Mastering Biology Exam 3 Review

Under the following conditions, predict whether the pyramid would be more steep: An isosceles triangle, or less steep: An isosceles triangle. Would more trophic levels or fewer trophic levels be supported? 1.) Every animal has 50% of its energy from food going into biosynthesis. 2.) Every animal has 3% of its energy from food going into biosynthesis. 3.) A greater percentage of organisms at each trophic level are eaten by the trophic level above. 4.) Plants have better defenses against herbivores, and animals have better defenses against predators.

1.) more steep, more trophic levels 2.) less steep, fewer trophic levels 3.) more steep, more trophic levels 4.) less steep, fewer trophic levels

10,000 kcal of producer could support approximately __________ kcal of tertiary consumer.

10

In the caterpillar, 33 J are used for biosynthesis, or ______% of the assimilated energy.

33

Approximately _____% of the energy at one trophic level is passed on to the next highest trophic level.

5-10

In the caterpillar, 100 J are lost in feces, or ________% of the energy it consumes.

50

In the caterpillar, 67 J are used in cellular respiration, or ______% of the assimilated energy.

67

Which of the following is an example of potential rather than kinetic energy?

A molecule of glucose

Tiktaalik had a combination of fishlike and tetrapod-like characteristics. Which were the tetrapod-like characteristics?

A neck, interlocking ribs, flat head with eyes on top

Which arrow indicates the direction of a gradient of increasing solute concentration in the interstitial fluid surrounding a nephron?

A only

Animal tissues develop from embryonic germ layers. Triploblastic animals have three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) and three basic body plans related to body cavities (acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate).

A pseudocoelom has the same functions as a true coelom. In a coelomate, the tissue lining the inner side of the body cavity arises from the same germ layer as the tissue lining the outside of the body cavity. A diploblast has no mesoderm.

Interstitial fluid is _________.

A site of exchange between blood and body cells.

Which of these is exhibiting kinetic energy?

A space station orbiting Earth

Which of the following could be considered the most recent common ancestor of living tetrapods?

A sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates.

Which of the following statements best describes the overall process of descent with modification?

A trait present in an ancestral organism is modified by natural selection over time in descendants of that ancestor.

All chordates share a set of derived characteristics during at least some part of their life. Match the labels to the chordate characters below. A.) a flexible rod that runs along the anterior-posterior axis B.) grooves that separate pouches along the side of the pharynx C.) openings to the outside of the body along the side of the pharynx D.) a bundle of nervous tissue running the length of the body E.) a structure that contains muscles and extends past the anus Terms: notochord, pharyngeal clefts, pharyngeal slits, dorsal hollow nerve chord, muscular post-anal tail may be associated with a jointed skeleton, may develop into parts of the ear, may develop into gill slits, may develop into the brain and spinal cord, may be used to propel some species in the water

A.) Notochord, may be associated with a jointed skeleton B.) pharyngeal clefts, may develop into parts of the ear C.) pharyngeal slits, may develop into gill slits D.) dorsal, hollow nerve chord, may develop into the brain and spinal cord E.) muscular, post-anal tail, may be used to propel some species in water

Glucose is removed from filtrate by _________.

Active transport

Which of the following statements describes a negative feedback response?

After a meal, blood sugar levels in the body rise; insulin is secreted to lower blood sugar levels.

Which of these is an example of negative feedback?

After you eat, insulin stimulates the lowering of blood sugar levels.

Why do adult urochordates (tunicates) lack notochords, even though larval urochordates have them. Larvae use notochords to __________.

Aid in swimming; adults are sessile and thus no longer propel themselves.

Which of the following statements about deuterostomes is false?

All deuterostomes exhibit radial symmetry in their bodies.

Which of the following actions is not a function of the epithelium?

Allows the internal environment to alter its conditions to match those of the external environment..

When digested, proteins are broken down into __________.

Amino acids

Which of the following hypothetical situations might result in a blood sugar level that is too high?

An individual has an autoimmune disorder that destroys the beta cells of the pancreas, an individual's insulin receptors are defective

In which section of the nephron does the filtrate have a higher osmolarity than the blood when it enters and lower osmolarity than the blood when it leaves?

Ascending limb of the loop of Henle

Molecules that are eaten and not eliminated in feces are said to be ___________ by the animal.

Assimilated

Which type of symmetry does each of the following animals display?

Asymmetry: Sponge Radial symmetry: Jellyfish, hydra Bilateral symmetry: Snake, octopus, bobcat, turtle

Filtrate is formed as fluid is forced through the walls of the glomerulus and, initially, collects in the structure indicated by the letter __________.

B

_______ is secreted by the _____ and acts to emulsify _____ in the _____.

Bile, liver, fats, small intestine

The rest of the assimilated energy is used for biosynthesis, the building of new __________.

Biomass

Only the energy used for __________ can be transferred to the next trophic level.

Biosynthesis

Which of the following occurs when body temperature decreases below normal body temperature?

Blood vessels in the skin constrict to help prevent heat loss.

When digested, fats are broken down into ___________.

Both glycerol and fatty acids

Which of the following statements is true with regard to this animation?

Both sodium and potassium ions are transported against their concentration gradients.

Choose the correct statement from the list below.

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase.

__________ are secondary consumers.

Carnivores

A large fraction of assimilated energy is used for ___________, during which ATP is made for cellular work.

Cellular respiration

In your body, what process converts the chemical energy found in glucose into the chemical energy found in ATP?

Cellular respiration

In terms of food capture, which sponge cell is most similar to the cnidocyte of a cnidarian?

Choanocyte

The fact that choanoflagellates and collar cells of sponges resemble each other supports the interference that __________.

Choanoflagellates and sponges are sister groups.

The presence of fatty acids and amino acids in the chyme from the stomach triggers the small intestine to secrete a hormone known as _________.

Cholecystokinin, or CCK

A phylogenetic tree showing the relationships among ten phyla of bilaterian animals is shown below. Label each branch with a C, P, or A, depending on whether members of the phylum are coelomates (C), pseudocoelomates (P), or acoelomates (A). Labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

Coelomates: Ectoprocta, brachiopod, Mollusca, annelida, arthropoda, echinodermata, chordata Pseudocoelomates: Rotifera, nematoda Acoelomates: Platyhelminthes

The outer part of the kidney is the _________.

Cortex

A red blood cell placed in a hypertonic solution will shrink in a process called crenation. A red blood cell placed in a hypotonic solution will swell and potentially burst in a process called hemolysis. To prevent crenation or hemolysis, a cell must be placed in an isotonic solution such as 0.9% (m/v) NaCl or 5.0% (m/v) glucose. This does not mean that a cell has a 5.0% (m/v) glucose concentration; it just means that 5.0% (m/v) glucose will exert the same osmotic pressure as the solution inside the cell, which contains several different solutes. A red blood cell is placed into each of the following solutions. Indicate whether crenation, hemolysis, or neither will occur. Solution A: 3.21% (m/v) NaCl Solution B: 1.65% (m/v) glucose Solution C: distilled H2O Solution D: 6.97% (m/v) glucose Solution E: 5.0% (m/v) glucose and 0.9%(m/v) NaCl

Crenation: E, D, A Hemolysis: C, B Neither:

Which evidence supports the hypothesis that four-limbed animals came from fish?

DNA analysis shows that fish are tetrapods' closest relatives, the fossil record shows more and more tetrapod-like fish before the appearance of tetrapods about 365 million years ago, fish and four-limbed animals have very similar embryos, both fish and four-limbed animals are vertebrates

The regions of the nephron through which filtrate flows are labeled in the figure below. Drag each statement to the appropriate bin depending on whether it applies to the descending limb of the loop of Henle, the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, or the collecting duct.

Descending loop of Henle: No energy required for transport, epithelium always permeable to water, numerous aquaporins (water channels) but almost no ion channels Ascending limb of the loop of Henle: Passive transport of NaCl in the thin segment and active transport of NaCl in the thick segment, no aquaporins (water channels) Collecting duct: Hormones control permeability to water and transport of NaCl, active transport of NaCl associated with loss of water from filtrate

Terrestrial organisms lose water through evaporation. In what ecosystem might an entomologist find a good study organism to examine the prevention of water loss?

Desert

Use the following diagram of a food web to sort the items below. Drag each label to the appropriate bin. If an organism is both a secondary consumer and a tertiary consumer, drag it to the "both secondary and tertiary consumer" bin.

Detritus: dead animal, rotting log Primary producer: living maple leaves Primary consumer or decomposer: fungus, maggots, cricket Secondary consumer: millipede, earthworm Both secondary and tertiary consumer: robin, alligator lizard

The urethra is identified by the letter ___________.

E

Which of the following combinations correctly matches a phylum to its description?

Echinodermata - bilateral symmetry as a larva, water vascular system

Which of the following characteristics evolved completely independently in mammals and birds?

Endothermy

"Conservation of energy" refers to the fact that _________.

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another.

Which of the following statements about energy flow are true?

Energy used in the production of offspring is available to higher trophic levels In a tropics pyramid biomass represents chemical energy If the lowest trophic level of an ecosystem--the primary producers--contains 1,200 grams of biomass per square meter, it is reasonable to expect the secondary consumer level to contain about 12 grams of biomass per square meter Animals that produce their own body heat and maintain a high body temperature are likely to be less efficient at converting food into biomass than are animals that do not regulate their body temperature

When an organism breaks down organic molecules, some of the energy that had been stored as chemical energy is lost as heat. This happens because __________.

Every energy transfer or transformation increases entropy.

Which process is not required for an animal to obtain energy from food?

Excretion

Which structure is not an innovation that occurred during vertebrate diversification?

Exoskeleton

The collecting duct concentrates urine by actively reabsorbing NaCl.

False

True or False? An organism that is radially symmetric has many well-developed head regions.

False

True or False? The liver is a component of the alimentary canal.

False

True or false? One advantage of having a tube-like digestive tract is that digestion of all compounds can take place simultaneously down the tract.

False

True/False: Regulated changes in the epithelium of the loop of Henle allow the kidney to operate in water-conservation mode.

False

Molecules that are eaten but not absorbed by the animal leave the animal's body in __________ and are __________.

Feces, not assimilated

The loss of water from the __________ results in urine that is highly concentrated.

Filtrate

The movement of substances out of the glomerulus and into Bowman's capsule is referred to as _________.

Filtration

Which of the following characteristics allowed early gnathostomes to become successful predators?

Fins stiffened with bone that increased maneuverability and improved gas exchange in the gills.

Choose the correct statement from the list below.

Free fatty acid absorption occurs in the small intestine.

In osmosis, water undergoes net diffusion to an area of lower _________.

Free water concentration

During osmosis, water diffuses across a selectively permeable membrane from the region of higher _________ concentration and lower __________ concentration to the side with the lower __________ concentration and higher __________ concentration.

Free water, solute, free water, solute

Your small intestine can absorb ____ without its being further digested.

Fructose

A pseudocoelomate refers to an animal with a __________.

Functional body cavity lined by tissues derived from mesoderm and endoderm.

Based on the highlighted (white) branches in the phylogenetic tree shown, which of the following labels refers to a paraphyletic group?

Green algae

Nematodes and arthropods both _________.

Grow in conjunction with shedding of their exoskeleton.

How do hydrogen ions (H+) and chloride ions (Cl-) get into the lumen of the stomach?

H+ is actively transported from parietal cells into the lumen, while Cl- diffuses from parietal cells into the lumen.

During cellular respiration, cellular work, and biosynthesis, a significant amount of energy is lost as _______.

Heat

Which part of these are by-products of cellular respiration?

Heat, carbon dioxide, and water.

Arthropod exoskeletons and mollusk shells both __________.

Help retain moisture in terrestrial habitats.

Animals can be classified according to their mode of thermoregulation. Sort the animals below, indicating their likely thermoregulatory strategy. Note that poikilotherms are sometimes referred to as heterotherms.

Homeothermic endotherm: walrus, eagle, coyote Homeothermic ectotherm: arctic shrimp Poikilothermic ectotherm: butterfly, freshwater catfish, salamander

A red blood cell has been placed into three different solutions. One solution is isotonic to the cell, one solution is hypotonic to the cell, and one is hypertonic to the cell. Determine which type of solution is in each beaker based on the cell's reaction.

Hypertonic: Cell expands too much and explodes Isotonic: even levels entering and exiting the cell Hypotonic: Cell shrinks

Which of the following characteristics describes the thin segment of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

Impermeable to H2O, permeable to NaCl

The images below show two countercurrent heat exchangers in marine animals: in the flipper of a sea turtle (left) and in the abdomen of a dolphin (right). Which three statements are consistent with the images?

In a sea turtle's flippers, heat is transferred from (1) to (3). In a dolphin, blood cools as it flows from the aorta to the testes. At a dolphin's testes, heat is transferred from (1) to (2).

Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that most animals derive their nutrition by _________.

Ingesting materials

How do glucagon and insulin differ?

Insulin causes some cells to take up glucose, whereas glucagon causes some cells to secrete glucose.

Which component of a homeostatic system compares sensory information to a target value?

Integrator

The presence of a lophophore in a newly discovered species would suggest that the species ________.

Is a filter feeder.

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be ________ with its ________ environment.

Isoosmotic; seawater

What does a transport protein do?

It allows solute molecules to enter the cell.

You find what you believe is a new species of animal. Which of the following characteristics would enable you to argue that it is more closely related to a flatworm than it is to a roundworm?

It has no coelom.

How did the evolution of the jaw contribute to diversification of early vertebrate lineages?

It made additional food sources available.

What is one function of the mucus in the lumen of the stomach?

It protects the epithelium from being digested by gastric juice.

You find a new species of worm and want to classify it. Which of the following lines of evidence would allow you to classify the worm as a nematode and not an annelid?

It sheds its external skeleton to grow.

An examination of a marine sea star that had died after it was mistakenly placed in fresh water would likely show that it died because ________.

It was so hypertonic to the fresh water that it could not osmoregulate.

Among the following choices, the most concentrated urine is excreted by _________.

Kangaroo rats

Lancelets and tunicates are two groups of chordates. Classify each statement as applying to lancelets, tunicates, both lancelets and tunicates, or neither.

Lancelets: all chordate characters present in adults, adults bury themselves into the sediment of the seafloor, adults swim by the contraction of a series of muscles along the notochord Tunicates: most chordate characters not present in adults, larvae swim using the notochord but adults may be sessile, in adults water enters through one siphon and leaves through another Both: adults feed with the aid of pharyngeal slits Neither: Adults swim using the vertebral column

Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has _____.

Less surface area per unit of volume.

If you think of the earthworm body plan as a drinking straw within a pipe, where would you expect to find most of the tissues that developed from endoderm?

Lining the straw.

What can RAPIDLY pass directly through the phospholipids of the plasma membrane, without the help of a transport protein?

Lipid soluble molecule

Bile is produced by the _____ and stored by the _____ until it is secreted into the small intestine.

Liver, gall bladder

Ammonia is likely to be the primary nitrogenous waste in living conditions that include _____.

Lots of fresh water flowing across the gills of a fish.

Starch can be broken down into the disaccharide known as _____.

Maltose

The kidney's ability to concentrate urine depends on the maintenance of an osmolarity gradient between the interstitial fluid of two structures: the cortex and the __________.

Medulla

Which of the following statements is true of metabolism in its entirety in all organisms?

Metabolism consists of all the energy transformation reactions in an organism.

As animals have evolved large body size, they have also evolved adaptations to improve exchange of energy and materials with the environment. For example, in many larger organisms, evolution has favored lungs and a digestive tract with ________.

More branching or folds.

When molecules move down their concentration gradient, they move from where they are __________ to where they are __________.

More concentrated, less concentrated

As filtrate moves down the loop of Henle, the surrounding interstitial fluid becomes __________ concentrated than the filtrate, so ___________ leaves the filtrate.

More, water

Which of the following statements about bilaterian animals is false?

Most bilaterians have tissues but some do not.

Studies of cricket Malpighian tubules revealed that potassium ions accumulated inside the tubule, moving against the potassium concentration gradient. Based on the information, what can you infer about the mechanism of potassium transport?

Movement of potassium into the lumen of the Malpighian tubules is an energy-requiring process.

How many times has blastopore fate changed over the course of evolution?

Multiple times, though the exact number is uncertain.

This osmolarity gradient is maintained by both the passive transport and the active transport of ___________.

NaCl

The feedback loop shown here is an example of __________ feedback.

Negative

Which of these is the functional unit of a kidney?

Nephron

Which of the following is (are) unique to animals?

Nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement.

A new species of aquatic chordate is discovered that closely resembles an ancient form. It has the following characteristics: external armor of bony plates, no paired lateral fins, and a suspension-feeding mode of nutrition. In addition to these, it will probably have which of the following characteristics?

No jaws

Animals have adapted different mechanisms for excreting nitrogenous waste products. Which of the following are selective pressures that likely influence which mechanism an animal uses? I) the amount of water available in the animal's habitat II) the energy needs of the animal III) the temperature of the animal's environment

Only I and II

Water responds to the osmolarity gradient by moving from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration--a process called ________.

Osmosis

Secretin stimulates the _____ to secrete _____.

Pancreas, bicarbonate

Cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates the _____ to secrete _____.

Pancreas, pancreatic enzymes

Diffusion across a biological membrane is called __________.

Passive transport

Osmosis does not require energy. For this reason, osmosis is a form of __________.

Passive transport

Both passive and active transport are used to move molecules into and out of cells, as shown in the figure. Identify the key differences between passive and active transport, and provide an example of each.

Passive transport: How molecules move relative to a concentration gradient: down a concentration gradient Energy requirements: none Example: osmosis Active transport: How molecules move relative to a concentration gradient: against a concentration gradient energy requirements: requires energy from cells Example: sodium-potassium pump

Which of the following is an example of positive feedback in the lumen of the stomach?

Pepsin digests molecules of pepsinogen, producing more pepsin.

Which structure can be used for feeding and gas exchange?

Pharyngeal gill slit

Identify structure D.

Phospholipid belayer of membrane

Starch is a type of ________.

Polysaccharide

Based on the phylogenetic tree shown here, identify the basal taxon of metazoans (animals).

Porifera

Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point during their life cycle?

Post-anal tail.

Chemical energy is a form of ________ energy.

Potential

What do animals ranging from corals to monkeys have in common?

Presence of Hox genes

Choose the correct statement from the list below.

Proteins that are consumed in the diet are absorbed as individual amino acids following digestion.

The osmoregulatory/excretory system of a freshwater flatworm is based on the operation of _____.

Protonephridia

Many animals can be categorized as either protostomes and deuterostomes based on certain features of their embryonic development. Determine whether each of the following terms applies to only protostomes, only deuterostomes, both protostomes and deuterostomes, or neither.

Protostome: spiral, determinate cleavage mouth from blastopore coelom from solid masses of mesoderm Deuterostome: radial, indeterminate cleavage anus from blastopore coelom from folds of archenteron Both: triploblast Neither: diploblast

The table below shows blastopore fates for nine animal phyla. Blastopore fates include: protostomy (mouth develops from the blastopore) deuterostomy (anus develops from the blastopore) neither (the blastopore closes and the mouth develops elsewhere)

Protostomy (P): Platyhelminthes, rotifera, nematoda Deuterostomy (D): Echinodermata, chordata Protostomy and Deuterostomy: Mollusca, annelida, arthropod Neither (N): Acoela

The phylogenetic tree shown here displays the major clades of chordates. Which statements about the phylogenetic tree are true?

Rays and frogs have vertebrae, organism (a) is a common ancestor of all chordates, descendants of organism (d) have limbs with digits, mammals and turtles are more closely related than are lungfishes and sharks, birds and ray-finned fishes have notochord and jaws

Which term describes a steady state in which the internal conditions of an organism are kept within a narrow range without regard to the external conditions?

Regulatory homeostasis

The _____ are the major blood vessels transporting blood to the kidneys.

Renal arteries

Urine formed by a kidney collects in the _____ before being drained from the kidney by the _____ and transported to the _____.

Renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder

Thermoregulation in the body is accomplished by several feedback systems. The feedback system shown here uses vasoconstriction and vasodilation in the skin and extremities to regulate body temperature. Stimulus: drop in body temperature

Response: vasoconstriction body temperature increases leads to homeostasis

Thermoregulation in the body is accomplished by several feedback systems. The feedback system shown here uses vasoconstriction and vasodilation in the skin and extremities to regulate body temperature. Stimulus: rise in body temperature

Response: vasodilation body temperature decreases leads to homeostasis

Which structure is not part of the alimentary canal?

Salivary glands

At point A on the graph, how would the body respond?

Secrete insulin

The acidity of the stomach contents triggers the small intestine to secrete a hormone known as _____.

Secretin

The movement of substances from the blood into the proximal tubule is known as ____________.

Secretion

Which morphological trait evolved more than once in animals, according to the phylogeny based on DNA sequence data found in the figure?

Segmentation

The osmoregulatory process called secretion refers to the _____.

Selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids.

The evolution of animal species has been prolific (current estimates of species numbers reach into the tens of millions). Much of this diversity is a result of the evolution of novel ways to ________.

Sense, feed, and move

Which component of a homeostatic system perceives changes in some parameter of the environment?

Sensor

Which of the following actions acts to warm a homeothermic body?

Shivering

What type of epithelial tissue, found in the intestines, absorbs nutrients?

Simple columnar epithelium

What type of epithelial tissue lines kidney tubules?

Simple cuboidal cells

Which of these tissues, found in the lungs, permits gas exchange by diffusion?

Simple squamous epithelium

Which of the following is reabsorbed into the proximal tubule, leading to a reduction in the overall filtrate volume?

Solutes, water

A semipermeable membrane is placed between the following solutions. Which will decrease in volume? Solution A: 1.4% (m/v) starch Solution B: 7.62% (m/v) starch

Solution A: 1.4% (m/v) starch

A semipermeable membrane is placed between the following solutions. Which will increase in volume? Solution C: 9% (m/v) NaCl Solution D: 12.4% (m/v) NaCl

Solution D: 12.4% (m/v) NaCl

One should expect to find cilia associated with the feeding apparatus of _________.

Sponges

What is the function of cholesterol?

Stabilization of the phospholipids

What type of epithelium would you expect to find covering a surface subject to physical forces?

Stratified epithelium

Most cells cannot harness heat to perform work because __________.

Temperature is usually uniform throughout a cell

Birds are descended from species that laid eggs in water. It could be argued that embryos of birds still develop in water because _________.

The amnion encases each embryo in water.

What (if anything) can be inferred about whether the common ancestor of each of the three major bilaterian clades had a true coelom?

The common ancestor of the Deuterostomia had a true coelom, but we cannot infer anything about the ancestor of the Lophotrochozoa or the Ecdysozoa.

Which of the following statements about vertebrates is true?

The development of an amniotic egg and internal fertilization allowed vertebrates to reproduce away from water.

If the pores in the selectively permeable membrane became larger, but still not large enough to let the sugar pass through, what would happen during osmosis in the U-shaped tube compared to what is shown in the figure?

The final water levels would be the same as shown in the figure, but the solutions would reach near equal concentrations faster.

Which of the following is a correct statement about an organism and its environment?

The interstitial fluid is the exchange medium between body cells and the circulatory system in vertebrate animals.

The table below shows data on water gain and loss in a kangaroo rat and a human. This data was used to create the four pie charts shown. Which route of water gain makes up a much larger share of the total in a kangaroo rat as compared to a human?

The kangaroo rat gains a much larger share of its water from metabolism than a human does.

Which route of water loss makes up a much larger share of the total in a kangaroo rat as compared to a human?

The kangaroo rat loses a much larger share of its water through evaporation (during gas exchange) than a human does.

A researcher added a mixture of animal proteins to a physiological buffer solution (pH 7.4) in a test tube incubated at 37°C. The researcher then added purified pepsin to the mixture, but even after several hours, the proteins were not digested. Which of the following would explain this result?

The pH was too high.

Which characteristics define a chordate?

The presence of four specific morphological traits

To what extent has the presence of a true coelom in animals changed over the course of evolution?

The presence or absence of a true coelom appears to have changed multiple times during the course of evolution.

Imagine you have two sets of 8 blocks, each measuring 1 cm along each edge. You arrange one set into a large cube, 2 blocks × 2 blocks × 2 blocks. You arrange the other set into a straight beam, 1 block × 8 blocks. Compared with the beam, the large cube has:

The same volume but a smaller surface area.

Based on graph (a), one observer suggests that a group of 100 ground squirrels would consume the same amount of oxygen per hour as 1 dog because 100 ground squirrels have the same total body mass as 1 dog. A second observer disagrees.

The second observer is correct; 100 ground squirrels will consume more oxygen per hour than 1 dog.

Penguins, seals, and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming, because _____.

The shape is a convergent evolutionary solution, which reduces drag while swimming.

The energy for nearly every organism in nearly every ecosystem ultimately comes from _____.

The sun

What is the first thing that happens when body temperature increases above normal body temperature?

The thermostat in the hypothalamus activates cooling mechanisms.

How did the great transition from fish to tetrapod occur?

The transition occurred gradually over time, so there are many intermediate forms.

If more sugar were added to the solution on the left side of the tube, what would happen to the water level on the right side of the tube.

The water level would go down.

Which characteristic distinguishes echinoderms from the other two dueterostome lineages?

Their body plan

Studies of cricket Malpighian tubules revealed that potassium ions accumulated inside the tubule, moving against the potassium concentration gradient. How would you expect the movement of water to be influenced by the distribution of potassium ions?

There would be a net movement of water into the lumen of the tubules.

Why did Shubin and Daeschler search in the Canadian arctic for fossil evidence of the transition from fish to tetrapods?

They hypothesized that the transitional fossils were in sedimentary rocks older than 365 million years ago, when the first tetrapods appear in the fossil record.

The epithelium that lines the stomach has many deep infoldings, or pits. In what way do these pits function as glands?

They secrete gastric juice into the main chamber of the stomach.

What kind of habitat did tiktaalik live in?

Tiktaalik lived in a warm, freshwater swamp.

Why have we NOT found examples in the fossil record of every animal that ever lived on Earth?

To become a fossil an animal must remain buried for thousands or millions of years until it (and the layer around it) turns to rock, to become a fossil an animal must be quickly and completely buried in ash or sediment before it has a chance to decompose, many fossils remain buried where we can only find them when they are exposed by erosion or excavation

What is a transitional fossil?

Transitional fossils have features that are intermediate between ancestors and descendants.

Which of the following contributes most significantly to the kidney's high energy expenditure?

Transport of NaCl in the thick segment of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle

The collecting duct becomes more permeable to water when the kidneys are in water-conservation mode.

True

True/False: Reabsorption of water and solutes in the proximal tubule reduces the volume of the filtrate.

True

True or false? Organisms must maintain homeostasis because optimal enzyme activity is achieved within a very narrow range of conditions.

True.

The osmolarity gradient is also maintained by the passive transport of ___________.

Urea

The most abundant solute in urine is __________.

Urea (and other nitrogenous wastes)

The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that ________.

Urea is less toxic than ammonia.

In the phylogenetic tree shown, which of the following are shared ancestral characters for members of the turtle-leopard group?

Vertebral column; four limbs

What is the main component of gastric juice?

Water

Which of the following statements about the conditions shown in the U-shaped tube are true?

Water is tightly clustered around the hydrophilic solute molecules on both sides of the membrane. There is less free water in the right arm of the tube than in the left arm of the tube.

In examining an unknown animal species during its embryonic development, how can you be sure what you are looking at is a protostome and not a dueterostome?

You see a mouth, but not an anus.

In a phylogenetic tree, a lineage that diverges from all other members of its group early in the evolutionary history of the group is described as?

a basal taxa

On a global scale, energy _____ ecosystems whereas chemical elements _____ ecosystems.

flows through, are recycled in

Identify structure A.

glycoprotein

Which of the following is a tetrapod?

mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian

Which of these is reabsorbed from filtrate?

sodium chloride, glucose, water, amino acids

A mutualism is an ecological relationship between two species __________.

that both benefit from the relationship.