Mastering A&P Test 1
An atom with an atomic number of 10 and a mass number of 24 would have...
14 neutrons
The numbers listed represent the number of electrons in the first, second, and third energy levels, respectively. On this basis, which of the following is an unstable or reactive atom?
2, 8, 1
What is the ratio of fatty acids to glycerol in triglycerides (neutral fats)?
3:1
Atom X has 17 protons. How many electrons are in its valence shell (outermost energy level)?
7 electrons
If atom X has an atomic number of 74 it would have which of the following?
74 Protons
Crenation (shrinking) is likely to occur in blood cells immersed in
A Hypertonic Solution
What is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells?
ATP Correct. When broken (cleaved), the high-energy phosphate bonds in the ATP molecule release the energy used to do cellular work.
How is an ionic bond formed?
An ionic bond is formed following the complete transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another.
Which of the following statements is the most correct regarding homeostatic imbalance? A) The internal environment is becoming more stable. B) It is considered the cause of most diseases. C) Positive feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed. D) Negative feedback mechanisms are functioning normally.
B) It is considered the cause of most diseases.
Which of the following statements is correct regarding net diffusion? A) The rate is independent of temperature. B) The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate. C) The lower the temperature, the faster the rate. D) Molecular weight of a substance does not affect the rate.
B) The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate.
Which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule? NaOH CH4 H2O NaCl
CH4
Which four elements comprise approximately 96% of our body weight?
Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Hydrogen
When tissues are injured or infected, chemical signals can be releases that affect the plasma membrane of cells that line the nearby blood vessels. These blood vessels cells (endothelial cells) respond to the chemical signals by displaying a type of glycoproteins on their surface. These proteins will attach to circulating white blood cells bringing them to the site of injury or infection. These glycoproteins would best be described as
Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)
What are Glycocalyx/Unique glycoproteins and glycolipids involved with?
Cell recognition
The single most abundant protein in the body is
Collagen
Molecule
Combination of two or more atoms of the same element held together by chemical bonds.
Which of the following is a function of a plasma membrane protein? A) oxygen transport B) circulating antibody C) forms a lipid bilayer D) molecular transport through the membrane
D) molecular transport through the membrane
DNA
DNA is a long, double-stranded molecule made up of A, T, G, and C bases.
What kind of reaction is this? MgO2 → Mg + O2
Decomposition Reaction Correct. A decomposition reaction occurs when a larger molecule is broken down into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms.
In a tissue type that undergoes a relatively great deal of mechanical stress, like the tissue that lines the intestine, you would expect to see an abundance of ________ between the individual cells of the tissue.
Desmosomes
The myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue) undergoes a significant amount of physical stress due to its contractions. You would expect to see relatively large numbers of which of the following embedded within their plasma membrane?
Desmosomes
Sucrose is a ________.
Disaccharide
Cation
Electrically charged particle due to loss of an electron.
Radiant Energy
Energy that travels in waves. Part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
When the solutes are evenly distributed throughout a solution, we say the solution has reached _______.
Equilibrium
T/F: A dipeptide can be broken into two amino acids by dehydration synthesis.
False
T/F: Covalent bonds are generally less stable than ionic bonds.
False
T/F: Cells within the body work independently of one another and rarely have direct effects on other cells.
False
T/F: Chemical properties are determined primarily by neutrons.
False
T/F: Embryology concerns the structural changes that occur in an individual from conception through old age.
False
T/F: Larger particles move faster than smaller ones and thus collide more frequently and more forcefully.
False
T/F: Nonpolar molecules are the result of unequal electron pair sharing
False Correct Polar molecules are the result of unequal electron pair sharing. Nonpolar molecules are electrically balanced because of the equal sharing of electrons between the atoms of the molecules.
How many valence shell electrons does the element carbon have?
Four Correct. Carbon has an atomic number of 6 and has four electrons in its outermost (valence) electron shell.
How many hydrogen atoms will a single carbon atom bond with to form a stable molecule?
Four Correct. Carbon has four electrons in its valence (outermost) electron shell. Therefore, it will form covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms. The four electrons contributed by the hydrogen atoms will fill the valence shell of carbon.
Starch is the stored carbohydrate in plants, while ________ is the stored carbohydrate in animals.
Glycogen
The study of large body structures, visible to the naked eye, such as the heart is called ________ anatomy
Gross
Anabolic reactions are chemical reactions of the body that build things, make them bigger or more complex. Catabolic reactions break things down making them smaller or less complex. If the rate of anabolic reaction in the body is much faster than the rate of catabolic reactions which of the following necessary life function will be accomplished?
Growth
What type of bond is formed between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and the hydrogen atom of another water molecule?
Hydrogen Bond Correct. The attraction between the slightly negative oxygen atom of one molecule and the slightly positively charged hydrogen atom within a separate water molecule is the basis of hydrogen bond formation. It is a form of dipole-dipole interaction.
Which of the following is NOT one of the three major types of chemical reactions? synthesis hyperbolic decomposition exchange
Hyperbolic Most chemical reactions exhibit one of three recognizable patterns. They are either synthesis, decomposition, or exchange reactions.
Rank the chemical bonds from relatively weakest to strongest. I. Ionic II. Covalent III. Hydrogen
III < I < II Correct. Covalent bonds are the strongest because they involve sharing electrons. Ionic bonds are weaker and involve sharing charges. Hydrogen bonds are the weakest and involve sharing partial charges.
What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy?
Kinetic energy is energy in action, while potential energy is stored energy. Correct. Kinetic energy is energy in action. We see evidence of kinetic energy in the constant movement of the tiniest particles of matter, as well as in larger objects. Potential energy is stored energy, which has the capacity to do work but is not presently doing so.
Which life process, which relies heavily on nutrient inputs from the respiratory and digestive systems, sustains all other life processes?
Metabolism Correct Our cells are chemical factories. Chemical reactions (metabolism) are essential for cells to function and, thus, for the body as a whole to maintain boundaries, move, respond, digest, excrete, grow, and reproduce--all necessary life functions.
Which subdivision of anatomy would include the study of individual cells?
Microscopic Anatomy Correct. Microscopic anatomy is the study of cells, which cannot be seen by the naked eye.
Aids a cell in allowing more nutrients to be absorbed by the cell?
Microvilli
Neutron
Neutral subatomic particle.
Bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms (as depicted on the right side of the figure) are generally
Nonpolar covalent bonds
Is this correctly matched? Eicosanoid; triglyceride
Nope
With a family history of cardiovascular disease, which toast spread would be considered the most "heart healthy?" margarine containing trans fats olive oil butter containing butterfat lard (pig fat)
Olive Oil
A structure that is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions for the body is a(n)
Organ
Which level of structural organization is considered to be the highest level? Chemical Organismal Cellular Organ
Organismal Correct. The highest level of organization is the organism, the living human being. Thus, the organismal level represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive.
Which of the following would not be restricted (limited) by low levels of ATP? pinocytosis exocytosis osmosis phagocytosis
Osmosis
Sulfur has an atomic number of 16. Sulfur will form chemical bonds in a similar manner as
Oxygen
What explains the negative charge on the oxygen atom within the water molecule?
Oxygen atoms have a stronger pull on the electrons shared within a covalent bond formed between oxygen and hydrogen.
If a cell is non-selectively engulfing samples of extracellular fluid, for example to absorb nutrients, it will likely utilize
Pinocytosis
Enhancement of labor contractions
Positive Feedback
When a baby suckles at its mother's breast the stimulus at the breast is sent to the mother's brain (a region called the hypothalamus). The brain responds by releasing hormones to stimulate the production and the ejection of milk from the breast. This helps the newborn to receive nourishment and encourages more suckling. This example is best described as a
Positive Feedback
Peripheral Protein
Proteins attached to the exterior of the lipid bilayer. They are easily separable from the lipid bilayer, able to be removed without harming the bilayer in any way. Peripheral proteins are less mobile within the lipid bilayer.
Integral protein
Proteins embedded within the lipid bilayer. They cannot easily be removed from the cell membrane without the use of harsh detergents that destroy the lipid bilayer. Integral proteins float rather freely within the bilayer, much like oceans in the sea. In addition, integral proteins are usually transmembrane proteins, extending through the lipid bilayer so that one end contacts the interior of the cell and the other touches the exterior.
Some of the nerve endings in the skin are sensitive to changes in temperature. They are part of a negative feedback mechanism regulating body temperature. These nerve endings represent a(n) ________ in the negative feedback mechanism.
Receptor
If a cell is selectively reducing the concentration of a particular enzyme in the extracellular fluid it will likely utilize
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Electrical Energy
Represented by the flow of charged particles along a conductor, or the flow of ions across a membrane.
With regards to a variation of a physiological value from its set point or normal limit, negative feedback always __________ the value back to the set point or normal limit.
Returns Correct. Regardless of the direction of the initial disturbance, returning to the original set point or normal limit is negative feedback.
What structural level is represented by the coiling of the protein chain backbone into an alpha helix? primary structure tertiary structure secondary structure quaternary structure
Secondary Structure
Atom
Smallest particle of an element that retains its properties.Smallest particle of an element that retains its properties.
Which of the following is a general function for a fibrous protein? structural framework protein management catalysis transport body defense
Structural Framework
Tertiary Structure
The 3-dimensional structure of a protein's polypeptide chain or chains may be locked in place by other stronger bonds. The tertiary level of protein structure is essentially responsible for the overall shape of the protein molecule, which is reflected in its function. For instance enzymes are mostly globular in shape, often with a cleft to expose the active site.
If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen?
The cells will lose water and shrink.
A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is usually associated with
The release of energy
Generally what is the result of the negative feedback process?
To maintain homeostasis
T/F: Glucose is an example of a monosaccharide.
True
T/F: A charged particle is generally called an ion or electrolyte.
True
T/F: A chemical bond is an energy relationship between outer electrons and neighboring atoms.
True
T/F: A tissue consists of groups of similar cells that have a common function
True
T/F: Catalysts increase the rate of chemical reactions, sometimes while undergoing reversible changes in shape.
True
T/F: Chemical reactions proceed more quickly at higher temperatures.
True
T/F: Chemical reactions progress at a faster rate when the reacting particles are present in higher numbers.
True
T/F: Lungs carry out an excretory function.
True
T/F: Omega-3 fatty acids appear to decrease the risk of heart disease
True
T/F: The acidity of a solution reflects the concentration of free hydrogen ions in the solution.
True
T/F: The lower the pH, the higher the hydrogen ion concentration.
True
T/F: The speed of individual particle diffusion is influenced by temperature and particle size, not by concentration.
True
Which of the following is NOT a passive process? vesicular transport facilitated diffusion osmosis filtration
Vesicular Transport
Is this correctly matched? Amino acid; Protein
Yes
Is this correctly matched? Monosaccharide; Carbohydrate
Yes
Is this correctly matched? Nucleotide; Nucleic Acid
Yes
Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains
a relatively stable internal environment, within limits
What is a membrane potential?
a voltage or electrical charge across the plasma membrane Correct. The membrane potential is the electrical potential energy (measured in millivolts) resulting from the separation of oppositely charged particles (ions) across the plasma membrane. At rest, membrane potentials are typically negative, ranging from −50 to −100 mV, with more anions (than cations) concentrated along the internal surface of the membrane, and more cations (than anions) concentrated along the external surface.
Best description of an isotope
an atomic structural variation in which atoms have differing numbers of neutrons Correct. Nearly all known elements have two or more structural variations called isotopes, which have the same number of protons and electrons, but differ in the number of neutrons they contain.
What holds the sodium and chloride ions together in a chemical bond?
an electrical attraction between opposite charges Correct. The transfer of an electron results in ions with opposite charges that are electrically attracted to each other.
fibrous protein
are very stable and insoluble in water
What type of chemical bond can form between an atom with 11 protons and an atom with 17 protons?
ionic
The pH scale _____.
is based on the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
The nucleolus __________.
is the site of ribosome assembly in a cell Correct. Nucleoli ("little nuclei") are the dark-staining spherical bodies found within the nucleus where ribosomal subunits are assembled. They are not membrane bounded. Typically, there are one or two nucleoli per nucleus, but there may be more. Nucleoli are usually large in growing cells that are making large amounts of tissue proteins.
Which of the following would not be a constituent of a plasma membrane? messenger RNA phospholipids glycolipids glycoproteins
messenger RNA
Which organ systems function as control systems, communicating with other cells and organs to regulate their activities?
nervous and endocrine systems Correct. Communication within the body is essential for homeostasis. Communication is accomplished chiefly by the nervous and endocrine systems, the body's control systems.
Which of the following are survival needs of the body
nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen
Positive feedback differs from negative feedback because
positive feedback tends to enhance the triggering stimulus while negative feedback tends to return the body to a homeostatic balance or "ideal" level
Carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by the
removal of a water molecule between each two units
One of the functional characteristics of life is excitability or responsiveness. This refers to ________.
sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them
Which of the following represents the correct order in which the components interact in a homeostatic control system?
the receptor, the control center, and the effector. Correct. Regardless of the factor or event being regulated--the variable--all homeostatic control mechanisms are processes involving at least three components that work together. The first component, the receptor, is a sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes by signaling (providing input to) the control center. The control center compares the input to the set point, which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained, and signals the appropriate effector(s). The effector produces the effect (change) that counteracts the initial problem (stimulus).
What is the most significant factor in the formation of a covalent bond?
the sharing of electron pairs between two atoms
