Mastering Biology: Chapter 1

What is the difference between a tissue and an organ system? -The tissue level of organization is more inclusive than the organ system level. -An organ system includes tissues. -Tissues are not composed of cells; organ systems are composed of cells. -A tissue cannot exist unless it is a component of an organ system, whereas an organ system can exist independently of tissues.

An organ system includes tissues.

Which of the following statements about ecosystems is false? -Bacteria and fungi recycle energy within an ecosystem. In the process of energy conversions within an ecosystem, -some energy is converted to heat. -Chemical nutrients cycle within an ecosystem. -Plants and other photosynthetic organisms are producers in ecosystems.

Bacteria and fungi recycle energy within an ecosystem. In the process of energy conversions within an ecosystem

Which of the following statements about genetics is true? -DNA is made up of six different kinds of nucleotides. -Differences among organisms reflect different nucleotide sequences in their DNA. -Each DNA molecule is a single strand of nucleotides. -Genes are proteins that produce DNA.

Differences among organisms reflect different nucleotide sequences in their DNA.

Actinosphenia elegans is a unicellular, photosynthetic, eukaryotic organism. To which domain does it belong? -Eukarya -Bacteria Plantae Archaea

Eukarya

Which of the following statements is not consistent with Darwin's theory of natural selection? -Natural selection can lead to the appearance of new species. -Factors in the environment result in some organisms having better reproductive success than others. -Individual organisms experience genetic change during their life spans to better fit their environment. -Individuals in a population exhibit variations, some of which are passed from parents to offspring.

Individual organisms experience genetic change during their life spans to better fit their environment.

Which of these is a scientific hypothesis? -For the last three months, I have had problems with excessive urination. -My father's problem with excessive urination was alleviated when he took medicine for high blood pressure. -My excessive urination may mean that I have high blood pressure. -Researchers have observed that high blood pressure is often associated with excessive urination.

My excessive urination may mean that I have high blood pressure.

Which of the following statements regarding a common cellular activity is false? -New cells are derived from cellular components like organelles. -Cells regulate their internal environment. -Cells respond to the environment. -Cells develop and maintain complex organization.

New cells are derived from cellular components like organelles.

Which of the following statements about the properties of life is false? -Organisms have an unchanging, constant internal environment -Organisms have the ability to respond to stimuli from the environment. -Organisms have the ability to reproduce. -Organisms have the ability to take in energy and use it.

Organisms have an unchanging, constant internal environment

Which of the following statements is related to Darwin's theories of evolution by natural selection? -DNA carries genetic information from generation to generation. -DNA contains all the genetic information of the cell. -Natural selection is a creative process. -Organisms seem to produce more offspring than the environment can support.

Organisms seem to produce more offspring than the environment can support.

Which of the following statements provides the best evidence that there is a common genetic code that demonstrates the unity of life? -Bees, birds, and bats all have wings and fly. - Many insects can pollinate only a particular species of plant due to many generations of evolutionary adaptation. -Bacteria, mushrooms, and cats all have DNA. -Through genetic engineering, a gene from a firefly can be inserted into a bacterium to make it glow.

Through genetic engineering, a gene from a firefly can be inserted into a bacterium to make it glow.

A pesticide kills 95% of a pest population. What will be the result of the continued application of this pesticide? -Through time, the pesticide will become less effective at killing the pest. -Every time the pesticide is applied, it will kill 95% of the pest population. -The pesticide will become resistant to the pest. -The pest population will reach an equilibrium point at which the pesticide is 50% effective.

Through time, the pesticide will become less effective at killing the pest.

Which of the following is an example of inductive reasoning? -After microscopic examination, a pathologist orders follow-up biochemical tests to determine whether a large mass found in the intestine is a tumor. -Researchers conduct a study to determine the efficacy of a weight-loss drug. -Through years of field observations, researchers have determined that introduction of a new female changes the behavior of a male gorilla. -You hypothesize that your car battery is dead after it does not start one morning.

Through years of field observations, researchers have determined that introduction of a new female changes the behavior of a male gorilla.

A hypothesis is -a proposed explanation for a set of observations. -the same as a theory. -a widely accepted idea about a phenomenon. -an explanatory idea that is broad in scope and supported by a large body of evidence.

a proposed explanation for a set of observations.

Which sequence lists organisms in the order of producer, consumer, and decomposer? -algae, earthworm, bird -bird, earthworm, algae -algae, bird, earthworm -earthworm, algae, bird

algae, bird, earthworm

Which of the following statements about the domain Bacteria is true? -Archaea belong to this domain. -All bacteria are multicellular organisms. -All bacteria have a membrane-bound nucleus. -All bacteria lack a nucleus.

all bacteria lack a nucleus

A theory is -a description of a belief that invokes the supernatural. -an explanation of an idea that is broad in scope and supported by a large body of evidence. -an idea that has been proven. -a concept in the early stages that still needs to be tested.

an explanation of an idea that is broad in scope and supported by a large body of evidence.

Which of these sequences is not a correct pathway of energy through an ecosystem? -plants → birds → bacteria -bacteria → plants → birds -plants → insects → birds -insects → birds → bacteria

bacteria → plants → birds

Which series of terms is in the sequence of biological organization from the simplest to the most complex? -cell, tissue, organ, population -molecule, tissue, cell, membrane -organism, ecosystem, community, population -community, population, ecosystem, habitat

cell, tissue, organ, population

Which of the following processes occurs in eukaryotic cells, but NOT in prokaryotic cells? -reproduction -regulation of cell function by changes in the activity of genes -production of proteins encoded by DNA -digestion of large organic molecules within lysosomes

digestion of large organic molecules within lysosomes

Life is organized in a hierarchical fashion. Which of the following sequences correctly lists that hierarchy from least inclusive to most inclusive? -molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem -molecule, cell, organism, organ system, tissue, population, organ, organelle, community, ecosystem -cell, molecule, organ system, organ, organelle, population, tissue, organism, ecosystem, community -ecosystem, population, organ system, cell, community, molecule, organ, organism, organelle, tissue

molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem

A property of life known as energy processing refers to the fact that living things _____. -obtain energy from their environment and use it to power their own activities and chemical reactions -can sense stimuli from the environment -regulate their internal environments -can reproduce

obtain energy from their environment and use it to power their own activities and chemical reactions

A single-celled eukaryotic organism that is neither a consumer nor a decomposer would most likely be classified in _____. -the kingdom Animalia -the kingdom Plantae -one of the kingdoms of Protista -the domain Archaea

one of the kingdoms of protista

Organism is to community as organ is to _____. -organelles -tissue -organ system -cell

organ system

If you eat a hamburger, you are mainly eating ground-up beef muscle. What levels of organization are represented in this ground-up muscle? -tissue, organ, and organ system - organelle, cell, and tissue -organ, organ system, and organism - organism, population, and community

organelle, cell, and tissue

The role of a control in an experiment is to -prove that a hypothesis is correct. -provide a basis of comparison to the experimental group. -counteract the negative effect of the experiment. -ensure repeatability.

provide a basis of comparison to the experimental group.

Scientific experimentation is important in that it allows the experimenter to __________. -confirm the hypotheses with certainty -obtain a systematic, unbiased result -measure the variable being tested without error -reject some alternative hypotheses

reject some alternative hypotheses

There are a number of properties that all organisms share. In humans, exposure to ultraviolet light can result in a darkening of the skin. What kind of property is this? -energy processing -response to the environment -regulation -growth and development

response to the environment

To be of value to science, hypotheses must be __________. -established facts -popular -proven correct -testable

tested

A company was testing a new drug they thought would help decrease the risk of transmitting viruses from mother to fetus. In an experiment to test the compound, a worker gave 400 pregnant female rats a small dose of the experimental drug and inoculated each with a type of virus known to cause disease in rats. An additional 400 pregnant rats were given only the virus. Of the rat pups born to the females that received both the virus and the drug, 203 showed symptoms of the disease; of the rat pups born to the females that received only the virus, 207 showed symptoms. From this test, we can best conclude __________. -nothing, because no control group was used in the test of the drug -that the drug seems to have little effect on viral transmission at the dosage given -nothing, because no independent variable could be identified -that the drug is 2% effective and testing on humans should begin

that the drug seems to have little effect on viral transmission at the dosage given

As we respire, we release CO2. The carbon in this CO2 is obtained from __________. -the food we eat - the water we drink -the air we breathe -sunlight

the food we eat

The chemical energy used by most organisms for metabolism and growth ultimately comes from __________. -the sun -carbon dioxide -the decomposition of plants -heat

the sun

An antibiotic kills 99.9% of a bacterial population. You would expect the next generation of bacteria -to be more resistant to that antibiotic. -to be more contagious than the prior generation. -to die out due to the drastic decrease in population size. -to be just as susceptible to that antibiotic as was the previous generation.

to be more resistant to that antibiotic.

A scientist performs a controlled experiment. This means that -the experiment is repeated many times to ensure that the results are accurate. -one experiment is performed, but the scientist controls the variables. -two versions of the experiment are conducted, one differing from the other by only a single variable. -the experiment proceeds at a slow pace to guarantee that the scientist can carefully observe all reactions and process all experimental data.

two versions of the experiment are conducted, one differing from the other by only a single variable.

In an ecosystem, energy -typically flows from producers through a series of consumers. -comes ultimately from bacteria. -cycles along with chemical nutrients. -typically flows from consumers to producers to decomposers.

typically flows from producers through a series of consumers.

Radon is a radioactive gas that seeps into homes from the soil. It is thought to be a leading cause of lung cancer. A research team investigates this theory. They gather large amounts of data on basement radon concentrations and lung cancer rates and conclude that the more radon there is, the more likely lung cancer is to occur. After the study is published, other researchers criticize it by asserting that the studied neighborhoods with higher radon concentrations also have a higher percentage of old people and a higher percentage of cigarette smokers than the low-radon neighborhoods. Both advanced age and cigarette smoking increase the risk of lung cancer. This criticism, if correct, shows that the radon study suffered from __________. -a lack of replication -uncontrolled variables -an unfalsifiable hypothesis -nonsystematic observation

uncontrolled variables