Mastering A&P Ch. 22

Changes in the immune system that accompany aging include decreased numbers of T helper cells. fewer cytotoxic T cells responding to infections. B cells less responsive. T cells becoming less responsive to antigens. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Steps in antigen presentation include which of these? Phagocytic antigen-presenting cells engulf pathogens. Antigen fragments appear on the antigen-presenting cell's surface. Antigens are digested. Antigen presentation includes all of these steps.

Antigen presentation includes all of these steps.

B cells are __________.

B cells have all of these properties.

In passive immunization, the body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal. body receives antibodies produced by an animal. body is deliberately exposed to an antigen. body receives antibodies produced by other humans. immune system attacks normal body cells.

body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal.

Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation, except redness of the inflamed tissue. chemotaxis of phagocytes. swelling of the inflamed tissue. movement of defense proteins and cells into the interstitial space. heat of the inflamed tissue.

chemotaxis of phagocytes.

Stress suppresses the immune response through the action of __________. tumor necrosis factors colony-stimulating factors interferons corticosteroids

corticosteroids

The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the ________ cells.

cytotoxic T

Which defense cells can specifically identify and directly kill disease cells? plasma cells cytotoxic T lymphocytes B lymphocytes suppressor T lymphocytes

cytotoxic T lymphocytes

CD8 markers are to ________ T cells as CD4 markers are to ________ T cells.

cytotoxic,helper

Inflammation produces localized .

heat. swelling. pain. redness.

The various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their heavy-chain constant segments. light-chain variable segments. antigen specificity. reactivity. asymmetry

heavy-chain constant segments.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes the disease known as AIDS selectively infects ________ cells. suppressor T plasma helper T B cytotoxic T

helper T

When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a ________ cell. helper T cytotoxic T plasma suppressor T NK

helper T

The letters HIV stand for ________.

human immunodeficiency virus

Which of these is not one of the nonspecific defenses? histamine interferons neutrophils immunoglobulins

immunoglobulins

Immunity that results from vaccination against influenza is classified as __________.

induced active

The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following, except opsonization. inhibition of the immune response. stimulation of inflammation. chemotaxis. destruction of target cell plasma membranes.

inhibition of the immune response.

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity.

innate

Infection with the HIV virus occurs through airborne droplets from coughs and sneezes. sharing clothes with an infected individual. eating contaminated food. intimate contact with an infected person's body fluids. casual contact with an infected individual.

intimate contact with an infected person's body fluids.

Which of these is not a characteristic of AIDS? almost always eventually fatal is declining worldwide is spread most often through sexual contact attacks the T helper (CD4) cells has killed at least 1/2 million people in the United States

is declining worldwide

A sample of John's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John

is running a fever.

Which of these is not a lymphoid organ? spleen thymus liver lymph node

liver

Which cell type is essential to the immune response?

lymphocytes

Which of these defense cells are not phagocytic? macrophages eosinophils neutrophils lymphocytes

lymphocytes

Immunity that results from antibodies that pass through the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity. auto passive naturally acquired passive innate active

naturally acquired passive

During a primary humoral response to antigens all of the following occur, except B cells may undergo several rounds of mitosis before producing plasma cells and memory cells. neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances. B cells may differentiate into plasma cells immediately. antibody levels do not peak until 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure. the first immunoglobulins to appear in circulation are of the IgM type.

neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances.

The release of endogenous pyrogen (or interleukin-1) by active macrophages would

produce a fever.

Which of these organs does not drain its lymph into the thoracic duct?

right arm

Milly has just received a kidney transplant and is taking cyclosporin A. What does this medication do? decreases chemotaxis of macrophages to the transplanted kidney weakens antibodies in the blood depresses hematopoiesis prevents inflammation from destroying the transplanted kidney suppresses helper T cells, thus preventing rejection

suppresses helper T cells, thus preventing rejection

A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably blood. tears. serum. interstitial. lymph.

tears.

Leslie has a bad sore throat and the lymph nodes in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that

the affected lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes.

Autoimmune illness results from a failure of what aspect of immunity? versatility tolerance memory specificity

tolerance

An infection and inflammation of the aggregated lymphatic nodules in the pharynx is termed ________.

tonsillitis

The lymphatic system does all of the following, except that it transports gases to and away from lymph nodes. fights infection. eliminates variations in the composition of interstitial fluid. transports lipids from the digestive tract. helps maintain normal blood volume.

transports gases to and away from lymph nodes.

In a routine examination, some blood is taken and analyzed. The results show a high IgM titer for the mumps virus but a low IgG anti-mumps titer. This would indicate the person is immune to mumps. is relying on passive immunity. has just recovered from mumps. was recently infected with mumps. is allergic to mumps.

was recently infected with mumps.

All of the following are true of the secondary response of humoral immunity, except that it produces more effective antibodies. results in much quicker rise in antibody titers. weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two. results in much higher antibody titers than in the primary response. depends on memory B cells.

weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two.

Activated macrophages release endogenous pyrogens that cause __________.

Fever

Phagocytic cells that are permanent residents of specific tissues and organs are called ________.

Fixed Macrophages

Which class of immunoglobulins sensitizes cells to allergens?

IgE

The only antibodies that normally cross the placenta are IgD. IgA. IgM. IgG. IgE.

IgG.

________ is the class of antibody first secreted in response to a new antigen. IgE IgM IgA IgD IgG

IgM

Which of these is not a property of the immune response? It is triggered by an antigen. It may be cell-mediated. It may be antibody-mediated. It must be acquired

It must be acquired

Into which blood vessel will lymph flow if it starts at the red arrow?

Left subclavian vein

Lymphatic tissues are connective tissues dominated by ________.

Lymphocytes

If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of

T cells.

Lymphatic organs differ from lymphatic tissues in what way?

They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphatic tissues are not.

Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are autoimmune diseases. the result of stress. allergies. immunodeficiency diseases. signs of a weak system.

allergies.

The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called ________.

Chemotaxis