identify with the instructor

They are using it for professional guidance

Netflix's response to the research study discussed in this article was: to cancel the release of "13 Reasons Why" to make no changes to include prevention information for potential suicide victims edited out the suicide scene

to make no changes

The third dimension of the communication mosaic is: sources bits of information topics for which you have information time and memory

topics for which you have information

The device in the image above is a: thermionic valve integrated circuit transistor data rectifier

transistor

Media research presents a convincing case that most of us are probably wrong in our estimates of how media affect other people and ourselves.

true

Memory is an important factor in helping us fill gaps in the information we grasp from our communication mosaics.

true

Most of the effects of the mass media are indirect, not direct.

true

Most of us are convinced the mass media have tremendous impact on people, but when it comes to ourselves as individuals, we believe that we make free rational choices based on facts (and the media do not have much of an effect on us).

true

Much of the new value generated by internet companies can be attributed to group-forming networks.

true

No two people go through their environments in precisely the same way; therefore, no two people encounter or attend to all of the same bits of information.

true

On almost any important issue, as time goes on you are exposed to a steadily increasing number and variety of bits of information, as well as encountering some of the same bits many times.

true

One explanation for our relative ignorance or naivete regarding media's impact on us is due to how common and pervasive it is—we simply tend not to think about it.

true

One function of the mass media is to help keep workers satisfied with their lives by juxtaposing local, ideal conditions with foreign, undesirable conditions.

true

One of the greatest changes caused by widespread adoption of the telegraph was that it afforded effective management of much larger numbers of people, corporations, and other organizations.

true

Our media technologies and environment are constantly changing.

true

People tend to process or perceive the information they encounter in a way that is relevant to the needs they feel most strongly at that moment.

true

Political-economy theory can explain why newspapers and broadcasting stations devote so much space and time to sports.

true

Rituals in media usage can provide continuity and structure in our lives.

true

Sometimes we unconsciously seek information in the media.

true

Telegraph provided a means to transmit messages faster than the trains moved.

true

The Source-Message-Channel-Receiver model of communication grossly distorts the great differences among individuals in patterns of exposure and ways of processing the information they receive.

true

The Source-Message-Channel-Receiver model of communication suggests that a source sends a message through some channel to a receiver who absorbs it in just the way in which it was sent. In other words, the source or sender is in control of what the receiver learns.

true

The Web and the Internet are NOT the same thing.

true

The author of the "time with social media" study argues that social media screen time is probably not a useful variable for explaining teens' levels of wellbeing.

true

The best use of money as a motivator is to pay people enough to take the issue of money off the table, so they're not thinking about money, they're thinking about the work.

true

The changes that occur in public events when radio microphones or television cameras are introduced can be explained by Systems theory.

true

The discomfort you feel when your actions are inconsistent with your attitudes or beliefs is explained by dissonance theory

true

The first telegraph systems in Texas often facilitated connections between cities using wires hung from trees.

true

The impact of the media does NOT depend solely on what media gatekeepers send through the pipeline.

true

The mass media have a strong effect on our political behaviors.

true

The mosaic model can be seen as representing our second world, that is, our entire communication environment.

true

The telephone infrastructure played an important role in both radio and television broadcasting.

true

The word "telephone" means "distant sound."

true

The world that you create in your head is a direct result of the actual content of the message; the medium itself is neutral.

true

There were telegraph systems throughout Europe decades before Samuel Morse patented his version of the telegraph.

true

Watching a couple argue in a movie or show contributes to the construction of our ideas about how relationships work.

true

We have a great deal of control over our exposure to bits of information, but we cannot control all of it.

true

We routinely fill information gaps without even being aware that we are doing so.

true

What you perceive depends in part on your psychological needs.

true

Whether you experience fear, anger, or excitement depends on your interpretation of your physical state.

true

According to The Economist, smartphones matter because they are: aesthetic, convenient, and expensive ubiquitous, addictive, and transformative commercial, educational, and entertaining convenient, powerful, and multipurpose

ubiquitous, addictive, and transformative

What does research evidence show that people typically do when they anticipate being involved in a political discussion? They become more receptive to political information. They seek out more information on the political topic. They close off and become less receptive to relevant information. They often try to find ways to avoid the discussion.

They become more receptive to political information.

According to the Spiral of Silence theory, when most of the mass media take a consistent position on an issue, most people will not argue with it because: They believe the media know more than they do and that they would sound ignorant if they took a different view. They believe the media represent the views of the majority of the public and they fear being isolated from other people. The media are highly credible sources and so people are easily persuaded by them. Most people have no source for their views and arguments other than the media.

They believe the media represent the views of the majority of the public and they fear being isolated from other people.

If people are watching a television news story, set or expectation tends to have the greatest effect on their perception when: They have no script or schema for that type of situation. They have a well-established script or schema for that type of situation. They have a strong, personal stake in the issue. They view the story very carefully.

They have a well-established script or schema for that type of situation.

Watching television instead of studying for an examination is most likely an example of television serving what kind of function from the program producer's point of view? Latent function. Narcotizing dysfunction. Alienation function. Unintended function.

Unintended function.

The first "killer app" for personal computers was: Excel WordStar Microsoft Word Visicalc DBase II

Visicalc

Which of the four worlds has the greatest influence on the way you vote in national elections? Your first world. Your second world. Your third world. Your fourth world.

Your fourth world.

Becker and Roberts describe four worlds in which each of us lives. Which of the following is NOT one of those worlds? The world beyond your line of vision or range of hearing that you can never know directly. The world made up of everything around that you could see, hear, or otherwise experience if you chose to do so. Your social world, the world made up of what the people with whom you associate know and believe. The world you constructed in your head.

Your social world, the world made up of what the people with whom you associate know and believe.

Which of the following is NOT one of Lazarsfeld and Merton's three media functions? narcotizing dysfunction enforcement of social norms status conferral agenda setting

agenda setting

what theory is at work when the rank ordering that the audience assigns to important issues of the day matches the amount of coverage that the media gives those issues? uses and gratifications social learning theory agenda setting selective perception

agenda setting

Enabling technologies: are the inventions or innovations that make a new communication medium possible are like the real thing in some way determine just about everything interfere with or impede culture

are the inventions or innovations that make a new communication medium possible

According to The Economist, the transformative power of smartphones comes from their size and __________. speed connectivity ease of use apps

connectivity

According to Agenda Setting theory, most people are generally influenced by which side of an issue a news medium advocates--e.g., which candidate a newspaper comes out for.

false

Building consensus or an informed public opinion on some issue of importance in our society is an example of which of the functions political scientist Harold Lasswell wrote about? Correlation of the response of the society to the environment. Political function. Cognitive consonance. Surveillance of the environment at the societal level.

Correlation of the response of the society to the environment.

What is the modern world's currently most valuable resource? Data Oil Gold Technology

Data

The degree to which people are unable to perceive or evaluate information independent of their prior attitudes, beliefs, and needs is labelled by communication scholars as: Introversion. Cognitive dependence. Dogmatism. Inner-directedness.

Dogmatism

What is DNS? Domain Name System. Digital Nerd Syndrome. Digital National Standard. DARPA Naming System.

Domain Name System.

In what sense do the sources to which you are exposed in your communication mosaic interact? Each provides a different kind of information. Each provides a different slant on the story or message. Each affects your interpretation of information from the others. Exposure to one makes exposure to the others less important.

Each affects your interpretation of information from the others.

For the Political-Economy theorist, the most important forces underlying mass communication processes are: Political interests. Economic interests. Public interests that control the political and economic. Psychological forces that influence the political and economic.

Economic interests.

What kind of communication mechanism was used on a semaphore line? Elevated, metal arms or shapes that could be posed in different positions to symbolize different letters. Large mirrors that reflected light in Morse code between a long line of towers stretching back to France. Messenger birds. Footmen who ran between a series of towers.

Elevated, metal arms or shapes that could be posed in different positions to symbolize different letters.

Consistency theory: Explains why people are so similar in their media uses. Explains why people tend to construct similar worlds in their heads. Explains why people are so easily influenced by the media. Explains why people are uncomfortable if their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors disagree.

Explains why people are uncomfortable if their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors disagree.

A model can describe everything about communication.

false

Media communication scholars are NOT primarily concened with quantifying a total or average effect of the media.

true

In which decade did the Internet originate? 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s

1960s

In which decade was the first World Wide Web site available to the public? 1990s 2000s 1970s 1980s

1990s

Make the best match of the descriptions and terms below. 1) employs technology to produce and distribute symbols to large numbers of people; to whom it may concern 2) are things, messages, like articles, books, movies, and so on 3) the process of creating shared meaning 4) employ mechanical, chemical, or electronic channels A) mass communications B) communications C) communication D) communication media

1A 2B 3C 4D

Make the best match of the descriptions and terms below. 1) a large people group sharing the same geographical or social territory 2) what we know about ourselves and our world 3) a set of related explanatory statements 4) a useful causal chronology A) society B) theory C) culture D) history

1A 2C 3B 4D

Match the best definition to each of Barthes' reading styles. 1) grabbing bits at random 2) savoring the best you encounter 3) concentrating on every detail and missing the overall picture 4) taking in everything without priority 5) relax and let it happen A) suntan B) rolldown C) rooter D) spearer E) gourmet

1D 2E 3C 4B 5A

How many dimensions are there in the mosaic model? 1 2 3 4 5

4

Variety-seeking and conflict-avoidance behaviors can interact. Considering high vs. low variety-seeking and high vs. low conflict-avoidance results in how many possible categories of behavior? 2 3 4 5

4

On average, about what percentage of their leisure time do Americans spend with the mass media? < 40% < 30% > 50% > 60%

> 50%

What is a coaxial cable? A cable that can transfer both audio and video signals. A cable that can only transfer audio signals. A cable that can only transfer video signals. A cable that transfers electrical power.

A cable that can transfer both audio and video signals.

What kind of effect were experts worried about with the portrayal of suicide in the Netflix series "13 Reasons Why?" A contagion effect. A net negative effect. A cathartic effect. An effect of change.

A contagion effect.

Which of the following is the best definition of alienation? A feeling of isolation from or hostility toward other people A feeling of being forgotten A feeling of being intentionally left out A feeling of being a foreigner in another country

A feeling of isolation from or hostility toward other people

What are the "unintended bits of information" in the mosaic? Bits of information in the mosaic that are misleading. "Noise" in the system; bits of information that distract from the primary message. Bits of information taken in by receivers that they did not look for or consciously notice. Bits of information from a source with which we construct a message not intended by the source.

Bits of information from a source with which we construct a message not intended by the source.

Time is an important dimension in the communication mosaic because: Both you and the mosaic are constantly changing. With time comes forgetting. Bits of information from the mosaic that you encounter early have more influence than those you encounter late. Bits of information from the mosaic that you encounter late have more influence than those you encounter early.

Both you and the mosaic are constantly changing.

How do the mass media enforce social norms, according to Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton? By providing models of appropriate social behavior. By cooperating with community leaders in encouraging the passage of laws that are consistent with those norms. By publicizing deviations from those norms, so the community can no longer ignore them. By the regular production of novels and dramas that are, in effect, morality plays with the characters who violate social norms always being punished.

By publicizing deviations from those norms, so the community can no longer ignore them.

Arousal theory suggests that emotional arousal: Slows people's responses to stimuli. Reduces the amount of electricity the skin will conduct. Can increase learning. Tends to be reduced as constant exposure to the media dulls one's senses.

Can increase learning.

Ada Lovelace often corresponded with her friend _____, who invented the difference engine. Charles Babbage Isaac Newton Michael Faraday Charles Dickens

Charles Babbage

Systems theory is most closely related to: Political-Economy theory Spiral of Silence theory Consistency theory Agenda Setting theory

Consistency theory

Morse code and radiotelegraphy lasted the longest in what kind of operations? Naval operations. Railway operations. Journalistic operations. Banking operations.

Naval operations.

What are we constantly doing while viewing people in various situations portrayed on the media? Identifying with them and applying what we learn from their predicament to real life. Exploring their characters and gaining a better understanding of the media itself. Attempting to engage with the inner thoughts of the people onscreen. Engaging with the problems the person is facing and trying to invent solutions for them.

Identifying with them and applying what we learn from their predicament to real life.

What are "gaps" in the mosaic? Important information about a topic that we did not notice or that was not in any of the messages we received. Information we encounter that we do not understand. Periods of time when we are paying no attention to our communication environment. Information not reported by the media or other people.

Important information about a topic that we did not notice or that was not in any of the messages we received.

According to the author of the "time with social media" study, increased screen time has what effect on society as a whole? Effects are minor, but we don't yet have enough data to know for sure. Increased screen time and social media usage are directly connected to a spike in mental illness. Effects are well-documented and evidence shows that they are almost entirely negative. The human brain develops fewer neurotransmitters over time.

Increased screen time and social media usage are directly connected to a spike in mental illness.

For which of the following functions is the content of the medium least important? Agenda-setting function of the news media. Individual functions, as opposed to societal functions. The mating function of movie-going. Political socialization of young people.

Individual functions, as opposed to societal functions.

What do we mean when we say that meanings are not in words or pictures, that meanings are in people? People have no meaning for anything until they learn it. Dictionaries are a human invention. Individuals do not receive meanings, they construct them. The meanings of words and other symbols change over time.

Individuals do not receive meanings, they construct them.

Which of the following did NOT originate in the 1990s? Yahoo Netscape World Wide Web Internet GeoCities

Internet

Having a wide variety of role models, in real life as well as in the media: Is healthy for children. Is confusing for children. Increases the probability of self-role stereotyping. Decreases the probability of alienation.

Is healthy for children.

What function does the development of basic common knowledge serve in a society? It facilitates a sense of commonality between individual citizens and reduces the chances of conflict. It informs the public about what's happening on the world stage. Basic common knowledge allows the public to engage in discourse outside of the merely political sphere. It helps citizens stay informed about what the government is really doing.

It facilitates a sense of commonality between individual citizens and reduces the chances of conflict.

According to Mossberg, what is the significance of the present lack of fresh and innovative consumer electronics? The lack of fresh and innovative consumer electronics is an illusion. Innovation is happening constantly. It means tech development is looking for the next truly innovative technology to chase after. It means we've reached the end of the technological era. It means the next level of technology is too difficult to conquer for the present moment.

It means tech development is looking for the next truly innovative technology to chase after.

How did Cooke and Wheatstone's telegraph system operate? It was a system that used five needles to pick letters out of a diamond shaped grid and required five wires between stations as a result. It worked almost exactly like Morse's system, but lost the telegraphy race because it was more expensive and required more upkeep. It was a system that used a needle in a compass to point to specific bearings that were assigned letters. The Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph system never operated at all. It was a project they abandoned that was later picked up by Samuel Morse.

It was a system that used five needles to pick letters out of a diamond shaped grid and required five wires between stations as a result.

The mass media was feared by governments in the earliest days of the press because of what main factor? Its ability to transfer huge amounts of information at rapidly increasing rates People tend to believe everything they read. The dangers of media corrupted by foreign influences. The degeneration of human thought due to the lessened need for memorization.

Its ability to transfer huge amounts of information at rapidly increasing rates

Which famous romantic poet was Ada Lovelace's father? Lord Byron John Keats Percy Bysshe Shelley William Wordsworth William Blake

Lord Byron

People have "scripts" or "schemas" in their heads that generally: Make it harder for them to interpret media messages. Make it easier for them to interpret media messages. Influence what they read in the newspaper or watch on television. Are the result of genetic influences.

Make it easier for them to interpret media messages.

Harold Lasswell identified three major types of functions of communication in society. Which of the following is not one of them? Surveillance of the environment. Correlation of the response of the society to the environment. News and informational transmission. Transmission of the social inheritance.

News and informational transmission.

Cultural Imperialism theory argues that: Because the mass media in this country communicate such a white, middle-class view of life, it is difficult for immigrants to retain their native culture. America's culture is manipulated by the economic interests that control our mass media as well as our other major industries. Media materials from the developed countries tend to dominate the media of poor countries and affect those people's beliefs, values, and customs. Media materials from the powerful countries are forced onto poorer and weaker countries, even though they are far more expensive and attract only small audiences.

Media materials from the developed countries tend to dominate the media of poor countries and affect those people's beliefs, values, and customs.

Which company narrowly avoided being broken up after violating antitrust laws in the 1990s and early 2000s? Google Yahoo Microsoft Apple Napster

Microsoft

Which pair of theoretical ideas below are most closely related? Modeling theory and Identification Arousal theory and Identification Spiral of Silence theory and Political Economy theory Cultivation theory and Cultural Imperialism

Modeling theory and Identification

The media help little girls learn how girls and women are supposed to act in our culture and help little boys learn how boys and men are supposed to act. One of the theories that helps to explain this phenomenon is: Cultivation theory. Script of Schema theory. Cultural Imperialism. Modeling theory.

Modeling theory.

The mass media has developed rapidly and hand-in-hand with what? Modern science. Economic advancements. Political necessity. Warfare and imperialism.

Modern science.

Where does the term "spam", referring to junk email, come from? The Benny Hill Show Jerry Seinfeld Monty Python's Flying Circus Laugh-In Office Space

Monty Python's Flying Circus

Why is ownership control probably more of a problem today than it was forty or fifty years ago? Media ownership is less profitable and so owners are more likely to do questionable things in order to turn a profit. More media have been taken over by giant, international corporations that have financial interests in many of the issues the media report on. There was a decline in the ethics of big business during this period. Because of deregulation, we are more dependent on the willingness of media owners to voluntarily serve the public interest.

More media have been taken over by giant, international corporations that have financial interests in many of the issues the media report on.

Which of the following was the first to make extensive use of a telegraph network for military advantage? Napoleon Wellington Lincoln Washington

Napoleon

Economic determinists would take the position that: The organization of a newspaper has little, if anything to do with its profitability; the profitability of a newspaper depends almost solely on the health of the overall economy. Newspapers are organized the way they are because that form has been found to be most profitable. The mass media are a relatively insignificant force in the nation's health. The mass media should be tightly controlled by government because of their influence on the economy.

Newspapers are organized the way they are because that form has been found to be most profitable.

What was the original concept for the transmission of information in Morse code? Originally, Morse had intended to send encoded numbers that referred to words in a codebook. Originally, Morse code was a simplified "signal-switch" system that did not require an electrical connection. Originally, Morse code was much more complicated than a dash and dot system, including specific signals for punctuation and symbols. Originally, Morse had intended to send entire words and phrases through his system, but invented his code when he realized that information transfer at the time was too slow.

Originally, Morse had intended to send encoded numbers that referred to words in a codebook.

According to the theory of intersubjective reality: The worlds in our heads are the result of introspection about the information we encounter from the media and other people. Our beliefs about the world are shaped in part by comparing them to the beliefs of other people. There is no "true" reality; reality is something that is created out of the interaction of people. Subjectivity is the most important ingredient individuals bring to the mass communication process; without it, they cannot process information.

Our beliefs about the world are shaped in part by comparing them to the beliefs of other people.

Every day, you listen to a podcast by a particular author and begin to develop the feelings usually associated with friendship, even though the relationship only goes one way. How might this phenomenon best be described? Substitutive companionship. Parasocial interaction. Personal fantasy. Distant interpersonal interaction.

Parasocial interaction.

If one accepts the validity of the mosaic model of communication, which of the following best describes the role in the communication process of people who read newspapers, watch television, listen to the radio, and so forth? Sponges. Feedback senders. Receivers. Participants.

Participants.

In what sense is it valid to say that you cannot tell people anything they do not already know? People tend to avoid the unknown; they build psychological blocks against it. In one sense, each of us knows everything. Knowledge or wisdom comes from putting it together in the right way. People tend to distort new information. People cannot perceive or understand anything unless they can relate it in some way to prior experience.

People cannot perceive or understand anything unless they can relate it in some way to prior experience.

According to The Economist, what is the biggest concern we have today regarding smartphones? Privacy Addiction Unknown effects of mass usage 5G

Privacy

What was the initial purpose of the internet? Research. Communication. Data mining. Data storage.

Research

The civil rights and feminist movements of the 1960s and early 1970s stimulated: Research on the role of mass communication in political socialization. Research on media stereotyping of women and minorities. Research on the philosophy and practice of media regulation. Research on how the media can help passage of such legislation as the Equal Rights Amendment.

Research on media stereotyping of women and minorities.

Variety theory helps to explain why some people: Avoid new kinds of information. Seek new kinds of information. Are so varied in their media use. Tend to develop media habits, so they read the newspaper at the same time each day, watch the same television programs each week, and so forth.

Seek new kinds of information.

By showing, in television programs, movies, and in comic strips, the kinds of things an American is supposed to have, the media are serving what societal functions? Modeling function. Latent function. Ritualizing function. Servicing the economic system.

Servicing the economic system.

When our tax laws are revised, most of us learn from the mass media about how those changes will affect us and what, if anything, we need to do differently. This is an example of the media: Enforcing social norms. Enforcing political norms. Servicing the economic system. Servicing the political system.

Servicing the political system.

Today, the basic idea of Hedy Lamarr's invention is part of something called: Triangulation Spread Spectrum William Randolph Hearst Narrowband Interference

Spread Spectrum

Which of the following best describes "scripts" or "schemata"? The paths different people take through the mosaic. The underlying structures of television programs, movies, novels, or other media products. Stereotyped sequences of events in memory that are activated by observations or experiences in the present. The psychological mechanisms that explain why people perceive the world as they do.

Stereotyped sequences of events in memory that are activated by observations or experiences in the present.

What would best define Lasswell's concept of the function of surveillance? Surveillance provides a window into both the external and internal happenings of a society. Surveillance is a tool the government uses to bolster its power over the people. Surveillance functions as a strictly internal monitor within a society. Surveillance is a method of gathering information about foreign societies.

Surveillance provides a window into both the external and internal happenings of a society.

Which of the following is NOT true of models? Abstract descriptions of phenomena. Tend to draw ones attention to specific instances. All of the sciences use them. Judged by their utility.

Tend to draw ones attention to specific instances.

You and a friend both watched the same episode of an Amazon Prime Original and talk about it over coffee. What function is the media serving in this situation? The facilitation of social interaction The generation of information exchange The diffusion of popular entertainment The substitution for social interaction

The facilitation of social interaction

Seeing or focusing on largely one particular theme in the news, such as recession or sexism, so that everything else becomes simply background, is similar to what perception phenomenon? The narrow focus phenomenon. The consistency phenomenon. The figure-ground phenomenon. The increment-mosaic phenomenon.

The figure-ground phenomenon.

When the authors of your text talk about the "variable effects" of the media, what are they talking about? The media do not affect all people in the same way. Different media have different effects. The media do not have just one effect, but a wide variety of effects. To scientists, all phenomena are variables, so they use this term to make clear they are speaking of effects on particular variables.

The media do not affect all people in the same way.

An "uncertain analogy" is: An analogy that is useless because the research cannot determine whether it is positive or negative. The most interesting property of a model because it leads to new predictions that can be tested. An analogy that some researchers put in their models, while others do not. As a result, we cannot tell whether it belongs in the model. An analogy about which researchers disagree.

The most interesting property of a model because it leads to new predictions that can be tested.

According to Mossberg, how were computers viewed by the public in their early stages? They were seen as hard-to-access, specialist tools that few could learn. They were seen as expensive novelties, much like film and television in their early stages They were seen as largely useless because of their low processing power. They were seen as frightening and suffered slow development as a result of public outcry.

They were seen as hard-to-access, specialist tools that few could learn.

Who is credited with inventing the World Wide Web? Tim Berners-Lee Steve Jobs Marc Andreeson Sergey Brin

Tim Berners-Lee

What is the main reason a country might research another's propaganda? To improve their own propaganda efforts. To discover ways to inoculate a population to the effects of propaganda. To find out why propaganda is being used in place of ordinary media. To discover the foreign country's sense of national identity.

To improve their own propaganda efforts.

What is the purpose of mass data collection? To provide corporations, both private and federal, with a God's eye view of a population's activity. To improve connectivity between service providers and consumers. To create a worldwide network of information to be controlled by AI. There is no current known purpose for mass data collection.

To provide corporations, both private and federal, with a God's eye view of a population's activity.

Why do large media firms produce commodities in large volumes? To fight media illiteracy To pursue economies of scale To eliminate competition To take advantage of network structures

To pursue economies of scale

In what sense are our perception processes like the processes of a scientist? Both are based on models. We constantly test the validity of our perceptions, like a scientist testing hypotheses, and then adjust them when they are not confirmed. We begin with a theory of what the world is like, test that theory by observing the world, and then refine the theory. Through our perception processes we are always trying to understand the world, just as scientists, in their various ways, are trying to understand the world.

We constantly test the validity of our perceptions, like a scientist testing hypotheses, and then adjust them when they are not confirmed.

The authors of your text argue that the boundaries between fact and fiction, or news and entertainment, have broken down so that the news we get is almost always, in some sense, partly fiction, while fiction is, in some sense, partly fact, or even news. What is the most important implication of this for the world you construct in your head? We cannot trust the news media to help us construct our views of the world. We may not be able to make valid generalizations about reality from that world in our head. We get important bits of information for that world from the fiction and entertainment to which we are exposed, as well as from news and so-called informational media. The influence of the news media on that world in our heads is decreasing.

We get important bits of information for that world from the fiction and entertainment to which we are exposed, as well as from news and so-called informational media.

How do reference groups affect our processing of information? They reduce our need for information processing because we tend to pick up perceptions from them. They do not affect our information processing; we simply use the results of that processing in interactions with these groups. They motivate us to process more information so that we have something to talk with them about. We tend to test our interpretations of what we read, hear, and see on our family, friends, and others with whom we associated.

We tend to test our interpretations of what we read, hear, and see on our family, friends, and others with whom we associated.

The first public message sent by the Morse telegraph in the United States was: Mr. Watson, come here, I need you. What hath God wrought? The miracle of annihilation of space is at length performed. Oh, God, what does this mean?

What hath God wrought?

In what sense does language "fill our lives with meaningful objects"? Without names or labels that we can apply, objects or experiences are less likely to have meaning for us. Anything we cannot talk about is not likely to be meaningful for us. Language is enriching; the early cultures that had no language were intellectually poor. Language can take the place of many direct experiences. For example, just reading about a different country can be almost like visiting it.

Without names or labels that we can apply, objects or experiences are less likely to have meaning for us.

Who or what is most responsible for the kinds of information to which you are exposed? You. Your reference groups. Media gatekeepers. Varies from individual to individual.

You

The statement "You can't step into the same river twice," applies to communication in what way? mosaic of information bits available is constantly changing you are constantly changing both you and the communication mosaic are constantly changing

both you and the communication mosaic are constantly changing

Which of the following communication networks is associated with Sarnoff? telegraph telephone cell phone broadcast group forming

broadcast

Which of the following network types increase in value in direct proportion to the number of communication connections? transactional broadcast political group forming fraternal

broadcast

Which of the following does NOT apply to Hedy Lamarr? developed her scientific skills at the University of Vienna helped Howard Hughes develop aircraft during WW2 dropped out of school when she was 15 years old was the model for Snow White and the inspiration for Cat Woman developed a tablet that turned a glass of water into cola

developed her scientific skills at the University of Vienna

The process by which communication technologies spread through society can be explained by ____. functionalism diffusion of innovations media convergence economies of scale

diffusion of innovations

All of the of following EXCEPT _________ are capable of acting as switches (and thus appropriate for computing). diode triode relay transistor

diode

Dominating which part of the motion picture process gives one the greatest degree of control. pre-production production post-production distribution exhibition

distribution

In the early 1900s the increasing demand for computation led to all of the below EXCEPT: building larger and larger electro-mechanical computers increased use of electrical relays in addition to punch cards more expense, wear, tear, and breakdowns dramatically shrinking the size of Babbage's mechanical computing mechanisms

dramatically shrinking the size of Babbage's mechanical computing mechanisms

According to diffusion of innovations theory, which category of adopters has the highest degree of opinion leadership? late majority laggards innovators early majority early adopters

early adopters

What part of www.baylor.edu/fdm is the top-level domain? edu baylor fdm www

edu

The filled in squares in the mosaic model represent: our first world either our third or fourth world our second world our third world our fourth world

either our third or fourth world

What type of computing machine allowed the 1890 U.S. census to be completed in record time? mechanical electro-mechanical electronic quantum

electro-mechanical

For which category of adopters (in diffusion of innovations theory) is interpersonal communication the LEAST important? innovators early adopters early majority late majority laggards

innovators

Morse Code's clever coding method is a form of compression. Is it "lossy" or "lossless?"

lossless

The authors of your textbook consider all of the following to be reasons to study media communication. Which do they argue is the most important? media greatly influence you and your life media are an integral part of our culture media played/play critical roles in history media are interesting

media greatly influence you and your life

Which of the following is NOT considered by the authors of your textbook to be one of the four dominant institutions influencing people's lives? government church business media military

military

In the mosaic model, the mosaic represents: one topic, and the bits of information and sources of information available for this topic one person, and the various topics they could possibly know about one communication medium, and all the topics for which it can provide information one sender, and all the possible messages and all the circumstances in which they send them

one topic, and the bits of information and sources of information available for this topic

The tendency to interpret or perceive information in a way that makes it consistent with one's prior knowledge, attitudes, and behavior is called: selective attention consistent receptivity the consistency theorem selective perception

selective perception

What we call "bandwidth," would likely be called ______ by a telegraph engineer in the 1800s. signal rate baud rate variable rate exponential rate rate resistance

signal rate

Which of the following was NOT a factor in the successful introduction of personal computing? single-chip CPUs solid-state memory reduced manufacturing costs graphical user interfaces floppy disks

solid-state memory

Which of the following dichotomies is LEAST appropriate in terms of contradictory claims about media? love || fear powerful || weak good || evil major influence || minor influence sweet || sour

sweet || sour

The authors of your textbook argue that understanding media as a ________, and from the vantage point of a _________, will help you understand individual media in different and more useful ways than you did before. tool || persuader system || receiver industry || media creator social enhancement || social group

system || receiver

Which of the following communication network types is most appropriately associated with Metcalfe? telegraph telephone packet broadcast group forming

telephone

The mosaic model is based on the idea that: the communication environment is like a vast mosaic of information bits the mass media audience is a vast mosaic of individuals each person is a matrix of multiple characteristics -- personality, needs, desires, values, fears, and so on. we assemble all the bits of information we know into a two-dimensional matrix of squares, just like constructing a tile mosaic

the communication environment is like a vast mosaic of information bits

"Iconicity" is the degree to which a symbol is similar to what it represents.

true

A "Script" or "Schema" can reasonably and usefully be thought of as a set of expectations.

true

According to Rogers, an innovation is any idea, practice, or object that is perceived as new by an individual (or other unit of adoption).

true

According to the authors of your text, none of the traditional models of mass communication provides an adequate picture of the contemporary world of communication that you and others experience.

true

Ada Lovelace realized that the Analytical Engine could be used for much more than just manipulating symbols in mathematical calculations.

true

An editor would be considered a gatekeeper.

true

Analog is a continuously variable representation or a representation selected from a continuous range.

true

As the telegraph messaging business declined, Western Union transitioned from its focus on sending messages to sending money.

true

As they apply to Chappe's (and other's) optical signaling systems, the words telegraph and semaphore are synonymous.

true

Before the word "computer" was a machine, it was a job title.

true

By a combination of circumstance and choice, you are exposed to a highly selective sample of the bits of information about any particular topic.

true

Charles Babbage is considered to be the "father of computing."

true

Children can be affected by a television character with whom they identify.

true

Compression artifacts are "mistakes" caused by compressing digital data.

true

Computers have transformed nearly every aspect of our lives.

true

Determining media effects is a complex matter because so many other variables are involved.

true

Development and diffusion of the telegraph was spurred by many tech-savvy youth that today we might call "geeks."

true

Each medium has unique traits (they are after all "different" media), but the media also share many important characteristics.

true

Elisha Gray was the main competitor to Alexander Graham Bell in the invention of the telephone.

true

Even though it is quite clear who actually got credit for inventing the telephone, it is not clear who deserves the credit.

true

Even though the majority of the world's smartphones are Android, Apple makes the majority of smartphone profits.

true

Expectations generally help you process, comprehend, and remember the bits of information you sense from your communication mosaic.

true

For most of the 1980s consumers did not have access to the internet, only to standalone private networks like Compuserve.

true

Hedy Lamarr was known to the world as a beautiful actress and the inspiration for Catwoman, not as a brilliant inventor.

true

Human perception has always had to deal with "information overload," it is NOT a new phenomenon caused by so many new forms of media communication.

true

Human perception is analog, and therefore a digital message requires conversion before we can perceive it.

true

If a communication device is digital, it both communicates and computes.

true

If you are not sure for whom you vote and you study information about each candidate that is published in your local newspaper, that paper is serving a manifest function for you.

true

In 1989, there weren't any websites.

true

In a very real sense the British Empire was held together by submarine telegraph cables.

true

In spite of the incomplete information we sense from our communication mosaics, the worlds we create in our heads are whole.

true

In the early days of the telephone, farmers and ranchers often got together,and used the barbed wire of their fences, or copper wires strung on poles, to connect their homes by telephone.

true

It is useful to think of communication networks as having "option value"

true

It took a long time for the internet to become publicly accessible in the U.S.

true

Many inventors worked on various methods of using electricity as the basis of a telegraph system, but it was Samuel F. B. Morse's system that ultimately adopted worldwide.

true

Many scholars believe they can get a more valid understanding of a society's beliefs and values by examining its popular entertainments (such as television, movies, and popular music) than by taking public opinion polls.

true

A modern society is impossible without the media, and the media cannot fully operate except in a modern society, so the authors of your text argue that which of the following is most important? - understanding which is cause and which is effect - understanding the functions each serves for the other - understanding the difference between commercial and noncommercial media - understanding the political functions of media

understanding the functions each serves for the other

In the 1940s what technology was the enabler for practical all-electronic computers? transistors integrated circuits miniature relays vacuum tubes

vacuum tubes

Which of the following is NOT a way that the development of Morse's telegraph in the 1840s-50s is similar to the development of the Internet in the 1990s? an information business sparked a stock market boom and then a crash dramatically increased the speed and amount of information exchange some said it would hopelessly corrupt society was a threat to already established mass media

was a threat to already established mass media

Our current computer capabilities can best be described by which of the following statements? we can turn electricity on and off really, really, really fast if it wasn't for Silicon Valley we wouldn't have electronic computers computer technology advances rapidly during wars, but stagnates in peacetime binary is the only way to compute

we can turn electricity on and off really, really, really fast