MASTERING A&P / ACTIV - CHAPTER 2 [ Chemical Level Of Organization]

Which of these biomolecules is mismatched to its use in tissues? all of these answers are correct lipid: support structure for a tissue carbohydrate: glycosaminoglycan matrix of a tissue protein: structural fibers of a tissue

*NOT CORRECT* all of these answers are correct carbohydrate: glycosaminoglycan matrix of a tissue

Calcium's atomic number is 20. It forms ions with 18 electrons. What is the electrical charge of a calcium ion? -2 +2 +1 -1

+2

Magnesium atoms have two electrons in the outermost shell. As a result, you would expect magnesium to form ions with a charge of -1. +1. -2. +2. either +2 or -2.

+2.

Identify the structural components of an amino acid.

- Central Carbon -Amino Group - Carboxyl Group - R (Side Chain) Group

Identify the different types of fats.

- Glycolipid -Triglyceride - Phospholipid - Fatty Acid - Prostaglandin - Steroid (Cholesterol)

Identify important functional groups found in organic compounds.

- Phosphate Group - Amino Group - Hydroxyl Group - Carboxyl Group

Identify the structures of proteins.

- Secondary Structure -Tertiary Structure - Quatemary Structure -Primary Structure

Which of the following functional groups is the carboxyl group? -OH -PO4 -SH -NH2 -COOH

-COOH

Which of the following functional groups is the phosphate group? -COOH -OH -NH2 -SH -PO4

-PO4

Magnesium atoms have two electrons in the outermost shell and chlorine atoms have seven. The compound magnesium chloride would contain _______. 2 magnesium and 1 chlorine .1 magnesium and 2 chlorine. 2 magnesium and 7 chlorine. 1 magnesium and 1 chlorine. impossible to tell without more information

.1 magnesium and 2 chlorine.

Of the following choices, the pH of the least acidic solution is 2.3. 4.5 .1.0 .6.0 .12.0.

.12.0.

Which of the following statements about water is false? It can dissolve many substances .It contains hydrogen bonds .It has a relatively low heat capacity .It is composed of polar molecules. It is responsible for much of the mass of the human body.

.It has a relatively low heat capacity

Too Sweet on Sugar? A baby's first and favorite taste is sweet: mother's milk is rich in lactose (milk sugar), a disaccharide of glucose and galactose. This preference for sweet persists throughout life. It is easier to tempt the poor appetite of a frail, elderly person with a bowl of pudding than with a bowl of steamed kale. Manufacturers of processed foods know this. When heart disease became endemic in the United States, holding first place as the killer of Americans, the medical community advocated a low-fat diet for heart health. Artery-clogging fats were removed from manufactured foods--such as cookies, soups, and other boxed, bagged, and frozen products--and replaced with sugar for flavor and mouth appeal. The sweetening of the American diet has wreaked a new kind of havoc on American health. Dental hygienists see more dental caries (cavities). Obesity is climbing at an alarming rate. Grade-school children are developing more type 2 diabetes, formerly called "adult-onset diabetes." These serious and potentially fatal diseases generally did not appear until a person had lived several decades with a poor lifestyle. Glucose is a necessary nutrient. Our body's cells depend on it for fuel; our neurons (brain cells) require it. However, we should meet our glucose needs through complex carbohydrates, or polysaccharides (such as glycogen). In contrast to simple sugars, complex carbohydrates are digested slowly by decomposition reactions in the digestive tract. The component monosaccharides of glucose are released and absorbed gradually, maintaining a steady blood glucose level. In turn, the pancreas is signaled only as needed to make the protein hormone insulin, which transports the glucose into the body's cells. Complex carbohydrates promote satiety (fullness) and support healthy sugar metabolism. The dietary practices of the Inuit in the Arctic regions prove the point that diets rich in fat are not automatically unhealthy. Which of the following statements provides one possible explanation? Arctic fish naturally contain a healthy amount of trans fatty acids. Arctic temperatures convert saturated fats to monounsaturated fats .Unsaturated fats containing Omega 3s reportedly have a positive effect on cardiovascular health. Healthy oleic acids are unusually abundant in arctic fish.

.Unsaturated fats containing Omega 3s reportedly have a positive effect on cardiovascular health.

Elements that have atoms with full outer shells of electrons ______. will normally form cations. will normally form anions .are inert gases. frequently form hydrogen bonds. will form many compounds.

.are inert gases.

During ionization, water molecules disrupt the ionic bonds of a salt to produce a mixture of ions. These ions can carry a current and so are called _____. anions. acids. counterions .cations .electrolytes.

.electrolytes.

Atoms of the same element whose nuclei contain the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons, are called homotopes .isotopes. heterotonics. isotonics .heterotopes.

.isotopes.

Enzymes are considered catalysts because they __________ .increase the activation energy of a reaction become a component of the newly formed product lower the activation energy of a reaction do not need an active site for binding to the substrates

.lower the activation energy of a reaction

Kinetic energy is stored as ________ energy when a spring is stretched or compressed .potential probable plausible possible positive

.potential

If the pH of the stomach is 2 what is the [H+]?. 2 mol/ L1X10- 2 mol/L2 mol/L. 10 mol/L 200 mol/L

1X10-2 mol/L

Oxygen (atomic number 8) requires how many additional electrons to fill its outer electron shell? 6 4 8 1 2

2

The innermost electron shell in an atom holds up to ________ electrons. 4 6 8 2 1

2

Which number represents the greatest amount of energy that must be overcome during the reaction? Which number represents the lowest amount of reaction energy? (Figure 2-9) 4; 2 1; 2 1; 4 4; 3 2; 4

2; 4

MASTER A&P

2a: GENERAL CHEMISTRY

Which of the following is/are needed to form a triglyceride molecule? 1 glycerol molecule 3 glycerol molecules 3 fatty acid molecules 3 glycerol molecules and 3 fatty acid molecules 3 fatty acid molecules and 1 glycerol molecule

3 fatty acid molecules and 1 glycerol molecule

The formula for methane gas is CH4. What does the formula 4CH4 represent? a molecule with 4 carbon atoms an inorganic compound with ionic bonds a molecule with 4 carbon atoms and 16 hydrogen atoms 4 molecules, each containing a carbon and a hydrogen atom 4 molecules, each containing a carbon atom and 4 hydrogen atoms

4 molecules, each containing a carbon atom and 4 hydrogen atoms

Given the following approximate values, calculate the molecular weight for NaCl. Atomic number for Na: 11, Atomic weight for Na: 23 g/mol, Atomic number for Cl: 17,Atomic weight for Cl: 35 g/mol, Boiling point for Cl: -34 ° C40 g/mol 58 g/mol 11 g/mol 28 g/mol 34 g/mol

58 g/mol

How many atoms are shown in each glucose structure? (Figure 2-12) 2 6 1 0 4 8

6

If an element is composed of atoms with an atomic number of 6 and a mass number of 14, then a non-isotopic atom of this element contains 6 protons and 8 electrons. 6 protons and 8 neutrons. 8 electrons. 6 protons. 8 neutrons.

6 protons and 8 neutrons.

Neutral solutions have a pH of __________. 1 3 7 1 2

7

How many electrons can the second energy level hold when it is completely filled? (Figure 2-3) 8 4 2 1 0 6

8

An atom of oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 18. How many of each type of subatomic particle does it contain? 26 total subatomic particles The atomic number and the mass number do not provide enough information to determine how many of each subatomic particle is present. 8 protons, 8 neutrons, and 8 electrons 8 protons, 8 electrons, and 10 neutrons

8 protons, 8 electrons, and 10 neutrons

The creation of a high-energy compound for use by our cells requires the phosphorylation of what molecule? ATP ATPase ADP AMP

ADP

AMP + P → adenine. ADP. DNA. 2ADP. ATP.

ADP. *Adenosine diphosphate*

The phosphorylation of adenosine forms _____ ADP. ribose. ATP. 2ATP. AMP.

AMP.

What structural differences make adenine and guanine different from cytosine, thymine, and uracil? (Figure 2-24) Adenine and guanine are double-ringed nitrogenous bases, while cytosine, thymine, and uracil are single-ringed. Adenine and guanine have ribose as the sugar, while cytosine, thymine, and uracil have deoxyribose. Adenine and guanine do not have a phosphate group, while cytosine, thymine, and uracil do. Adenine and guanine have a phosphate group, while cytosine, thymine, and uracil do not. Adenine and guanine are single-ringed nitrogenous bases, while cytosine, thymine, and uracil are double-ringed.

Adenine and guanine are double-ringed nitrogenous bases, while cytosine, thymine, and uracil are single-ringed.

Fructose is an isomer of glucose. a carbohydrate. found in male reproductive fluids. a hexose. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following answer choices is NOT a property of water? lubricant high heat capacity universal solvent All of the listed responses are properties of water.

All of the listed responses are properties of water.

Which of the following are functions of proteins? metabolic regulation support defense buffering All of these are functions of proteins.

All of these are functions of proteins.

__________ are the smallest stable units of matter. Molecules Protons Atoms Electrons

Atoms

In a covalent bond, Atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. An atom loses electrons to another to gain stability. Adjacent atoms share a single electron. An atom gains one or more electrons from another atom to gain stability.

Atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.

MASTER A&P

BIOCHEMISTRY READ 2.9 - 2.14

Examine the following reactions. Which of the following is true about compound C? Reaction 1 Reaction 2 Reaction 3 Reaction 4 A + B → →C + D → →E + F → →G + H C is a reactant for reaction 1 only. C is the reactant of reaction 1 and a product for reaction 2. C is a product for reaction 2 only. C is the product of reaction 1 and a reactant for reaction 2.

C is the product of reaction 1 and a reactant for reaction 2.

Which of these "small molecules" is actually an *organic* molecule? NaHCO3 CH3CH2OH H2O CO2

CH3CH2OH

MASTER A&P

Chem and Biochem (Ch. 2) Post-lab

Insulin and glucagon are hormones, not enzymes, but one promotes production of glycogen, which is how we store glucose in our cells, while the other promotes the release of glucose from the stored glycogen. In this reaction, is insulin affecting the catabolic or the anabolic reaction? catabolic anabolic

Consider the following chemical reaction. ANSWER: anabolic

Sean is Maureen's first baby. Maureen and her husband, Conner, had enjoyed an uncomplicated pregnancy and delivery. Maureen had felt healthy throughout the pregnancy, but something was wrong with her baby. Sean is one month old, and not thriving. He seems to have a good appetite and breastfeeds as if he is starving; yet he has dropped 20 percent of his normal birth weight of 7 pounds, 8 ounces. He is down to only 6 pounds at his 1-month checkup, and his skin looks "wrinkly." He is having several greasy, almost foamy-looking stools each day. They remind Maureen of cake icing. Maureen also notices the funniest thing. Sean's skin tastes salty. Most alarmingly, he seems to be having some difficulty breathing recently. He sounds wheezy. Maureen and Conner are both from big families, and none of the babies have ever been sickly like this. Baby Sean has cystic fibrosis, which causes thick mucus secretions that can block ducts like the pancreatic duct, leading to insufficient enzymes in the small intestine. Why are these enzymes important? Digestive enzymes catalyze decomposition reactions of complex food molecules into absorbable fragments; without its enzyme, a substrate cannot be degraded. There are no consequences because there are other enzymes available to catalyze the decomposition reactions. Digestive enzymes catalyze dehydration synthesis reactions that generate important macromolecules like polysaccharides. Digestive enzymes are protein molecules that are required to transport food molecules across the intestinal walls for efficient absorption of nutrients.

Digestive enzymes catalyze decomposition reactions of complex food molecules into absorbable fragments; without its enzyme, a substrate cannot be degraded.

Which of the following atoms is NOT typically found in organic biomolecules? S F N P O

F

Which of the following is an exchange reaction? hydrolysis dehydration HCl+NaOH→NaCl+H2O C6H12O6+C6H12O6→C12H24O12C6H12O6+C6H12O6→C12H24O12

HCl+NaOH→NaCl+H2O

Which of the following statements about hydrogen bonds is false? Hydrogen bonds are strong attractive forces between hydrogen atoms and negatively charged atoms .Hydrogen bonds are responsible for many of the properties of water. Hydrogen bonds can occur within a single molecule. Hydrogen bonds are important for holding large molecules together. Hydrogen bonds can form between neighboring molecules.

Hydrogen bonds are strong attractive forces between hydrogen atoms and negatively charged atoms

How do ions form ionic bonds? Ions of opposite electrical charges are attracted to each other to balance the charges .Ions of the same type are drawn together because they are attracted to their own kind. Two atoms come together to share their electrons. One atom swaps all of its negative electrons for all of the other atom's positive protons.

Ions of opposite electrical charges are attracted to each other to balance the charges

Think about a 10% saline solution (saline refers to salt.). Which of the following is a correct statement? It contains 10% salt and 90% solution. It contains 10% solvent and 90% water. It contains 10% solvent and 90% solute. It contains 10% solute and 90% solvent.

It contains 10% solute and 90% solvent.

Which of these is NOT a property of glucose? It is the body's most important fuel. It is a monosaccharide. It contains only C, H, and O atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio. It is a disaccharide.

It is a disaccharide.

Wheat produces starch and cellulose, both of which are polysaccharides. While we rely on one for energy, we cannot digest the other. What causes such a physiological difference in digestion? There are more glucose molecules linked together in cellulose, making it energetically more difficult to digest. The chemical formulas are more complicated for cellulose. It is the ability of our bodies to break down the linkages between the multiple glucose molecules. It is because cellulose is in the stalk, and starch is in the seed.

It is the ability of our bodies to break down the linkages between the multiple glucose molecules.

Identify the correct statement regarding the process of denaturation. It is an increase in enzyme activity. It is the loss of protein structure. It is unaffected by changes in pH. It is affected by low temperatures. It results in decreased substrate availability.

It is the loss of protein structure.

ACTIV

Lesson 1.4 - Chemistry Basics for Biologists

ACTIV

Lesson 1.5 - Biochemistry Basics

Based on the general theme of conservation, which of the following is most likely to happen if an athlete breaks his arm and must wear a cast and not use that arm for six weeks? The muscles in the injured arm will get stronger to compensate for the injured bone. The muscles in the other arm will get stronger in order to help out. Muscles in the injured arm will get smaller because they are not being used. The muscles in the injured arm will not change—only the bone was broken.

Muscles in the injured arm will get smaller because they are not being used.

The nurse at the ER says she is giving you a *radioisotope* for an angiogram (blood vessel picture). You immediately know all of these things about the substance EXCEPT... It is positively charged It is the less common, more unstable isotope of whatever element they are using It will decay at some rate, letting off radiation that the angiogram machine can pick up It has the same number of protons as any atom of its element, but a different number of neutrons

NONE OF THESE ARE RIGHT (?)

When a small amount of HCl or NaOH is added to a solution of Na2HPO4, the pH of the solution barely changes. Based on these observations, all of the following are true concerning the compound Na2HPO4, except Na2HPO4 is a salt formed from reacting a strong base with a weak acid. Na2HPO4 adsorbs excess H+ and OH- directly onto the surface of its crystalline structure. Na2HPO4 is able to donate hydrogen ions to the OH- from NaOH. Na2HPO4 acts as a buffer.Na2HPO4 is able to accept extra hydrogen ions from the HCl.

Na2HPO4 adsorbs excess H+ and OH- directly onto the surface of its crystalline structure.

An important buffer in body fluids is ______ H2O. NaHCO3. NaCl. NaOH. HCl.

NaHCO3.

Atoms of oxygen have a total of 8 electrons. Are these atoms stable, and why or why not? Yes, because oxygen is in the air we breathe and it doesn't hurt us. Yes, because the Octet Rule says stable atoms have 8 electrons. No, because the atoms have only 6 valence electrons, but need 8 for stability. No, because only atoms with 2 valence electrons are stable.

No, because the atoms have only 6 valence electrons, but need 8 for stability.

The differences between the two molecules in questions 1 and 2 are... (choose two) One participates in hydrogen bonding with water and the other does not One contains nonpolar covalent bonds and the other does not One has a polar covalent bond at a key position and the other does not One is covalently bonded and the other is ionically bonded

One participates in hydrogen bonding with water and the other does not One has a polar covalent bond at a key position and the other does not

Which of the following distinguishes hydrogen bonds from covalent bonds? Only covalent bonds can form between molecules. Only hydrogen bonds can form between molecules. Only ionic bonds can form within molecules. Only hydrogen bonds can form within molecules.

Only hydrogen bonds can form between molecules.

The maximum number of electrons that the first energy level can hold is __________ one two four eight

TWO

________ structure results primarily from hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions between the R-groups of the polypeptide chain and water. Primary Pentanary Quaternary Tertiary Secondary

Tertiary

Which of the following is true of polar covalent bonds? Electrons are shared equally. The electrons are shared unequally. The same number of electrons are gained by one atom as are lost by another. They are rather weak bonds.

The electrons are shared unequally.

Sean is Maureen's first baby. Maureen and her husband, Conner, had enjoyed an uncomplicated pregnancy and delivery. Maureen had felt healthy throughout the pregnancy, but something was wrong with her baby. Sean is one month old, and not thriving. He seems to have a good appetite and breastfeeds as if he is starving; yet he has dropped 20 percent of his normal birth weight of 7 pounds, 8 ounces. He is down to only 6 pounds at his 1-month checkup, and his skin looks "wrinkly." He is having several greasy, almost foamy-looking stools each day. They remind Maureen of cake icing. Maureen also notices the funniest thing. Sean's skin tastes salty. Most alarmingly, he seems to be having some difficulty breathing recently. He sounds wheezy. Maureen and Conner are both from big families, and none of the babies have ever been sickly like this. What could be the cause of Sean's breathing problems? The excess mucus also blocks passages in the respiratory system, which leads to problems with breathing. The undigested lipids would lead to breathing problems. The excess sodium on the skin would lead to breathing problems. The exaggerated appetite coupled with the underweight state caused breathing problems.

The excess mucus also blocks passages in the respiratory system, which leads to problems with breathing.

On a camping trip, you are sitting by a pond, watching the fire. You observe a particle of ash fall and hit the surface of the water. It sits there for a moment before sinking and dissolving. Why was it able to sit there for a few seconds? The temperature of the ash was so much higher than that of the water that it evaporated the water at that spot. The carbon in the ash does not interact with hydrogen bonds. The surface tension formed from the hydrogen bonds between water molecules was low.As a result, the ash could not penetrate the water. The surface tension created by the hydrogen bonds between water molecules kept it from entering the water.

The surface tension created by the hydrogen bonds between water molecules kept it from entering the water.

Which of the following is not a function of triglycerides? They help insulate against heat loss in cold climates. They help protect organs by creating a cushion around the organ. They act as a reserve for lipid soluble vitamins. They are a reserve and important source of energy. They act as a structural component of plasma membranes.

They act as a structural component of plasma membranes.

Which of the following is not a function of steroids? They are required for normal processing of dietary fats. They are structural components of the plasm membrane. They are involved in regulation of sexual function. They regulate tissue metabolism and mineral balance. They are a significant energy reserve for the body.

They are a significant energy reserve for the body.

Which of the following is not a result of hydrogen bonds? An enzyme has a unique shape that allows it to bond only with specific molecules. Two hydrogen atoms join together to form a molecule of hydrogen gas. Some hair is straight, some wavy, and some very curly. Two strands of DNA are linked together taking a shape similar to a ladder.

Two hydrogen atoms join together to form a molecule of hydrogen gas.

Which of the following best describes dehydration synthesis? Two smaller molecules separate and reorganize into two new molecules after a water molecule is added to them. A large molecule is broken down, or splits, to produce salt and water. Two smaller molecules join together after a water molecule is added to split them apart. Two smaller molecules join together after a water molecule is removed from between them.

Two smaller molecules join together after a water molecule is removed from between them.

Too Sweet on Sugar? A baby's first and favorite taste is sweet: mother's milk is rich in lactose (milk sugar), a disaccharide of glucose and galactose. This preference for sweet persists throughout life. It is easier to tempt the poor appetite of a frail, elderly person with a bowl of pudding than with a bowl of steamed kale. Manufacturers of processed foods know this. When heart disease became endemic in the United States, holding first place as the killer of Americans, the medical community advocated a low-fat diet for heart health. Artery-clogging fats were removed from manufactured foods--such as cookies, soups, and other boxed, bagged, and frozen products--and replaced with sugar for flavor and mouth appeal. The sweetening of the American diet has wreaked a new kind of havoc on American health. Dental hygienists see more dental caries (cavities). Obesity is climbing at an alarming rate. Grade-school children are developing more type 2 diabetes, formerly called "adult-onset diabetes." These serious and potentially fatal diseases generally did not appear until a person had lived several decades with a poor lifestyle. Glucose is a necessary nutrient. Our body's cells depend on it for fuel; our neurons (brain cells) require it. However, we should meet our glucose needs through complex carbohydrates, or polysaccharides (such as glycogen). In contrast to simple sugars, complex carbohydrates are digested slowly by decomposition reactions in the digestive tract. The component monosaccharides of glucose are released and absorbed gradually, maintaining a steady blood glucose level. In turn, the pancreas is signaled only as needed to make the protein hormone insulin, which transports the glucose into the body's cells. Complex carbohydrates promote satiety (fullness) and support healthy sugar metabolism. The dietary practices of the Inuit in the Arctic regions prove the point that diets rich in fat are not automatically unhealthy. Which of the following statements provides one possible explanation? Arctic fish naturally contain a healthy amount of trans fatty acids. Arctic temperatures convert saturated fats to monounsaturated fats. Healthy oleic acids are unusually abundant in arctic fish. Unsaturated fats containing Omega 3s reportedly have a positive effect on cardiovascular health.

Unsaturated fats containing Omega 3s reportedly have a positive effect on cardiovascular health.

Foods are broken down into their building blocks by adding water. This would be an example of which characteristic of water? Water has a high heat of vaporization. Water acts as a cushion. Water acts as a lubricant. Water acts as a reactant.

Water acts as a reactant.

Water acts to dissolve molecules in the body. How does water dissolve the salt (NaCl) in your mouth from a salty pretzel? Water acts as a cofactor for enzymes that dissolve the salt. Water acts as a solvent because the partial negative charge on the oxygen in water attracts sodium, while the partial positive charge on hydrogen attracts chloride. This results in the separation of sodium from chloride, thus breaking the ionic bond. When water is added to the NaCl, NaCl is broken down by adding OH- to one element and H+ to the other. This is known as hydrolysis.

Water acts as a solvent because the partial negative charge on the oxygen in water attracts sodium, while the partial positive charge on hydrogen attracts chloride.

Which of the following statements about water is true? Water is a poor solvent. Water molecules form hydration spheres around ions. Water is composed of nonpolar covalent molecules. Water composes the smallest portion of total body weight.

Water molecules form hydration spheres around ions.

Sean is Maureen's first baby. Maureen and her husband, Conner, had enjoyed an uncomplicated pregnancy and delivery. Maureen had felt healthy throughout the pregnancy, but something was wrong with her baby. Sean is one month old, and not thriving. He seems to have a good appetite and breastfeeds as if he is starving; yet he has dropped 20 percent of his normal birth weight of 7 pounds, 8 ounces. He is down to only 6 pounds at his 1-month checkup, and his skin looks "wrinkly." He is having several greasy, almost foamy-looking stools each day. They remind Maureen of cake icing. Maureen also notices the funniest thing. Sean's skin tastes salty. Most alarmingly, he seems to be having some difficulty breathing recently. He sounds wheezy. Maureen and Conner are both from big families, and none of the babies have ever been sickly like this. As part of his diagnostic testing, baby Sean underwent a sweat chloride test that measures the levels of NaCl in the sweat from the skin on the forearm. How does the bond between NaCl form? Na atoms have a single electron in their valence, while Cl atoms have seven valence electrons. By sharing a pair of atoms and forming a covalent bond, both Cl and Na satisfy their valence shell requirements. The positive Na cation forms a hydrogen bond with the negative Cl anion. Cl atoms need only one electron to complete their valence shells, while Na atoms have a single electron in their valence shells. Na and Cl atoms form a covalent bond by sharing a pair of electrons. But since the Cl atom has a greater electronegativity than the Na atom, the electrons are shared unequally; thus, they form a polar covalent bond. When Na donates an electron to Cl, the Na atom becomes a cation and the Cl atom an anion. Since (+) and (-) charges attract each other, the Na+ and the Cl-; ions associate together, forming an ionic bond.

When Na donates an electron to Cl, the Na atom becomes a cation and the Cl atom an anion. Since (+) and (-) charges attract each other, the Na+ and the Cl-; ions associate together, forming an ionic bond.

Carbon atoms have four valence electrons. Are they likely to react with other atoms, and why or why not? Yes, because they can become more stable by doing so. No, because they have an even number of valence electrons so they are already stable. No, because they do not have enough valence electrons. Yes, but only with other stable atoms.

Yes, because they can become more stable by doing so.

The chemical notation that indicates concentration is represented as {}. [ ] .() .<> .||.

[ ]

When two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration synthesis, a disaccharide is formed. two new monosaccharides are formed. hydrolysis occurs. a starch is formed. a polysaccharide is formed.

a disaccharide is formed.

In an aqueous solution, sodium ions would move toward a negative terminal. a pH terminal. the bottom. a positive terminal. an organic terminal.

a negative terminal.

In plasma, a typical body fluid, protein floating around would be considered to be which of the following? a solute, specifically both a colloid and a nonelectrolyte a solute, specifically both a colloid and an electrolyte a solvent

a solute, specifically both a colloid and an electrolyte

A solution containing more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions is __________. acidic basic neutral alkaline

acidic

Substrate molecules bind to enzymes at the ________ sites. neutral reactant amino active carboxyl

active

The purines found in DNA are ________ and guanine. adenine thymine uracil niacin cytosine

adenine

Which of these biomolecules is mismatched to its use in cells? nucleic acid: energy "battery" or "currency" of all cells protein: enzymes that do the work of a cell all of these answers are correct carbohydrate: primary energy source for most cells lipid: plasma membrane around the cell

all of these answers are correct

What is the name of the chemical subunit that forms proteins?

amino acids

What is an ion? an atom that has either gained or lost electron(s) an atom that has lost one or more neutrons an atom that is sharing electrons with another atom an atom that loses all of its protons

an atom that has either gained or lost electron(s)

Ions with a negative charge are called cations .anions. positrons .isotopes. radicals.

anions

In an aqueous solution, cations are attracted toward hydrogen ions. salt.sodium. buffers. anions.

anions.

What type of bond does an unsaturated fatty acid contain that a saturated fatty acid does not? (Figure 2-15) an ionic bond at least one triple covalent bond a hydrogen bond at least one double covalent bond at least 4 single covalent bonds

at least one double covalent bond

The smallest stable units of matter are... molecules .atoms .electrons. neutrons. protons.

atoms

Which of the following is not produced through chemical bonding? the heart atoms cells adipose (fat) tissue

atoms

Hydrogen bonds do not form between two hydrogen atoms. Where do hydrogen bonds form? (Figure 2-8) between the slight negative charge on the sodium atom and the slight negative charge on the chlorine atom between the slight positive charge on the sodium atom and the slight negative charge on the chlorine atom between two ions between the slight negative charge on the hydrogen atom and the slight positive charge on the oxygen atom between the slight positive charge on the hydrogen atom and the slight negative charge on the oxygen atom

between the slight positive charge on the hydrogen atom and the slight negative charge on the oxygen atom

Glycoproteins and proteoglycans are combinations of amino acids and ______. inorganic compounds. lipids. nucleic acids. carbohydrates. fatty acids.

carbohydrates.

Each of the following is an inorganic compound except acids .salts. bases. carbohydrates .water.

carbohydrates. *Glucose. It contains Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen*

An atom walks into a bar. "Bartender, I've lost an electron". "Are you sure?" asks the bartender. "I'm *positive*, says the atom." The atom is now a/an... dogion anion cation isotope

cation

Ions with a + charge are called positrons. cations. isotopes. anions. radicals.

cations.

When your muscles contract to move your body, such as during walking, work is done, and work requires energy. Based on the Law of Conservation of Energy, from where does this energy come? heat New energy is created by our cells whenever we need it. chemical energy mechanical energy stored in ATP

chemical energy

Electrolytes are charged particles called ions that are dissolved in body fluids. Which of the following ions would be considered a major anion in the body? calcium sodium chloride potassium

chloride

Too Sweet on Sugar? A baby's first and favorite taste is sweet: mother's milk is rich in lactose (milk sugar), a disaccharide of glucose and galactose. This preference for sweet persists throughout life. It is easier to tempt the poor appetite of a frail, elderly person with a bowl of pudding than with a bowl of steamed kale. Manufacturers of processed foods know this. When heart disease became endemic in the United States, holding first place as the killer of Americans, the medical community advocated a low-fat diet for heart health. Artery-clogging fats were removed from manufactured foods--such as cookies, soups, and other boxed, bagged, and frozen products--and replaced with sugar for flavor and mouth appeal. The sweetening of the American diet has wreaked a new kind of havoc on American health. Dental hygienists see more dental caries (cavities). Obesity is climbing at an alarming rate. Grade-school children are developing more type 2 diabetes, formerly called "adult-onset diabetes." These serious and potentially fatal diseases generally did not appear until a person had lived several decades with a poor lifestyle. Glucose is a necessary nutrient. Our body's cells depend on it for fuel; our neurons (brain cells) require it. However, we should meet our glucose needs through complex carbohydrates, or polysaccharides (such as glycogen). In contrast to simple sugars, complex carbohydrates are digested slowly by decomposition reactions in the digestive tract. The component monosaccharides of glucose are released and absorbed gradually, maintaining a steady blood glucose level. In turn, the pancreas is signaled only as needed to make the protein hormone insulin, which transports the glucose into the body's cells. Complex carbohydrates promote satiety (fullness) and support healthy sugar metabolism. What type of carbohydrate is best to consume in order to reduce the risk of diabetes? triglycerides corn syrup complex carbohydrates proteins

complex carbohydrates

Too Sweet on Sugar? A baby's first and favorite taste is sweet: mother's milk is rich in lactose (milk sugar), a disaccharide of glucose and galactose. This preference for sweet persists throughout life. It is easier to tempt the poor appetite of a frail, elderly person with a bowl of pudding than with a bowl of steamed kale. Manufacturers of processed foods know this. When heart disease became endemic in the United States, holding first place as the killer of Americans, the medical community advocated a low-fat diet for heart health. Artery-clogging fats were removed from manufactured foods--such as cookies, soups, and other boxed, bagged, and frozen products--and replaced with sugar for flavor and mouth appeal. The sweetening of the American diet has wreaked a new kind of havoc on American health. Dental hygienists see more dental caries (cavities). Obesity is climbing at an alarming rate. Grade-school children are developing more type 2 diabetes, formerly called "adult-onset diabetes." These serious and potentially fatal diseases generally did not appear until a person had lived several decades with a poor lifestyle. Glucose is a necessary nutrient. Our body's cells depend on it for fuel; our neurons (brain cells) require it. However, we should meet our glucose needs through complex carbohydrates, or polysaccharides (such as glycogen). In contrast to simple sugars, complex carbohydrates are digested slowly by decomposition reactions in the digestive tract. The component monosaccharides of glucose are released and absorbed gradually, maintaining a steady blood glucose level. In turn, the pancreas is signaled only as needed to make the protein hormone insulin, which transports the glucose into the body's cells. Complex carbohydrates promote satiety (fullness) and support healthy sugar metabolism. What type of carbohydrate is best to consume in order to reduce the risk of diabetes? triglycerides corn syrup proteins complex carbohydrates

complex carbohydrates

When atoms complete their outer electron shell by sharing electrons, they form ______. ionic bonds. covalent bonds. anions. hydrogen bonds. cations.

covalent bonds.

Which of the following correctly ranks the types of chemical bonds, in order, from strongest to weakest? ionic, hydrogen, covalent hydrogen, covalent, ionic hydrogen, ionic, covalent covalent, ionic, hydrogen

covalent, ionic, hydrogen

Hydrolysis is an example of which type of reaction? decomposition exchange synthesis dehydration synthesis

decomposition

The formation of a complex carbohydrate is what type of reaction? decarboxylation phosphorylation hydrolysis dehydration synthesis

dehydration synthesis

The molecule DNA contains a five-carbon sugar called _____ maltose. ribose. glucose. fructose. deoxyribose.

deoxyribose.

In tertiary structure the ________ bond is formed between two cysteine amino acids . hydrophilic hydrogen ionic hydrophobic disulfide

disulfide

In the ionically bonded compound NaCl, we say that sodium has _______ chloride. completely ignored donated an electron to shared an electron with accepted an electron from

donated an electron to

Soluble inorganic compounds whose solutions will conduct an electric current are called ions. free radicals. metabolites. isotopes. electrolytes.

electrolytes.

Electrons whirl around the center of the atom at high speed, forming a(n) electron cloud. cylinder. helix. figure 8. spiral.

electron cloud.

Chemical reactions that absorb energy are said to be __________. endergonic exergonic exothermic thermal

endergonic

The reaction A + B + energy → AB is an example of a(n) ________ reaction. decomposition equilibrium exergonic exchange endergonic

endergonic

Chemical reactions that absorb energy are called decomposition. equilibrial. exchange. endergonic. exergonic.

endergonic.

The hydrolysis of ATP yields ADP, phosphate ion, and energy. adenosine. nuclease. AMP. H2O.

energy.

Chemical reactions that yield energy, such as heat, are said to be exergonic. thermonuclear. activated. neutral. endergonic.

exergonic.

Identify the component of a triglyceride within the bracket __________. fatty acids amino acids nucleotides glycerol

fatty acids

A molecule that has unpaired electrons is a(n) isotope. compound. triple bonded molecule. free radical .ion.

free radical

Cumulative damage from reactive ________ is thought to be a major factor in aging. helium double bonds free radicals isotopes nitrogen

free radicals

The three familiar states of matter are solids, liquids, and gases. globules. crystals. vapors. fibroids.

gases.

The structure shown is composed of which monomer?

glucose

The most important metabolic fuel molecule in the body is vitamins .protein .sucrose .caffeine. glucose.

glucose.

According to the rules of complementary base pairing in nucleic acids, cytosine would pair with the base cytosine. thymine. guanine. adenine. uracil.

guanine.

The ________ of a radioactive substance is the time required for 50 percent of a given amount of radioisotope to decay. entropy deterioration point mid-life decay-point half-life

half-life

Helium (HE) has an atomic number of 2. It is chemically stable because it _____ is neutral in electrical charge. will form a covalent bond with another He atom. readily ionizes to react with other atoms. lacks electrons, thus the He atom is stable. has a full outer electron shell.

has a full outer electron shell.

A(n) ________ bond is a covalent bond that stores an unusually large amount of energy. forceful power excitable high-energy charged

high-energy

The electrostatic attraction between the slight positive charge of a hydrogen of one molecule and the slight negative charge of an oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine of another molecule is called a(n) ____ polar covalent bond. single covalent bond. nonpolar covalent bond. hydrogen bond .ionic bond.

hydrogen bond

Which of these pairs indicates an incorrect coupling of reversible reactions? breakdown and synthesis anabolic and catabolic dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis hydrolysis and breakdown

hydrolysis and breakdown

The molecule CH3-CH2-OH is a... hydrophobic molecule hydrophilic molecule hydrostatic molecule

hydrophilic molecule

The molecule CH3-CH2-CH3 is a... hydrostatic molecule hydrophilic molecule hydrophobic molecule

hydrophobic molecule

Covalent bonds: always result in slight electrical charges at different atoms. always result in equal distribution of electrons between the atoms. involve the sharing of one to three pairs of electrons. involve the sharing of 8 pairs of electrons.

involve the sharing of one to three pairs of electrons.

When electrons are transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms unite as a result of the opposite charges, a(n) ________is formed. ion molecule ionic bond covalent bond hydrogen bond

ionic bond

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas are called isozymes. isomers .isotypes .isotopes .isomoles.

isomers

Sean is Maureen's first baby. Maureen and her husband, Conner, had enjoyed an uncomplicated pregnancy and delivery. Maureen had felt healthy throughout the pregnancy, but something was wrong with her baby. Sean is one month old, and not thriving. He seems to have a good appetite and breastfeeds as if he is starving; yet he has dropped 20 percent of his normal birth weight of 7 pounds, 8 ounces. He is down to only 6 pounds at his 1-month checkup, and his skin looks "wrinkly." He is having several greasy, almost foamy-looking stools each day. They remind Maureen of cake icing. Maureen also notices the funniest thing. Sean's skin tastes salty. Most alarmingly, he seems to be having some difficulty breathing recently. He sounds wheezy. Maureen and Conner are both from big families, and none of the babies have ever been sickly like this. From the description of baby Sean's stool, what macromolecules do you suspect are NOT being digested? carbohydrates and nucleic acids lipids and carbohydrates proteins only nucleic acids only

lipids and carbohydrates

Enzymes __________ the activation energy required for a reaction to proceed to completion. stabilize increase equalize lower

lower

Each amino acid differs from another in the nature of the side chain. number of peptide bonds in the molecule. size of the amino group. number of carboxyl groups. number of central carbon atoms.

nature of the side chain.

Which subatomic particles contribute to an atom's mass number but not its atomic number? protons electrons neutrons None of them—atomic number and atomic mass number are essentially the same thing.

neutrons

Isotopes of an element differ in the number of... electron clouds. protons in the nucleus. neutrons in the nucleus. electrons in energy shells. electrons in the nucleus.

neutrons in the nucleus.

The molecule NO is known as nitric oxide. nitric oxygen .noxious oxide. noxious oxygen. nitrous oxide.

nitric oxide.

The three structural components of a nucleotide are a pentose, a phosphate group, and a ________ base. nitrogenous hydrophilic nucleic hydrochloric sulfuric

nitrogenous

Radioisotopes have unstable ________. protons. isotopes. nuclei .electron clouds .ions.

nuclei

Molecules that store and process genetic information are the proteins. lipids. carbohydrates. steroids. nucleic acids.

nucleic acids.

What is the name of the chemical subunit that forms DNA? nucleic acid nucleotide nucleoside nucleus

nucleotide

The center of an atom is called the ____ middle point. nucleus .core. hub.f ocus.

nucleus

One mole of any element has the same... weight. number of atoms. mass. number of electrons. All of the answers are correct.

number of atoms.

The maximum rate of an enzyme reaction ______ is reversible. occurs at the saturation limit. occurs during dehydration. occurs during synthesis. occurs during hydrolysis.

occurs at the saturation limit.

The ________ of a solution is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration expressed in moles per liter. solubility charge pH acidity basicity

pH

Which of the following has the highest concentration of hydroxide ions? pH 7 pH 1 pH 2 pH 10 pH 14

pH 14

Which pH is closest to normal body pH? pH 2 pH 4 pH 7 pH 8 pH 3

pH 7

Which pH is more acidic, a pH of 3, a pH of 7, or a pH of 9? pH of 3 pH of 9 pH of 7

pH of 3

In living cells, complex metabolic reactions proceed in a series of steps called ____. increments .maneuvers. pathways .cascades. degrees.

pathways

The letter "P" in the name of the energy molecule ATP stands for __________. power phosphate peptide protein

phosphate

A high-energy bond in ATP is present between _____. the second and third phosphate group. adenine and ribose. adenine and a phosphate group. phosphate groups 1 and 2 and between phosphate groups 2 and 3. the first and second phosphate group.

phosphate groups 1 and 2 and between phosphate groups 2 and 3.

The arrow in the image points to which of the following molecules? micelle glycolipid triglycerides phospholipid

phospholipid

Molecules with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group that form biological membranes are called dipeptides. diglycerides. disaccharides. prostaglandins. phospholipids.

phospholipids.

If a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms, a(n) ________ bond occurs. double covalent hydrogen single covalent polar covalent triple covalent

polar covalent

What type of chemical bond holds the atoms in a water molecule together? nonpolar covalent bond ionic bond polar covalent bond hydrogen bond

polar covalent bond

A molecule of water (H2O) is formed by what type of bond? nonpolar covalent bonds weak bonds ionic covalent bonds polar covalent bonds

polar covalent bonds

Formation of hydrogen bonds requires hydrogen atoms and what else? polar covalent bonds water oxygen ionic bonds

polar covalent bonds

Which "level" of carbohydrate structure is *correctly* matched? polysaccharide: amylose (starch), cellulose (dietary fiber) disaccharide: glucose, fructose monosaccharide: sucrose (cane sugar), lactose (milk sugar)

polysaccharide: amylose (starch), cellulose (dietary fiber)

A fatty acid that contains two or more double covalent bonds is said to be monounsaturated .carboxylated. polyunsaturated. saturated .hydrogenated.

polyunsaturated.

If an atom loses an electron, it becomes a __________. positively charged cation negatively charged anion positively charged anion negatively charged cation

positively charged cation

Stored energy that has the ability to do work is called heat energy .kinetic energy. potential energy .light energy. dark energy.

potential energy

The "atomic number" of an atom is determined by the number of ________ it has. protons + neutrons neutrons electrons protons + electrons protons

protons

Which type(s) of subatomic particles can be located within the nucleus of an atom? neutrons only protons and electrons electrons only protons and neutrons

protons and neutrons

Adenine and guanine are ______ nucleotides represented by A and G. purines represented by T and C. pyrimidines represented by A and G. purines represented by A and G. pyrimidines represented by T and C.

purines represented by A and G.

Interaction between individual polypeptide chains to form a protein complex is ________ structure. pentagonal tertiary quaternary secondary primary

quaternary

In a chemical equation, what are the chemicals on the left side of the arrow called? products water reactants disaccharide

reactants

The alpha-helix and beta sheet are examples of ________ protein structure. pentanary tertiary primary quaternary secondary

secondary

The alpha-helix is an example of the __________ level of protein structure. primary quaternary tertiary secondary

secondary

The protein shape indicated by the arrow represents which level of structural complexity? primary quaternary tertiary secondary

secondary

Which of these lists contains only trace elements? silicon, fluorine, tin sulfur, chlorine, oxygenboron, oxygen, carbon selenium, hydrogen, calcium cobalt, calcium, sodium

silicon, fluorine, tin

A(n) ________ is a homogeneous mixture containing a solvent and a solute. solution compound infusion blend emulsion

solution

Cortisol is a type of lipid hormone. Which type of lipid would cortisol be classified as? phospholipid triglyceride steroid

steroid

When placed in water, an inorganic compound dissociates 99 percent, forming hydrogen ions and anions. This compound would be a ______ strong acid. salt. weak acid. strong base. weak base.

strong acid.

Which of the following is a product in the following reaction? glucose + fructose sucrose + H2O fructose oxygen (O2) glucose sucrose

sucrose

Consider sweetened ice tea. Which of the following is a solute? the beverage itself water sugar ice

sugar

A dust particle floating on a water surface illustrates chemical tension. surface tension. hydrophilic attraction. static electricity. heat capacity.

surface tension

Muddy lake water is an example of a(n) _____ solvent. solute. solution. colloid. suspension.

suspension.

AB → A + B is to decomposition as A + B → AB is to __________. catabolism hydrolysis synthesis exchange

synthesis

Which of the following are especially important for growth and repair processes? hydrolysis synthesis reactions exchange reactions

synthesis reactions

Ions in an ionic molecule are held together due to

the attraction of opposite electrical charges

The atomic number (which determines what element you have) is equal to... the number of protons minus the number of electrons the number of neutrons in the atom the number of protons plus neutrons the number of protons in the atom

the number of protons in the atom

When an ionic bond forms, which part(s) of the atoms are directly involved? both the protons and the electrons the neutrons the protons the outermost electrons

the outermost electrons

What makes fatty acid 3 an unsaturated fatty acid? (Figure 2-17) the presence of a triple covalent bond the presence of an ionic bond the presence of a hydrogen bond the presence of only single covalent bonds the presence of a double covalent bond

the presence of a double covalent bond

The pyrimidine bases found in DNA are ________ and cytosine. thymine niacin cytosine adenine uracil

thymine

In a molecule of nitrogen, three pairs of electrons are shared by two nitrogen atoms. The type of bond that is formed is an example of a ________ bond. double divalent hydrogen single trivalent polar covalent triple covalent

triple covalent

A peptide bond links __________. two nucleotides two amino acids two monosaccharides a glycerol and a fatty acid

two amino acids

Which parts of atoms can interact (react) to form chemical bonds? the orbitals protons the nucleus of each atom valence electrons

valence electrons

Hydrophilic molecules readily associate with _____ salts. hydrophobic molecules. water molecules .acids. lipid molecules.

water molecules

In hydrolysis reactions, compounds react with glucose, causing decomposition. carbon, causing decomposition. water, causing decomposition. hydrogen, causing decomposition. water, causing synthesis

water, causing decomposition.

The term ________ refers to certain amino acids, which can have both a positive charge and a negative charge. double ion anion cation twinion zwitterion

zwitterion