Mastering A&P Chapter 1 Chemistry

Which of the following is an example of a suspension?

blood

Which four elements comprise approximately 96% of our body weight?

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen

Legs moving the pedals of a bicycle.

mechanical energy

blood

mixture

An atom with an atomic number of 10 and a mass number of 24 would have ________.

14 neutrons

The first electron shell (closest to the nucleus) can hold a maximum of

2 electrons

How many hydrogen atoms will nitrogen bond with to form a stable molecule?

3

The atomic mass of the helium atom shown is ______.

4 amu

How many electrons does sulfur have in its third electron shell?

6

Atom X has 17 protons. How many electrons are in its valence shell (outermost energy level)?

7

If atom X has an atomic number of 74 it would have which of the following?

74 protons

Which of the following accurately describes what is occurring in the illustrated reaction?

A single covalent bond is formed between carbon and each of the four hydrogen atoms.

Select the statement about mixtures that is correct.

A solution contains solvent in large amounts and solute in smaller quantities.

Which of the following statements is false?

Catalysts increase the rate of chemical reactions, sometimes while undergoing reversible changes in shape. Chemical reactions proceed more quickly at higher temperatures. Chemical reactions progress at a faster rate when the reacting particles are present in higher numbers. (Larger particles move faster than smaller ones and thus collide more frequently and more forcefully.)

What explains the negative charge on the oxygen atom within the water molecule?

Oxygen atoms have a stronger pull on the electrons shared within a covalent bond formed between oxygen and hydrogen.

A 23-year-old male was riding his road bike in 100-degree heat, when he suddenly became nauseated and weak. He called 911 from his cell phone. When the ambulance came, the paramedics started intravenous therapy for severe dehydration. Which physical property and which physiological role of water caused the dehydration, and why?

High heat of vaporization; water was lost when evaporating from the skin to cool the body.

Why can dehydration be such a life-threating event?

It significantly alters the ratio of body water (solvent) to dissolved substances (solutes), such as sodium ions.

Which of the following is an example of a decomposition reaction?

MgO2 → Mg + O2

Blood loss due to a moderate hemorrhage has several adverse effects on patient wellbeing. Why would administering IV fluids alone not be sufficient to return a patient to health?

Oxygen-carrying red blood cells lost along with the fluid component must also be replaced.

Why is it possible to safely drink a solution that contains a 50:50 mixture of equal concentrations of a strong acid and a strong base, either of which, if ingested separately, would be very caustic and damaging?

Salt and water are formed when a strong acid and base are mixed.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the pH of a solution?

The more hydrogen ions in a solution, the more acidic the solution is.

A 65-year-old patient came to the emergency room with complaints of severe heartburn unrelieved by taking a "large handful" of antacids. Would you expect the pH to be relatively high, low, or normal for the patient's stomach contents, and why?

The pH would be high. Antacids are basic, and too many antacids would result in a relatively alkaline state.

What do these four elements have in common?

They all have an incomplete valence electron shell.

All salts are ions, but not all ions are salts.

True. Salts are ions that contain a cation other than H+ and an anion other than OH-.

This figure illustrates which principle?

Water (H2O) is an effective polar solvent.

Choose the answer that best describes HCO3-.

a bicarbonate ion

The chloride ion (Cl-) indicated by the arrow is interacting most closely with which of the following?

a hydrogen atom within a water molecule

A solution that has a pH of 2 could best be described as being _______

acidic

What is the classification of a solution with a pH of 8.3?

alkaline solution A pH between 0.0 and 7.0 is acidic. A pH between 7.0 and 14.0 is basic. Therefore, a solution with a pH of 8.3 is an alkaline (or basic) solution

What holds the sodium and chloride ions together in a chemical bond?

an electrical attraction between opposite charges

Forming glycogen as energy storage in the liver is an example of ________.

anabolism

Smallest particle of an element that retains its properties.

atom

Number of protons in an atom.

atomic number

Usually, the first one or two letters of an element's name.

atomic symbol

If an oxygen atom were to form a chemical bond in which it gained two electrons, it would ______.

become more stable

Electrically charged particle due to loss of an electron.

cation

When the bonds of ATP are broken, energy is released to do cellular work.

chemical energy

Heterogeneous, will not settle.

colloids

dry ice (frozen carbon dioxide)

compound

water

compound

ATP → ADP + Pi is an example of a(n) ________ reaction

decomposition

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major types of chemical reactions?

hyperbolic

Kidneys play a major role in helping to maintain proper levels of Na+ and K+ ions in the blood. If the kidneys fail to function properly, one of the direct consequences would be_________.

impaired nerve impulse transmission Salts are ions that contribute to the ability of nerves to conduct an electrical current.

Represented by the flow of charged particles along a conductor, or the flow of ions across a membrane.

electrical energy

carbon

element

The three atoms shown represent three unique ______.

elements

Can be measured only by its effects on matter.

energy

In a solution, the solute is the substance present in the greatest amount.

false

Which property of water is demonstrated when we sweat?

high heat of vaporization

A type of bond important in tying different parts of the same molecule together into a three-dimensional structure.

hydrogen bond

What type of bond is formed between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and the hydrogen atom of another water molecule?

hydrogen bond

Rank the chemical bonds from relatively weakest to strongest.

hydrogen, ionic, covalent

A bond in which electrons are completely lost or gained by the atoms involved.

ionic bond

This figure depicts the formation of a(n) ______.

ionic bond

Salts are always ________.

ionic compounds

The pH scale __________.

is based on the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution The pH scale, which ranges from 0 to 14, is a logarithmic scale based on the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

The three atoms shown represent different ______.

isotopes

Although a man who weighs 175 pounds on Earth would be lighter on the moon and heavier on Jupiter, his _______ would not be different.

mass

Combined number of protons and neutrons in an atom.

mass number of an element

Anything that occupies space and has mass.

matter

Combination of two or more atoms of the same element held together by chemical bonds.

molecule

Compared to carbon-14, carbon-12 is

more stable

Which of the following is chemically inert (unreactive)?

neon (atomic number 10)

Neutral subatomic particle.

neutron

The three atoms shown differ in the number of ______.

neutrons

A bond in which electrons are shared equally.

nonpolar covalent bond

Sulfur is atomic number 16. Sulfur will form chemical bonds in a similar manner as ______.

oxygen

A bond in which electrons are shared unequally.

polar covalent bond

The lines drawn between hydrogen (H) atoms and the oxygen (O) atom in the structural diagram presented in the right of the figure each represent a ______.

polar covalent bonds

Which particle is indicated by the arrow?

proton

Energy that travels in waves. Part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

radiant energy

Which process describes the release of particles by an unstable nucleus?

radioactivity

Homogeneous, will not settle.

solutions

Will not scatter light.

solutions

Which of the following best describes an isotope?

structurally variant atoms, which have the same number of protons and electrons, but differ in the number of neutrons they contain

Heterogeneous, will settle.

suspensions

Amino acids joining together to make a peptide is a good example of a(n) ________ reaction.

synthesis

The superscript preceding each hydrogen atomic symbol (H) represents which of the following?

the atomic mass of the corresponding atom

A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is usually associated with ________

the release of energy

What does CH4 mean?

there is 1 carbon and 4 hydrogen atoms

Which of the following is NOT considered a factor in influencing a reaction rate?

time

A charged particle is generally called an ion or electrolyte.

true

Buffers resist abrupt and large changes in the pH of body fluids by releasing or binding ions.

true

The lower the pH, the higher the hydrogen ion concentration. The lower the pH, the higher the hydrogen ion concentration.

true

Is a function of, and varies with, gravity.

weight