Mastering A&P Multiple Choice Review Respiratory System
__________ has a greater partial pressure in the pulmonary capillaries than in the alveoli, so it diffuses into the __________. - CO2; alveoli - CO2; pulmonary capillaries - O2; alveoli - O2; pulmonary cavities
CO2; alveoli
The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________. - Dalton's law - Charles' law - Boyle's law - Henry's law
Dalton's law
Which of the following is not a function of the nasal conchae and mucosa? - Filter the air entering the nasal cavity. - Heat and moisten the air entering the nasal cavity. - Extract heat and moisture from the air leaving the nasal cavity. - Destroy pathogens entering the nasopharynx.
Destroy pathogens entering the nasopharynx.
Which form of CO2 transport accounts for the least amount of CO2 transported in blood? - As carbon monoxide in plasma - As bicarbonate ion in plasma - Dissolved in plasma - Chemically bound to hemoglobin
Dissolved in plasma
Why is a patient with tuberculosis often noncompliant with treatment? - Due to the psychological side effects of the antibiotic used, the patient may stop taking the medication when they start to feel better. - TB infection causes damage to the nervous system, resulting in changes in personality and judgment. - Due to the time length of treatment, the patient may stop taking the medication when they start to feel better. - Due to the physiological side effects of the antibiotic used, the patient may stop taking the medication when they start to feel better.
Due to the time length of treatment, the patient may stop taking the medication when they start to feel better.
Which way would O2 and CO2 diffuse during internal respiration? - Both O2 and CO2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries. - O2 would diffuse into the cells, and CO2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries. - O2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries, and CO2 would diffuse into the cells.
O2 would diffuse into the cells, and CO2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries.
Which of the following is not true of the respiratory tract from the medium bronchi to the aveoli? - Proportionally, smooth muscle increases uniformly. - Lining of the tubes changes from ciliated columnar to simple squamous epithelium in the alveoli. - Resistance to air flow increases due to the increase in cross-sectional diameter. - Cartilage gradually decreases and disappears at the bronchioles.
Resistance to air flow increases due to the increase in cross-sectional diameter.
Because the lungs are filled with fluid during fetal life, which of the following statements is true regarding respiratory exchange? - Respiratory exchanges are not necessary. - Respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta. - Because the lungs develop later in gestation, fetuses do not need a mechanism for respiratory exchange. - Respiratory exchanges are made through the ductus arteriosus.
Respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta.
Which of the following statements is incorrect? - During fetal life, lungs are filled with fluid. - The chest wall becomes more rigid with age. - Descent of the diaphragm results in abdominal breathing. - Respiratory rate is lowest in newborn infants.
Respiratory rate is lowest in newborn infants.
How will the lungs compensate for an acute rise in the partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood? - Respiratory depth will decrease. - Respiratory depth and respiratory rate will decrease. - Respiratory rate will decrease. - Respiratory rate will increase. - Respiratory depth will decrease and respiratory rate will increase.
Respiratory rate will increase.
Which of the following is the most powerful respiratory stimulant? - Low oxygen levels - Arterial pH - Rising CO2 levels - Low CO2 levels
Rising CO2 levels
Which of the following conditions or scenarios increases the respiratory rate? - increasing partial pressure of oxygen - acidosis - alkalosis - hypocapnia
acidosis
Since mucus-producing cells and cilia are sparse in the bronchioles and alveoli, how does the body remove microorganisms that make their way into the respiratory zone? - type I alveolar cells produce antimicrobial proteins - type II alveolar cells secrete a substance called surfactant - alveolar macrophages crawl freely along internal alveolar surfaces - the pleurae produce pleural fluid
alveolar macrophages crawl freely along internal alveolar surfaces
Which of the following determines lung compliance? - alveolar surface tension - muscles of inspiration - flexibility of the thoracic cage - airway opening
alveolar surface tension
The main site of gas exchange is the ________. - alveolar sacs - alveolar duct - respiratory bronchiole - alveoli
alveoli
Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system? - lobar (secondary) bronchi - terminal bronchioles - trachea - alveoli
alveoli
Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange? - alveolar ducts - alveolar sacs - respiratory bronchioles - alveoli
alveoli
Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange? - alveolar sacs - respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveoli
alveoli
Which parts of the respiratory system function as the main sites of gas exchange? - terminal bronchioles - trachea - primary bronchi - alveoli
alveoli
Quiet inspiration is ____________, and quiet expiration is ______________. - a passive process; an active process - an active process; also an active process - a passive process; also a passive process - an active process; a passive process
an active process; a passive process
Which form of hypoxia reflects poor O2 delivery resulting from too few RBCs or from RBCs that contain abnormal or too little hemoglobin? - hypoxemic hypoxia - ischemic (stagnant) hypoxia - histotoxic hypoxia - anemic hypoxia
anemic hypoxia
Which cartilage belonging to the larynx anchors the vocal cords? - thyroid cartilage - epiglottis - arytenoid cartilages - cricoid cartilage
arytenoid cartilages
What is the primary form in which carbon dioxide is carried in blood? - chemically bound to hemoglobin - dissolved in plasma - as a bicarbonate ion in plasma - as carbonic acid in plasma
as a bicarbonate ion in plasma
What is the most common method of carbon dioxide transport? - dissolved in the plasma - as bicarbonate ions in the plasma - chemically bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin - chemically bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin
as bicarbonate ions in the plasma
How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood? - chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells - chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobin - as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells - as carbonic acid in the plasma
as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells
The nose serves all the following functions except ________. - as the direct initiator of the cough reflex - cleansing the air - warming and humidifying the air - as a passageway for air movement
as the direct initiator of the cough reflex
The nose serves all the following functions except ________. - as a passageway for air movement - cleansing the air - as the initiator of the cough reflex - warming and humidifying the air
as the initiator of the cough reflex
Which of the following incorrectly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport? - 7-10% of CO2 is dissolved directly into the plasma - attached to the heme part of hemoglobin - as bicarbonate ion in plasma - 20% of CO2 is carried in the form of carbaminohemoglobin
attached to the heme part of hemoglobin
Which of the following incorrectly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport? - attached to the heme part of hemoglobin - 7-10% of CO2 is dissolved directly into the plasma - 20% of CO2 is carried in the form of carbaminohemoglobin - as bicarbonate ion in plasma
attached to the heme part of hemoglobin
What is the most powerful respiratory stimulant in a healthy person? - oxygen needs of cells - blood oxygen level - blood pH - blood carbon dioxide level
blood carbon dioxide level
Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2? - internal respiration - pulmonary ventilation - external respiration - blood pH adjustment
blood pH adjustment
Which blood vessels supply oxygenated systemic blood to the lung tissue? - pulmonary arteries - bronchial veins - bronchial arteries - pulmonary veins
bronchial arteries
Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea? - surface tension of water - pseudostratified ciliated epithelium - surfactant - cartilage rings
cartilage rings
Which of the following counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC? - chloride shifting - the Bohr effect - release of hydrogen ion - the Haldane effect
chloride shifting
Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________. - ciliated mucous lining in the nose - action of the epiglottis - abundant blood supply to nasal mucosa - porous structure of turbinate bones
ciliated mucous lining in the nose
The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________. - concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes - temperature is lower at higher altitudes - basal metabolic rate is higher at high altitudes - concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is higher at higher altitudes
concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes
With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________. - decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond - increase in pH (alkalosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond - increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond - decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
Which muscles are activated during normal quiet inspiration? - diaphragm and external intercostal muscles - scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, and pectoralis minor muscles - diaphragm and internal intercostal muscles - oblique and transversus muscles
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________. - filtration - active transport - osmosis - diffusion
diffusion
Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation? - tuberculosis - emphysema - coryza - pneumonia
emphysema
Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation? - tuberculosis - emphysema - pneumonia - coryza
emphysema
The __________ is also known as the "guardian of the airways." - glottis - larynx - epiglottis - vestibular folds
epiglottis
What part of the larynx covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing to keep food out of the lower respiratory passages? - vocal folds - thyroid cartilage - glottis - epiglottis
epiglottis
Tidal volume is air ________. - exchanged during normal breathing - inhaled after normal inspiration - forcibly expelled after normal expiration - remaining in the lungs after forced expiration
exchanged during normal breathing
The loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________. - length of the vocal folds - thickness of vestibular folds - strength of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles - force with which air rushes across the vocal folds
force with which air rushes across the vocal folds
Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is - less than the pressure in the atmosphere. - greater than the pressure in the atmosphere. - greater than the intra-alveolar pressure. - equal to the pressure in the atmosphere.
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.
Which of the following qualifies as a fully saturated hemoglobin molecule? - hemoglobin is transporting three oxygen molecules - hemoglobin is transporting one oxygen molecule - hemoglobin is transporting two oxygen molecules - hemoglobin is transporting four oxygen molecules
hemoglobin is transporting four oxygen molecules
The indentation on the medial surface of each lung through which pulmonary and systemic blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and leave is called the ___________. - apex - cardiac notch - hilum - base
hilum
Hypocapnia causes ______. - the level of bicarbonate ions in the blood to rise - hypoxia - an increase in VRG activity - hyperventilation
hypoxia
The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________. - loss of oxygen in tissues - pH (acidosis) - increase of carbon dioxide - pH (alkalosis)
increase of carbon dioxide
The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________. - expiratory reserve - vital capacity - reserve air - inspiratory reserve
inspiratory reserve
Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________. - humidifying the air before it enters - warming the air before it enters - interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid - protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations
interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
During pneumonia, the lungs become "waterlogged"; this means that within the alveoli there is an abnormal accumulation of ______. - blood - blood plasma - interstitial fluid - water
interstitial fluid
Which of the following pressures must remain negative to prevent lung collapse? - intrapulmonary pressure - intrapleural pressure - transpulmonary pressure - atmospheric pressure
intrapleural pressure
In pneumothorax, the lung collapses because ______. - intrapleural pressure is lower than transpulmonary pressure - intrapleural pressure is higher than intrapulmonary pressure - intrapulmonary pressure is lower than transpulmonary pressure - intrapulmonary pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure
intrapleural pressure is higher than intrapulmonary pressure
Which of the following pressures rises and falls with the phases of breathing, but eventually equalizes with the atmospheric pressure? - intrapulmonary pressure - intrapleural pressure - atmospheric pressure - transpulmonary pressure
intrapulmonary pressure
What is the most immediate driving force behind pulmonary ventilation? - air sac contraction - smooth muscle contraction - environmental stimuli - intrapulmonary pressure change
intrapulmonary pressure change
Hemoglobin - has five subunits. - is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen. - is the site of cellular respiration. - uses ATP to move oxygen from blood to body cells. - is found in blood plasma.
is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.
After blood becomes oxygenated, - it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to the lungs. - it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to capillaries that supply the body's cells with oxygen. - it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells. - it does not return to the heart, but goes to the nose and mouth. - it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to the lungs.
it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.
Respiratory control centers are located in the ________. - pons and midbrain - upper spinal cord and medulla - medulla and pons - midbrain and medulla
medulla and pons
What determines the respiratory rhythm in the body? - Hering-Breuer stretch reflexes - pontine respiratory centers - oxygen levels in the blood - medullary respiratory centers
medullary respiratory centers
Which of the following does not influence hemoglobin saturation? - BPG - temperature - nitric oxide - carbon dioxide
nitric oxide
Which of the choices below is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin? - partial pressure of carbon dioxide - number of red blood cells - partial pressure of oxygen - temperature
number of red blood cells
Which of the choices below is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin? - partial pressure of oxygen - partial pressure of carbon dioxide - temperature - number of red blood cells
number of red blood cells
In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________. - not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules - only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in dissolved form - about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin - greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin
only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in dissolved form
In which region are the palatine tonsils found? - larynx - nasopharynx - oropharynx - laryngopharynx
oropharynx
Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? - partial pressure gradient - solubility in water - molecular weight and size of the gas molecule - the temperature
partial pressure gradient
Which of the following is the primary factor in oxygen attachment to, or release from, hemoglobin? - partial pressure of oxygen - partial pressure of carbon dioxide - temperature - blood pH
partial pressure of oxygen
Which of the following is NOT a physical factor that influences pulmonary ventilation? - partial pressure of oxygen in the air - lung compliance - airway resistance - alveolar surface tension
partial pressure of oxygen in the air
Which of the following modifies and smoothes the respiratory pattern? - dorsal respiratory group (DRG) - pontine respiratory centers - ventral respiratory group (VRG) - diencephalon
pontine respiratory centers
Which of the following features characterizes the right lung? - presence of the cardiac notch - presence of only two lobes - presence of a superior, middle, and inferior lobe - smaller of the two lungs
presence of a superior, middle, and inferior lobe
Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________. - negative pressure in the intrapleural space - difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure - pressure within the pleural cavity - pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
Systemic venous blood that is to be oxygenated in the lungs is delivered by the __________, and the __________ provide oxygenated systemic blood to lung tissue. - pulmonary arteries; bronchial arteries - pleural arteries; pulmonary arteries - bronchial arteries; pulmonary arteries - pulmonary arteries; pleural arteries
pulmonary arteries; bronchial arteries
Which of the following processes are unique to the respiratory system? - pulmonary ventilation and transport of respiratory gases - external and internal respiration - pulmonary ventilation and external respiration - pulmonary ventilation and internal respiration
pulmonary ventilation and external respiration
Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing? - arterial Po2 below 60 mm Hg - arterial pH resulting from CO2 retention - rising blood pressure - rising carbon dioxide levels
rising blood pressure
Which of the following stimuli is the most powerful respiratory stimulant to increase respiration? - an increase in blood pH - a rise in body temperature - arterial pH - rising carbon dioxide levels
rising carbon dioxide levels
Which of the following is NOT a function of the nasal conchae? - routing air and food into proper channels - increasing the mucosal surface area exposed to air - reclaiming heat and moisture from expired air - filtering, heating, and moistening incoming air during inhalation
routing air and food into proper channels
The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to ________. - replace mucus in the alveoli - trap dust and other debris - protect the lungs from bacterial invasion - secrete surfactant
secrete surfactant
Which of the following is NOT a function of the larynx? - routing air and food into the proper channels - providing a patent airway - serving as part of the respiratory zone - voice production
serving as part of the respiratory zone
What type of epithelial tissue forms the walls of the alveoli? - stratified squamous epithelium - simple squamous epithelium - pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium - simple cuboidal epithelium
simple squamous epithelium
Which of the following inhibits the respiration rate? - stimulation of stretch receptors in the lungs - partial pressure of oxygen below 60 mm Hg - a rise in body temperature - hypercapnia
stimulation of stretch receptors in the lungs
The factors responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall are ________. - the smooth muscles of the lung - the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles alone - the visceral pleurae and the changing volume of the lungs - surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity
surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity
Oxygen is unloaded where it is most needed when blood pH drops, this is a phenomenon known as ___________. - a chloride shift - the Haldane effect - the Bohr effect - ventilation-perfusion coupling
the Bohr effect
During inhalation, - oxygen molecules move into the lungs, and carbon dioxide molecules move out of the lungs. - the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. - the diaphragm and rib muscles contract. - the diaphragm relaxes. - air moves up the trachea.
the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.
If the compliance of the thoracic wall is decreased, ______. - the intrapleural pressure would not decrease normally during inhalation - the intrapulmonary pressure would remain lower than the atmospheric pressure - the airway resistance would be decreased - None of the listed responses is correct.
the intrapleural pressure would not decrease normally during inhalation
Internal and external respiration depends on several factors. Which of the following is NOT an important factor in gas exchange? - partial pressure of the gases - rate of blood flow through the tissue - available surface area - the molecular weight of the gas
the molecular weight of the gas
Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs? - the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures - the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid - compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid - compliance and transpulmonary pressures
the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
Unlike inspiration, expiration is a passive act because no muscular contractions are involved. Expiration, however, depends on two factors. Which of the choices below lists those two factors? - the negative feedback of expansion fibers used during inspiration and the outward pull of surface tension due to surfactant - the expansion of respiratory muscles that were contracted during inspiration and the lack of surface tension on the alveolar wall - the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid - combined amount of CO2 in the blood and air in the alveoli
the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid
The larynx contains ________. - a cricoid cartilage also called the Adam's apple - lateral cartilage ridges called false vocal folds - an upper pair of avascular mucosal folds called true vocal folds - the thyroid cartilage
the thyroid cartilage
Inspiratory capacity is ________. - functional residual capacity - the total amount of exchangeable air - air inspired after a tidal inhalation - the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration
the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration
Inspiratory capacity is ________. - the total amount of exchangeable air - functional residual capacity - the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration - air inspired after a tidal inhalation
the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration
Which volumes are combined to provide the inspiratory capacity? - tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) - tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) + expiratory reserve volume (ERV) - expiratory reserve volume (ERV) + residual volume (RV) - tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) + expiratory reserve volume (ERV) + residual volume (RV)
tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________. - the Haldane effect - ventilation-perfusion coupling - chloride shifting - the Bohr effect
ventilation-perfusion coupling
Which of the following initiates inspiration? - dorsal respiratory group (DRG) - ventral respiratory group (VRG) - diencephalon - pontine respiratory centers
ventral respiratory group (VRG)
The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________. - vital capacity - inspiratory capacity - expiratory reserve volume - tidal volume
vital capacity
What is the amount of air that can be exhaled with the greatest possible exhalation after the deepest inhalation called? - inspiratory reserve volume - expiratory reserve volume - vital capacity - tidal volume
vital capacity
For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________. - at least 3 micrometers thick - between 5 and 6 micrometers thick - 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick - The thickness of the respiratory membrane is not important in the efficiency of gas exchange.
0.5 to 1 micrometer thick
Which of the following respiratory rates illustrates eupnea for an average, healthy adult at rest? - 120 breaths per minute - 15 breaths per minute - 25 breaths per minute - 60 breaths per minute
15 breaths per minute
A premature baby usually has difficulty breathing. However, the respiratory system is developed enough for survival by ________. - 17 weeks - 28 weeks - 24 weeks - 36 weeks
28 weeks
Calculate the transpulmonary pressure if atmospheric pressure is 755 mm Hg. - 4 mm Hg - 9 mm Hg - -4 mm Hg - -1 mm Hg
4 mm Hg
What is the volume of the total amount of exchangeable air for a healthy, young adult male? - 4800 ml - 6000 ml - 3600 ml - 2400 ml
4800 ml
What is the tidal volume of an average adult male? - 500 ml - 3100 ml - 1200 ml - 4800 ml
500 ml
Emphysema can result in an ______. - increased level of carbaminohemoglobin - increased level of deoxyhemoglobin - increased likelihood of the skin of Caucasians developing a slightly blue coloration - All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood? - Nose - Alveoli - Trachea - Bronchi - Bronchioles
Alveoli
Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation. - A decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilation. - A lung that is less elastic will require less muscle action to perform adequate ventilation. - Surfactant helps increase alveolar surface tension. - As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required.
As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required.
Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation. - A decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilation. - As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required. - A lung that is less elastic will require less muscle action to perform adequate ventilation. - Surfactant helps increase alveolar surface tension.
As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required.
The relationship between the pressure and volume of gases is given by ________. - Dalton's law - Charles' law - Boyle's law - Henry's law
Boyle's law
Which of the following gives the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas? - Haldane effect - Boyle's law - Dalton's law of partial pressures - Henry's law
Boyle's law
After a long scuba diving session on a Caribbean reef, Carl boards a plane to Dallas. He begins to feel pain in his elbow on the flight back to Dallas. What is happening to him and why? - Carl is experiencing oxygen toxicity because a lot of gas was forced into his bloodstream during the dive, and there was not sufficient time to decompress before he boarded the plane. - Carl is experiencing oxygen toxicity because the plane is not pressurized to sea level, further reducing the pressure holding the gases in suspension. - Carl is experiencing the bends because a lot of gas was forced into his bloodstream during the dive, and there was not sufficient time to decompress before he boarded the plane. - Carl is experiencing the bends because the plane is not pressurized to sea level, further reducing the pressure holding the gases in suspension. - Carl is experiencing the bends because a lot of gas was forced into his bloodstream during the dive, and there was not sufficient time to decompress before he boarded the plane; as the plane is not pressurized to sea level, this reduced the pressure holding the gases in suspension.
Carl is experiencing the bends because a lot of gas was forced into his bloodstream during the dive, and there was not sufficient time to decompress before he boarded the plane; as the plane is not pressurized to sea level, this reduced the pressure holding the gases in suspension.
As carbon dioxide enters systemic blood, it causes more oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin (the Haldane effect), which in turn allows more CO2 to combine with hemoglobin and more bicarbonate ion to be generated (the Bohr effect). - True - False
False
Dalton's law of partial pressures states that when a gas is in contact with a liquid, that gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure. - True - False
False
During normal quiet breathing, approximately 750 ml of air moves into and out of the lungs with each breath. - True - False
False
Emphysema is distinguished by permanent shrinkage of the alveoli. - True - False
False
In chronic bronchitis, mucus production is decreased and this leads to the inflammation and fibrosis of the mucosal lining of the bronchial tree. - True - False
False
Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin. - True - False
False
Nasal conchae mainly work on inhalation to warm and moisten air. They serve minor functions for exhalation. - True - False
False
Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is more basic. - True - False
False
The Hering-Breuer reflex is a potentially dangerous response that may cause overinflation of the lung. - True - False
False
The alveoli are also known as alveolar sacs. - True - False
False
The average individual has 500 ml of residual volume in his lungs. - True - False
False
The epiglottis is a smooth muscle that covers the glottis during swallowing. - True - False
False
The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in the form of carbonic anhydrase. - True - False
False
Functional Residual Capacity
Functional Residual Capacity = ERV + RV
Which gas law explains why there is as much CO2 exchanged between the alveoli and blood as there is O2 exchanged, despite the fact that the partial pressure difference is so much smaller for CO2? - Boyle's law - Dalton's law - Henry's law
Henry's law
Which statement is correct? - Oxygen diffuses from large blood vessels into the body's cells. - Oxygen is released from the mitochondria as a product of cellular respiration. - In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells. - Carbon dioxide diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries. - As oxygen diffuses from the lungs into capillaries, blood becomes deoxygenated.
In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.
What is ventilation-perfusion coupling? - Matching the amount of gas reaching the alveoli to the blood flow in pulmonary capillaries. - Matching the amount of oxygen exchanged for carbon dioxide in the alveoli to the exchange at the tissue level. - Matching the amount of gas reaching the alveoli to pO2 and pCO2 values in the blood. - Matching the amount of blood flow through the body to the amount of oxygen in the air sacs.
Matching the amount of gas reaching the alveoli to the blood flow in pulmonary capillaries.
Inspiratory Capacity
Inspiratory Capacity = TV+IRV
What is ventilation-perfusion coupling? - Matching the amount of oxygen exchanged for carbon dioxide in the alveoli to the exchange at the tissue level - Matching the amount of gas reaching the alveoli to the amount that diffuses into the blood - Matching the amount of blood flow through the body to the amount of oxygen in the air sacs - Matching the amount of gas reaching the alveoli to the blood flow in pulmonary capillaries
Matching the amount of gas reaching the alveoli to the blood flow in pulmonary capillaries
Which statement about CO2 is incorrect? - CO2 concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood. - Its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation. - Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH. - More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.
More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.
Which of the following respiratory structures is more commonly known as the "throat"? - Larynx - Esophagus - Trachea - Pharynx
Pharynx
Which of the following pressure relationships best illustrates when inspiration will occur? - Ppul > Patm - Ppul < Pip - Ppul = Patm - Ppul < Patm
Ppul < Patm
Which of the following represents all of the processes involved in respiration in the correct order? - External respiration; Internal respiration; Transport of respiratory gases - Pulmonary ventilation; External respiration; Transport of respiratory gases; Internal respiration - Pulmonary ventilation; External ventilation; Internal ventilation; Transport of respiratory gases - Pulmonary respiration; External ventilation; Internal ventilation; Transport of respiratory gases
Pulmonary ventilation; External respiration; Transport of respiratory gases; Internal respiration
How would the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 change in an exercising muscle? - The partial pressure of O2 would increase, and the partial pressure of CO2 would decrease. - The partial pressure of O2 would decrease, and the partial pressure of CO2 would increase.
The partial pressure of O2 would decrease, and the partial pressure of CO2 would increase.
Select the correct statement about the neural mechanisms of respiratory control. - The pontine respirator group (PRG) continuously stimulates the medulla to provide inspiratory drive. - The ventral respiratory group is contained within the pons. - The pons is thought to be instrumental in the smooth transition from inspiration to expiration. - The dorsal respiratory group neurons depolarize in a rhythmic way to establish the pattern of breathing.
The pons is thought to be instrumental in the smooth transition from inspiration to expiration.
Which of the following are the two main functions of the larynx. - Voice production; stimulation of the "cough" reflex - Voice production; to provide a patent airway - To provide a patent airway; to act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into the proper channels. - Voice production; to act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into the proper channels.
To provide a patent airway; to act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into the proper channels.
Total Lun Capacity
Total Lung Capacity = TV+IRV+ERV+RV
________, the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures, prevents the lungs from collapsing. - Intrapleural pressure - Transpulmonary pressure - Intrapulmonary pressure - Atmospheric pressure
Transpulmonary pressure
Although lung cancer is difficult to cure, it is highly preventable. - True - False
True
Apneustic breathing is characterized by prolonged inspirations. - True - False
True
Atelectasis (lung collapse) renders the lung useless for ventilation. - True - False
True
Changes in arterial pH can modify respiration rate and rhythm even when carbon dioxide and oxygen levels are normal. - True - False
True
Dalton's law of partial pressures states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture. - True - False
True
Dalton's law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture. - True - False
True
Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli. - True - False
True
Labored breathing is termed dyspnea. - True - False
True
Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia. - True - False
True
Strong emotions and pain acting through the limbic system activate sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus, thus modulating respiratory rate and depth by sending signals to the respiratory centers. - True - False
True
The alveolar ventilation rate is the best index of effective ventilation. - True - False
True
The functions of the nasal conchae are to enhance the air turbulence in the cavity and to increase the mucosal surface area exposed to the air. - True - False
True
The lungs are perfused by two circulations: the pulmonary and the bronchial. The pulmonary circulation is for oxygenation of blood. The bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures (tissue). - True - False
True
The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall. - True - False
True
The structures within the respiratory system's conducting zone include the trachea and the paranasal sinuses. - True - False
True
Tracheal obstruction is life threatening. - True - False
True
Under certain conditions, the vocal folds act as a sphincter that prevents air passage. - True - False
True
Valsalva's maneuver involves closing off the glottis (preventing expiration) while contracting the muscles of expiration, causing an increase in intra-abdominal pressure. - True - False
True
Ventilation perfusion coupling means that more blood flows past functional alveoli than past nonfunctional alveoli. - True - False
True
Vital Capacity
Vital Capacity = TV+IRV+ERV
