Massage Therapy Chpt. 18

Pinocytosis

(Cell drinking) this is almost identical to phagocytosis except the targeted substance is liquid and not solid.

Phagocytosis

(Cell eating) The molecule drawn inside the cell fuses with lysosome, which coats it with enzymes and digests it.

Nervous Tissue

A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other parts of the body..

Muscle Tissue

A body tissue that contracts or shortens either voluntarily or automatically, making body parts move.

Connective Tissue

A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts.

Golgi Bodies

A structure in a cell that receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the endoplasmic reticulum, packages them, and distributes them out of the cell or to other parts of the cell.

Organelles

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell.

Types of Connective Tissue

Areolar, Adipose (Fat), Reticular, Regular(dense), Irregular(dense), Elastic(dense), Bone, Cartilage, Blood.

Epithelial Tissue

Avascular tissue that covers the outside of the body and lines organs and body cavities. It provides protection, allows absorption of nutrients, allows secretion (hormones, enzymes, mucous, and lubricating fluids), allows the excretion of waste, and facilitates sensation through receptors.

Transverse Plane (Horizontal)

Bisects the body horizontally and divides the body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) sections.

Frontal Plane (Coronal Plane)

Bisects the body side to side and divides it into front(anterior) and back (posterior)

Anatomic Position

Body is standing Upright and facing forward, the arms are at the sides, palms are facing forward with thumbs to the side.

Connective Tissue Membrane

Composed exclusively of various types of connective tissue; no epithelial cells are present in this type of membrane. Most common are the synovial membranes (line the cavities in between the spaces of joints).

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Contains the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

Thoracic Cavity

Contains the pleural cavities, which surround the lungs and the mediastinum.

Cutaneous Membrane

Covers external body surfaces and includes the skin.

The 3 Principal parts of a nerve cell

Dendrites(Transmits impulses to the cell body) Cell body(Contains the nucleus and other organelles) Axon (Transmits impulses away from the cell body)

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane so that the content of molecules is equally balance (typically salt) in a fluid matrix.

Embryotic layers

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm

Active Transport

Energy required process by which substances move across the plasma membrane against a concentration.

Types of tissue

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

Deep Fascia

Extends from superficial Fascia, surrounds, deeper structures, and is composed of dense irregular connective tissue.

Distal

Father from the point of reference.

Microvilli

Fingerlike Projections found in the lining of the lower gastrointestinal tract and in the proximal tubule within the kidneys. Helps increase surface area which improves absorption.

Hyaline Cartilage

Firm and Smooth composed of Cells in a translucent, pearly blue matrix. It is the most widespread type of cartilage.

Compact Bone

Forms the hard outer shell of bone.

Muscle Tissue

Found in hollow organs and tubes, some are attached to bones. Muscle tissue produces movement and heat and helps maintain body posture.

Nervous tissue

Found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. This tissue detects sensory input, provides interpretive functions, coordinates motor output, and facilitates higher mental functioning and emotional responsiveness.

Cilia

Hairlike projections on the lining of the upper respiratory tract. Cilia help sweep mucus toward the throat so it can be swallowed.

Bone

Hardest connective tissue

Thrombocytes

Helps blood to clot, reducing or stopping blood loss from small breaks in vessels.

Medulla

Inner region of the organ

Lysosomes

Known as the janitor of the cell, this organelle contains digestive enzymes.

Serous Membranes

Lined closed body cavities that do not open directly to the outside and cover organs inside those cavities. Serous membranes consist of two layers: parietal layer and visceral layer.

Mucous Membrane

Lines body cavities that open to the outside. Ex: digestive lining, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.

Meningeal Membrane

Lines space within the dorsal cavity which contain brain and spinal cord.

Superficial Fascia

Located under skin, is continuous with the dermis, and is composed of loose areolar connective tissue.

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. During this movement molecules simply spread out within the given space.

Proximal

Nearer to the point of reference. (Ex: hip is proximal to the knee)

Posterior

On the back of the structure, also known as the Dorsal

Anterior

On the front side of a structure. Anterior is also known as ventral.

Lateral

Oriented farther away from the midline of the body.

Medial

Oriented toward or near the midline of the body.

Cortex

Outer region of the organ

Fibrous Connective Tissue

Packing material of the body. Supports structures, attaches them to each other, fills in spaces between structures, and helps keep them in their proper places.

Centrioles

Paired tubular structures that help cells divide.

Fibroblasts

Produce the protein fibers found in connective tissues.

Contralateral

Related to opposite side of the body.

Deep

Relative to or situated in then body.

Superficial

Relative to the outside or external surface of a structure.

Fascia

Sheets of connective tissue enveloping the body beneath the skin, enclosing muscle and nerve cells, and compartmentalizing muscles into muscle groups; it provides for their attachment to bone and other structures.

Superior

Situated above or toward the head end.

Inferior

Situated below or toward the tail end.

Ribosomes

Small granules of ribonucleic acid (RNA) responsible for synthesizing proteins.

Transport by Vesicles

Small spherical sacs called vesicles that allow substances to enter or leave the interior of a cell without actually moving through its plasma membrane. There are two types; Exocytosis (moving substances out of a cell), and Endocytosis (moving substances into the cell). There are two types of endocytosis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis.

Cell

Smallest structural and functional unit existing as a self sustaining entity. Cells are the building block of the human body.

Lumen

Space within a hollow tube (intestines and blood vessels)

Plasma

Straw-colored liquid in which blood cells are suspended.

Fibrocartilage

Strongest and most durable cartilage type and serves as shock absorbers. It is found between vertebrae.

Elastic Cartilage

The Softest and most pliable cartilage type and gives shape to the external nose and ears.

Leukocytes

The body's mobile army. and serves as part of the body's defense mechanism by destroying or inactivating pathogens and foreign agents.

Nucleus

The brain of the cell, which contains both deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and ribonucleic acid (RNA). This structure has its own membrane, nuclear membrane, with a smaller center called the nucleolus.

Mitochondria

The cells powerplant. This is responsible for the creation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which is used for metabolic function and muscle contraction.

Cytoskeleton

The framework of a cell. This framework may organize itself into extensions such as microvilli, cilia, or a flagellum.

Passive Transports

The movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell. Typically substances move from and area of higher concentration or pressure to a lower concentration or pressure.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

The transportation system of the cell. It moves materials around the cell. ER is The Roadway of the cell.

Spongy Bone

Thin Latticework beams inside the bone, giving it a spongy appearance.

Membranes

Thin, soft, pliable sheets of tissue that cover the body, line body cavities, and covers organs within body cavities.

Cell Membrane

This Membrane separates intracellular fluid from extracellular fluid.

epithelial tissue

Tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities.

Planes

Transparent flat surfaces dividing the body into three dimensions of left/right, front/back, and top/bottom.

Erythrocytes

Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from cells.

flagelllum

Whiplike solitary projection providing cellular locomotion.

Homeostasis

a constant and stable internal environment with a narrow range despite changes that occur in the external environment

Cytoplasm

a gel-like intracellular fluid contained in a cell.

Sagittal Plane

bisects or cuts the body front to back and divides it into left and right sections.

Levels of Human Body Organization

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Epithelial Membrane

composed of epithelial tissue and an underlying layer of connective tissue. Types of these membranes are cutaneous (skin), mucous (lining of the GI tract), and serous (lining of the body cavities and organs).

connective tissue

forms the frameworks for organs and glands and for the body as a whole.

Interstitial Fluid

found in extracellular spaces between the tissues. Primarily is water containing substances such as salts, sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, hormones and neurotransmitters.

Tissues

groups of familiar cells acting together to perform specific functions. Tissues organize themselves into organs.

Blood

is liquid connective tissue and transport respiratory gases, nutrients and waste products. Contains cells such as: Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Thrombocytes, and Plasma.

Cartilage

is strong, and protective and capable of withstanding repeated stress and has a tough, rubbery matrix.

Prefix

letters add at the beginning of a root word to change its meaning.

Suffix

letters added at the end of a word to change its meaning.

Filtration

movement of molecules through a membrane due to pressure, usually gravity.

Dorsal Cavity

on the backside or posterior aspect of the body. The dorsal is further divided into the cranial and spinal (vertebral) cavity.

ventral cavity

on the front side or anterior aspect of the body. It is divided by the diaphragm into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity.

Transport by pumps

pumps are membrane transporters that move a substance against their concentration gradient; opposite of diffusion

Muscle Tissue Types

skeletal (voluntary, moves the skeletal frame), cardiac (involuntary, pumps the blood through the heart), smooth (involuntary, found in autonomic muscle reactions and organs).

Metabolism

the biochemical process that occurs within a living organism to maintain life.

Root

the main part of a word

Allostasis

the process of achieving homeostasis through physiologic and behavioral changes.

Anatomy

the study of the structures of the human body and their positional relationships to one another.

Mid-Sagittal Plane (Median Plane)

used to describe the sagittal plane that runs through the midline marked by the navel, dividing it into equal right and left halves.