Mastering Biology Chapter 3

Choose the pair of terms that completes this sentence: Hydroxyl is to _____ as _____ is to amine. A. alcohol ... amino B. ketone ... amino C. carbonyl ... carboxyl D. aldehyde ... ketone

A. alcohol ... amino

Choose the pair of terms that completes this sentence: Hydroxyl is to _____ as _____ is to amine. A. alcohol ... amino B. aldehyde ... ketone C. ketone ... amino D. carbonyl ... carboxyl

A. alcohol ... amino

Proteins are polymers of _____. A. amino acids B. glycerol C. CH2O units D. nucleotides E. hydrocarbons

A. amino acids

Which element is closely associated with the field of organic chemistry? A. carbon B. potassium C. sulfur D. nitrogen

A. carbon

Which of these is a polysaccharide? A. cellulose B. sucrose C. glucose D. galactose E. lactose

A. cellulose

The reaction that joins two monomers to form a polymer is known as a _____ reaction. The molecule of water formed is due to the interaction between _____ and a hydrogen ion. A. dehydration ... a hydroxyl group B. hydrolysis ... a carboxyl group C. hydrolysis ... a hydroxyl group D. dehydration ... a carboxyl group

A. dehydration ... a hydroxyl group

A DNA nucleotide is composed of a __________. A. deoxyribose sugar, which is bonded to a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base B. ribose sugar, which is attached to a phosphate group, which is bonded to a nitrogenous base C. deoxyribose sugar, which is attached to a phosphate group, which is bonded to a nitrogenous base D. ribose sugar, which is bonded to both a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

A. deoxyribose sugar, which is bonded to a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by _____ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases. A. hydrogen bonds B. S—S bonds C. ionic bonds D. covalent bonds E. hydrophilic interactions

A. hydrogen bonds

In the reaction that builds a fat,________ groups react with ________ groups. A. hydroxyl; carboxyl B. sulfhydryl; carboxyl C. phosphate; amino D. hydroxyl; phosphate E. carboxyl; amino

A. hydroxyl; carboxyl

Which of these does NOT contain a structural protein? A. ovalbumin B. tendons C. spider silk D. ligaments E. muscles

A. ovalbumin

Anabolic steroids are appropriately prescribed to __________. A. people who suffer from muscle-debilitating diseases B. overweight individuals who are not healthy enough for vigorous exercise C. athletes who need a competitive edge D. patients suffering from high blood cholesterol levels

A. people who suffer from muscle-debilitating diseases

If a DNA double helix is 100 nucleotide pairs long and contains 25 adenine bases, how many guanine bases does it contain? A. 50 B. 150 C. 25 D. 75 E. 200

D. 75

The presence of many C-C and C-H bonds causes fats to be ... A. (a) rich in energy. B. (b) insoluble in water. C. (c) low in energy. D. Both (a) and (b). E. Both (b) and (c).

D. Both (a) and (b).

Triglycerides vary with respect to the number of ... A. (a) hydrocarbon tails. B. (b) C atoms in the tails. C. (c) double bonds in the tails. D. Both (b) and (c). E. All of the above.

D. Both (b) and (c).

_____ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth. A. Lactose B. Glucose C. Glycogen D. Cellulose E. Starch

D. Cellulose

Information dictating the primary sequence of a polypeptide is permanently maintained within a cell in which of the following forms? A. RNA B. amino acids C. protein D. DNA

D. DNA

E. saturated fat

This figure is an example of a(n) _____. A. nucleic acid B. steroid C. unsaturated fat D. protein E. saturated fat

Which of these is NOT a lipid? A. phospholipid B. wax C. RNA D. steroids E. cholesterol

C. RNA

Dr. Haxton told one of his students, "To move in the bloodstream, fats need the help of phospholipids." What would a good student say? A. You have it backwards. Fats help phospholipids to travel. B. Right. Fats are too polar to travel alone in water. C. Yes. Nonpolar molecules aren't compatible with water. D. Not so. Fats are small enough to travel easily without help. E. Sorry, Dr. Haxton! Help comes from cholesterol, not phospholipids.

C. Yes. Nonpolar molecules aren't compatible with water.

Manufacturers make vegetable oils solid or semisolid by _____. A. adding chemicals to retard spoilage B. chilling and refrigeration C. adding hydrogens D. adding animal fats to them

C. adding hydrogens

Although the structures of the functional groups important to life (hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, and phosphate) vary in chemical structure, they share one thing in common: They _____. A. cause the carbon to which they are attached to become an asymmetric carbon, and they convert the molecule to an isomer B. all contain oxygen C. all are hydrophilic and increase the organic compound's water solubility D. all have at least one double bond

C. all are hydrophilic and increase the organic compound's water solubility

A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role _____. A. All of cholesterol's effects cause the body harm. B. the most abundant male sex hormone C. as a component of animal cell membranes D. in calcium and phosphate metabolism E. as the primary female sex hormone

C. as a component of animal cell membranes

An amino acid is so named because its central carbon is linked to both an amino group and a __________. A. hydroxyl group B. hydrogen atom C. carboxyl group D. disulfide bond

C. carboxyl group

DNA has the appearance of a _____. A. single strand B. letter U C. double helix D. triple helix E. circle

C. double helix

Which condition is irrelevant, to some extent, to the maintenance of protein structure in your body? A. body temperature B. salt concentration C. environmental temperature D. pH level

C. environmental temperature

DNA is composed of building blocks called _____. A. nucleic acids B. Gs C. nucleotides D. adenines E. amino acids

C. nucleotides

Which of these is rich in unsaturated fats? A. beef fat B. butter C. olive oil D. lard E. a fat that is solid at room temperature

C. olive oil

The lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes are _____. A. cholesterol B. triglycerides C. phospholipids D. proteins

C. phospholipids

When an RNA strand forms using DNA as a template, _____. A. thymine pairs with cytosine and adenine pairs with guanine B. adenine pairs with cytosine and guanine pairs with thymine C. uracil pairs with adenine and cytosine pairs with guanine D. guanine pairs with adenine and thymine pairs with uracil

C. uracil pairs with adenine and cytosine pairs with guanine

A food company hydrogenated a barrel of fat. The treatment ... (a) made the fat less fluid. (b) made the fat less saturated. (c) lengthened the fat tails. (d) put more bends (kinks) in the fat tails. Both (a) and (d).

(a) made the fat less fluid.

What do fats, steroids, and waxes have in common? (a) Moderate polarity. (b) Low solubility in water. (c) They occur in membranes. Both (a) and (c). Both (b) and (c).

(b) Low solubility in water.

Some athletes use anabolic steroids to build their body mass. Why is this considered a problematic practice, especially in adolescents? A. Anabolic steroids can prevent bone growth. B. Anabolic steroids stimulate the body's production of normal sex hormones. C. Anabolic steroids reduce depression. D. Anabolic steroids reduce cancer risk.

A. Anabolic steroids can prevent bone growth.

How does DNA differ from RNA? A. RNA contains ribose, DNA does not. B. DNA contains adenine, RNA does not. C. DNA is smaller, RNA is larger. D. DNA has a sugar-phosphate backbone, RNA does not.

A. RNA contains ribose, DNA does not.

Lactose is a disaccharide (two monosaccharides joined together). To metabolize lactose, individuals require an enzyme known as lactase. What is true about this reaction? A. The reaction hydrolyzes the sugar. B. The reaction causes reactants to be formed. C. The reaction causes bloating in individuals who have the enzyme. D. The reaction dehydrates the sugar.

A. The reaction hydrolyzes the sugar.

A glucose molecule is to starch as _____. A. a nucleotide is to a nucleic acid B. a nucleic acid is to a polypeptide C. a steroid is to a lipid D. a protein is to an amino acid

A. a nucleotide is to a nucleic acid

Proteins are an important class of molecules because of the functions they perform. Proteins can _____. A. act as signal receptors to receive signals in cell communication B. form dietary fiber C. store genetic information D. form membrane bilayers

A. act as signal receptors to receive signals in cell communication

A nucleotide is composed of a(n) _____. A. phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar B. sulfhydryl group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar C. phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a hydrocarbon D. amino group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar E. glycerol, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar

A. phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar

Which of the following types of fat increases heart attack risk the most? A. trans fats B. polyunsaturated fats C. saturated fats D. monounsaturated fats

A. trans fats

A. structural

Arrow A is indicating a(n) _____ protein. A. structural B. transport C. signal D. receptor E. enzyme

C. receptor

Arrow D is indicating a _____ protein. A. gene regulatory B. defensive C. receptor D. storage E. transport

Which element is closely associated with the field of organic chemistry? Hints A. potassium B. carbon C. nitrogen D. sulfur

B. carbon

The secondary structure of a protein results from _____. A. peptide bonds B. hydrogen bonds C. ionic bonds D. bonds between sulfur atoms E. hydrophobic interactions

B. hydrogen bonds

Cholesterol belongs to which class of molecules? A. carbohydrates B. lipids C. amino acids D. proteins

B. lipids

glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____. A. lactose + water ... hydrolysis B. maltose + water ... dehydration synthesis C. cellulose + water ... hydrolysis D. starch + water ... dehydration synthesis E. sucrose + water ... dehydration synthesis

B. maltose + water ... dehydration synthesis

The production of high fructose corn syrup involves the hydrolysis of __________ from corn into __________, followed by its enzymatic conversion. A. starch ... sucrose B. starch ... glucose C. glucose ... sucrose D. sucrose ... glucose

B. starch ... glucose

The ovalbumin in egg white can be classified as which type of protein? A. structural B. storage C. transport D. contractile

B. storage

A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture _____. A. cellulose B. proteins C. DNA D. fatty acids

C. DNA

What does the term amino acid signify about the structure of the molecule? A. It consists of an amino group only. B. It consists of an amino group and a carbonyl group. C. It consists of an amino group and a carboxyl group. D. It consists of a carboxyl group only.

C. It consists of an amino group and a carboxyl group.

How many different kinds of amino acids are there in most proteins? A. 26 B. 4 C. 20 D. 100

C. 20

If a strand of DNA has the nitrogen base sequence 5'-ATTTGC-3', what will be the sequence of the matching strand? A. 3'-ATTTGC-5' B. 3'-GCAAAT-5' C. 3'-TAAACG-5' D. 3'-UAAACG-5' E. 3'-TUUUCG-5'

C. 3'-TAAACG-5'

Some athletes use anabolic steroids to build their body mass. Why is this considered a problematic practice, especially in adolescents? A. Anabolic steroids stimulate the body's production of normal sex hormones. B. Anabolic steroids reduce depression. C. Anabolic steroids can prevent bone growth. D. Anabolic steroids reduce cancer risk.

C. Anabolic steroids can prevent bone growth.

Generally, animals cannot digest the linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. How then do cows get enough nutrients from eating grass? A. They have to eat a lot of grass. B. Cows make an enzyme in their saliva that hydrolyzes cellulose. C. Cows and other herbivores are exceptions and make some cellulose-digesting enzymes in their digestive tracts. D. Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to glucose.

D. Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to glucose.

How does DNA differ from RNA? A. DNA has a sugar-phosphate backbone, RNA does not. B. DNA is smaller, RNA is larger. C. DNA contains adenine, RNA does not. D. RNA contains ribose, DNA does not.

D. RNA contains ribose, DNA does not.

Consider the figure shown below. What one characteristic is shared by sucrose and maltose? A. They are monosaccharides. B. They all contain fructose. C. They are polysaccharides. D. They are all disaccharides.

D. They are all disaccharides.

What do DNA, proteins, and fats have in common? A. They contain nitrogen. B. They are polymers. C. They are polar. D. They contain carbonyl groups. E. They contain phosphorus.

D. They contain carbonyl groups.

Glycogen is A. a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls B. the form in which plants store sugars C. a source of saturated fat D. a polysaccharide found in animals E. a transport protein that carries oxygen

D. a polysaccharide found in animals

Which condition is irrelevant, to some extent, to the maintenance of protein structure in your body? A. salt concentration B. pH level C. body temperature D. environmental temperature

D. environmental temperature

In the process of converting cornstarch into high fructose corn syrup, one of the first products is _____. Then, enzymes are used to convert some of this product to fructose. A. maltose B. sucrose C. galactose D. glucose

D. glucose

The blue part of this molecule is derived from ... A. fatty acid. B. cholesterol. C. guaiacol. D. glycerol. E. aniline.

D. glycerol.

The oil and vinegar in your salad dressing remain separate from one another due to the _____ properties of the oil. A. hydrogenated B. hydrophilic C. saturated D. hydrophobic

D. hydrophobic

Defensive proteins are manufactured by the _____ system. A. digestive B. nervous C. cardiovascular D. immune E. integumentary

D. immune

Double bonds are present in the majority of the fats of which of the following foods? A. eggs B. margarine C. lard D. peanuts

D. peanuts

Which of the following sugars CAN be accurately represented by the formula C6H12O6? A. possibly glucose, fructose, or lactose B. glucose C. fructose D. possibly glucose or fructose

D. possibly glucose or fructose

When you eat a plant, you derive energy from the stored __________, but not from the __________ component. A. glycogen ... cellulose B. starch ... chitin C. cellulose ... chitin D. starch ... cellulose

D. starch ... cellulose

The most unsaturated fats have ... A. the fewest double bonds. B. the shortest hydrocarbon tails. C.the longest hydrocarbon tails. D. the most double bonds. E. the highest ratio of H to C.

D. the most double bonds.

When an RNA strand forms using DNA as a template, _____. A. thymine pairs with cytosine and adenine pairs with guanine B. guanine pairs with adenine and thymine pairs with uracil C. adenine pairs with cytosine and guanine pairs with thymine D. uracil pairs with adenine and cytosine pairs with guanine

D. uracil pairs with adenine and cytosine pairs with guanine

When two monosaccharides link to form a disaccharide, the by-product is __________. A. fructose B. glucose C. oxygen gas D. water

D. water

When two monosaccharides link to form a disaccharide, the by-product is __________. A. fructose B. oxygen gas C. glucose D. water

D. water

In fat synthesis,________and fatty acids combine to make fats plus________. A. phosphate; glycerol B. glucose; phosphate C. esters; phosphate D. esters; water E. glycerol; water

E. glycerol; water

Which of these is a source of lactose? A. starch B. sugar beets C. sugar cane D. potatoes E. milk

E. milk

What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein's primary structure? A. hydrogen B. S—S C. ionic D. hydrophobic E. peptide

E. peptide

Tertiary structure is NOT directly dependent on _____. A. hydrogen bonds B. bonds between sulfur atoms C. ionic bonds D. hydrophobic interactions E. peptide bonds

E. peptide bonds

What is the name of the process during which a bond between two monomers is broken?

Hydrolysis

Polymers that contain sugars ...

May store hereditary information, may store energy, and may protect cells.

A

Which of the functional groups behaves as a base?

F

Which of these functional groups behaves as an acid?

C

Which of these functional groups is characteristic of a ketone?

D

Which of these functional groups is characteristic of alcohol?

E

Which of these groups is characteristic of thiols?

B

Which of these groups plays a major role in energy transfer?

C

Which of these is a carbonyl group?

F

Which of these is a carboxyl group?

D

Which of these is a hydroxyl group?

B

Which of these is a phosphate group?

A

Which one of these is an amino group?

Protein polymers are made up of ______________ monomers.

amino acid

What is another name for a condensation reaction?

dehydration

Nucleic acid polymers are made up of _____________ monomers.

nucleotide

Carbohydrate polymers are made up of _____________ monomers.

simple sugar