Mastering Biology for test 2 + Clicker

Why do we need gas exchange?

1) To acquire oxygen 2) To dispose of carbon dioxide 3) May be important in vocalization

How is the respiratory system influenced by metabolic demands?

1) Total metabolism is proportional to body mass 2) Because mass increases faster than surface ares, it's harder for bigger animals to acquire sufficient oxygen by diffusion from the exterior to the interior of the animal (SA:V decreases but metabolic demand increases) 3) Respiratory gas exchange surface must scale with body volume instead of surface area

Consider two cube-shaped organisms. Both are endothermic. One has dimensions of 2 x 2 x 2 cm. The other is 4 x 4 x 4 cm. If the smaller cube has a lung surface area of 10, what is the estimated lung surface area of the larger cube? 40 cm2 2.5 cm2 1.5 cm2 80 cm2 1.25 cm2

80 cm2

Blood pressure is highest in the: A Aorta B Posterior vena cava C Anterior vena cava D Pulmonary arteries E Capillaries

A Aorta

Which statement about the mammalian heart is correct? A In the adult heart, blood in the right chambers of the heart cannot enter the left chambers without passing through the lungs B Blood exits the heart via the atria C Oxygenated blood moves only through the right side of the heart D Blood first enters the heart at the ventricles E When the right atrium contracts, it forces blood into the left ventricle

A In the adult heart, blood in the right chambers of the heart cannot enter the left chambers without passing through the lungs

Which of the following cells can engulf (phagocytize) a pathogen? A Macrophages B Natural killer cells C Platelets D B cells

A Macrophages

The primary function of the small intestine is: A absorption of nutrients B absorption of large regulatory proteins C waste secretion D vitamin conversion E mineral secretion

A absorption of nutrients

Which of the following features do all gas exchange systems have in common? A exchange surfaces are moist B enclosed in a hard, protective structure (like a ribcage) C have to be exposed to air to function D involves transport of CO2 and O2 across a membrane via active transport (phagocytosis) E found only in chordates

A exchange surfaces are moist

B lymphocytes respond to antigens by ______________, while cytotoxic T lymphocytes respond to antigens by _____________. A producing antibodies, direct attack on the pathogen B producing more antigens, producing more antibodies C inhibiting red blood cell production, accelerating lymphocyte production D producing the hormone insulin, producing antibodies

A producing antibodies, direct attack on the pathogen

When trying to exchange materials (like nutirents) into or out of cells most efficiently, what relationship between surface area and volume is most beneficial? A) Maximize surface area and minimize volume. B) Keep surface area and volume equal. C) Minimize surface area and maximize volume. D) None of these answers are correct.

A) Maximize surface area and minimize volume.

During digestion, hydrochloric acid (HCl) lowers the stomach's pH and this causes the enzyme pepsinogen to be converted to its active form, called pepsin. Pepsin is a proteolytic enzyme, which means it cleaves (breaks) peptide bonds assocciated with food particles. The enzyme pepsin can also cleave pepsinogen into pepsin, and this causes the rate at which pepsinogen is converted to pepsin to increase. This is an example of: A A negative feedback loop B A positive feedback loop C The importance of keeping your stomach pH high during digestion D The importance of hormones in activating pepsin

B A positive feedback loop

The white blood cells (leukocytes) involved with the innate immune system include all of the following EXCEPT: A natural killer cells B B cells (lymphocytes) C macrophages D neutrophils

B B cells (lymphocytes)

What are the main cells involved in the specific immune response? A self cells and non-self cells B B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes C antigens and antibodies D natural killer cells and macrophages

B B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes

The ____________ has/have the thinnest walls. A Aorta B Capillaries C Posterior vena cava D Pulmonary artery E Right ventricle

B Capillaries

Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize: A Osmosis of carbon dioxide into the blood B Diffusion of oxygen into the blood C Endocytosis of carbon dioxide into the blood D Active transport of oxygen into the blood E Blood pressure

B Diffusion of oxygen into the blood

Which is FALSE? (You can use Figure 33.10 in the textbook to help you out) A Carbohydrates are digested by enzymes in the mouth and small intestine, and are absorbed only in the small intestine B Proteins are mechanically digested in the mouth and stomach, and are chemically digested and absorbed in the stomach only C Fats are digested by enzymes in the small intestine, and are absorbed only in the small intestine D Different enzymes are involved in the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats E All of the above are actually correct.

B Proteins are mechanically digested in the mouth and stomach, and are chemically digested and absorbed in the stomach only

Which is NOT true about blood flow in the heart? A Contraction of the right atrium forces blood into the right ventricle B The pulmonary veins bring oxygen-poor blood from the body to the heart C When the left and right ventricles contract, valves keep blood from flowing back into their respective atria D A and C E All of the above are actually correct

B The pulmonary veins bring oxygen-poor blood from the body to the heart

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is involved with: A disruption of viral DNA B antigen presentation and recognition C destruction of bacterial cell membranes D activation of interferons

B antigen presentation and recognition

One of the main disadvantages of being an endotherm is: A can only live in cold regions of the world B need a large supply of food C must hibernate during the winter D metabolic rate is lower than in ectotherms E cannot live in aquatic environments

B need a large supply of food

Which of the following is not an example of homeostasis? A regulation of blood solute concentration in a fish B regulation of body temperature in a fish C regulation of blood pH in a human D regulation of body temperature in a dog E regulation of blood glucose levels in a human

B regulation of body temperature in a fish

Which blood component is matched incorrectly with its function? A red blood cells (erythrocytes)-- transport oxygen B white blood cells (leukocytes)-- transport carbon dioxide and regulate blood pH C platelets (thrombocytes)-- involved in clotting D plasma-- contains proteins, hormones, waste products, ions, and nutrients

B white blood cells (leukocytes)-- transport carbon dioxide and regulate blood pH

Match the locations in the body with the local blood pH and hemoglobin (Hb) activity: A) I. Hb binding O2, pH low; II. Hb releasing O2, pH high B) I. Hb binding O2, pH high; II. Hb releasing O2, pH low C) I. Hb releasing O2, pH low; II. Hb binding O2, pH high D) I. Hb releasing O2, pH high; II. Hb binding O2, pH low

B) I. Hb binding O2, pH high; II. Hb releasing O2, pH low

If a molecule of CO2 released into the blood in your left toe eventually exits your nose, it must pass through all of the following EXCEPT: A) Right atrium B) Pulmonary vein C) Pulmonary artery D) Right ventricle E) None of the above (it travels through them all)

B) Pulmonary vein

Which of the following statements about diffusion across a cell membrane is true? A) It takes longer for particles to diffuse throughout large cells in comparison to small cells because of the larger surface area of the cell membrane. B) The surface area of the membrane determines how many molecules can enter and exit a cell at once. C) Small cells and large cells have similar abilities to balance the rate of oxygen uptake (the rate it diffuses into the cell across the cell membrane) with the rate of oxygen consumption (the rate that oxygen is used up by the cell). D) The speed of diffusing particles is slower in large cells than in small cells.

B) The surface area of the membrane determines how many molecules can enter and exit a cell at once.

If a person has memory B cells against an antigen on the measles virus, that person: A. is more likely to develop measles B. is much less likely to develop measles a second time C. is able to spread measles to others by physical contact D will also develop an immunity to the chickenpox virus E also has natural killer memory cells

B. is much less likely to develop measles a second time

Which barrier must O2 and CO2 cross to pass between air and blood inside the lungs: A Diaphragm B Artery wall C Capillary wall D Ventricle E Bronchi

C Capillary wall

All are characteristics of red blood cells EXCEPT: A Most numerous blood cells B Contain hemoglobin C Initiate clotting D High surface area to volume ratio E Don't contain nuclei or mitochondria when mature

C Initiate clotting

Which would be the best body plan for a mammal adapted for life in a cold climate to minimize heat loss? A Large size, spherical body, long ears B Large size, elongated body, short ears C Large size, spherical body, short ears D Small size, elongated body, long ears E Small size, spherical shape, short ears

C Large size, spherical body, short ears

Which of the following is a true difference between T cells and B cells? A T cells, but not B cells, undergo clonal selection B only B cells are produced from stem cells of the bone marrow C T cells, but not B cells, can directly attack and destroy infected cells D T cells, but not B cells, can recognize foreign antigens E Only B cells take part in cell-mediated immunity

C T cells, but not B cells, can directly attack and destroy infected cells

Which organism isn't correctly matched with its circulation type: A flatworm--diffusion B dragonfly--open circulation C bird--closed circulation, 2 chambered heart D octopus--closed circulation E mammal--closed circulation, 4 chambered heart

C bird--closed circulation, 2 chambered heart

Antigens are: A proteins found in the blood that cause foreign red blood cells to lyse (break apart). B proteins embedded in B cell membranes. C foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies. D a specialized type of leukocyte (white blood cell). E proteins released during an inflammatory response to invading bacteria.

C foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies.

What is the primary function of antibody-mediated immunity? A it mainly defends against fungi and protozoa B it protects the body against cancerous cells C it produces antibodies that circulate in the body D it mainly defends against bacteria and viruses that have already infected cells

C it produces antibodies that circulate in the body

Which is true about the B plasma cells involved in clonal selection? A an individual plasma cell contains many different antigen-recognizing proteins on their surface, making them able to detect many different types of antigens B B-plasma cells directly attack and phagocytize pathogens C plasma cells are clones of B-cells that have encountered and responded to the presence of an antigen D plasma cells are B-cells that were once T-cells E plasma cells are also known as natural killer cells

C plasma cells are clones of B-cells that have encountered and responded to the presence of an antigen

Negative feedback control of a system means: A there is no feedback occurring B the failure of an organism to react to a stimulus C the product of an action slows or inhibits additional action D the product of an action accelerates or amplifies additional action E that an organism is dying

C the product of an action slows or inhibits additional action

Which sequence of blood flow would be observed in a mammal? A left ventricle--aorta--lungs--out to the body tissues B right atrium--pulmonary artery--left atrium--right ventricle C veins--right atrium--right ventricle--pulmonary artery--lungs D pulmonary veins--left atrium--left ventricle--out to the lungs E right ventricle--pulmonary vein--left ventricle--out to the body tissues

C veins--right atrium--right ventricle--pulmonary artery--lungs

Based on your knowledge of size and metabolic demand, in which group(s) of animals you expect to find a closed circulatory system? I Birds II Cephalopods III Tapeworm IV Spider crab A) I only B) II, III and IV C) I and II D) I, II and IV E) All of the above have closed circulatory systems

C) I and II

Why isn't pepsin used in the small intestine? A) Digestion does not occur in the small intestine B) Proteins are not digested in the small intestine C) The pH of the small intestine is too high D) A and B E) Pepsin is used in the small intestine

C) The pH of the small intestine is too high

Which of these is an example of negative feedback? A) As a blood clot begins to form, the process of its formation gets faster and faster. B) the generation of a nerve signal, where sodium ions moving through sodium channels in the cell membrane cause additional sodium channels to open up C) the "thermostat" in the hypothalamus of mammals shuts off shivering once normal body temperature is reached D) The digestive enzyme pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by the action of hydrochloric acid; pepsin itself can then convert pepsinogen into pepsin. E) Once labor during childbirth begins, uterine contractions increase in frequency and intensity to push the baby out

C) the "thermostat" in the hypothalamus of mammals shuts off shivering once normal body temperature is reached

Which of the following helps your body recognize "self" from "non-self" when fighting pathogens? A. Inflammatory response B. Complement system C. Major histocompatibility complex D. Phagocytes E. A, B and C

C. Major histocompatibility complex

Which lung structure is a tiny sac that functions as an interface for gas exchange between air and blood? A Diaphragm B Capillary C Bronchiole D Alveolus E Bronchi

D Alveolus

Which of the following events doesn't occur as part of the inflammatory response to a break in the skin? A mast cells release histamines and macrophages release cytokines B redness and swelling occur as nearby capillaries dilate and become leaky C neutrophils and macrophages follow a chemical gradient to the infection site to attack pathogens D B cells secrete antibodies to mark pathogens for destruction

D B cells secrete antibodies to mark pathogens for destruction

The body regulates breathing in response to: A Erythropoietin levels in the blood B Hemoglobin levels C Blood glucose concentration D Carbon dioxide levels and blood pH E Pancreatic enzymes

D Carbon dioxide levels and blood pH

Which statement about gas (O2 and CO2) transport in humans is correct? A Most carbon dioxide is transported bound to hemoglobin B Oxygen combines with water in the blood to form bicarbonate ions C In the systemic circulation (blood going to supply the body cells) oxygen diffuses from the cells into the capillaries, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillaries into the cells D Most oxygen is transported bound to hemoglobin E The concentration of oxygen is higher in venous blood than in arterial blood

D Most oxygen is transported bound to hemoglobin

Which statement about human blood vessels is correct? A All arteries carry oxygenated blood, all veins carry deoxygenated blood B Veins transport blood from the heart to the capillaries C Arteries carry blood toward the atria of the heart D Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the heart E The diameter of arteries is larger than that of veins

D Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the heart

Which is not part of the innate immune system? A complement proteins B interferons C natural killer cells D cytotoxic T cells E phagocytic cells (like macrophages)

D cytotoxic T cells

The best definition of an antigen is: A lipid found in the blood that causes foreign blood cells to clump together B protein found inside a B cell nucleus C body cell that is involved in coordinating an immune response D foreign molecule that triggers the generation of antibodies E protein released by lymphocytes during an immune response

D foreign molecule that triggers the generation of antibodies

Which of the following statements about clonal selection is FALSE? A each B lymphocyte recognizes only one antigen B an activated B lymphocyte makes many copies of itself in response to an antigen C memory cells persist even after the pathogen is eliminated D macrophages undergo clonal selection

D macrophages undergo clonal selection

What is the correct order of organs that food passes through along the alimentary canal? A mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine B mouth, esophagus, pharynx, stomach, small intestine, large intestine C pharynx, mouth, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine D mouth, prarynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine E mouth, pharynx, esophagus, small intestine, stomach, large intestine

D mouth, prarynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

The accessory digestive organ that produces enzymes that break down all food groups: A liver B gall bladder C salivary glands D pancreas E liver and gall bladder together

D pancreas

Counter-current heat exchange helps maintain a constant internal body temperature through all of the following EXCEPT: A transferring heat between arteries and veins B lowering the temperature of the extremities to prevent heat loss C blood in arteries flowing in the opposite direction as blood in veins D sacrificing warmth of the body core to increase the temperature of the extremities E warming blood returning to the body from the extremities

D sacrificing warmth of the body core to increase the temperature of the extremities

Why is gas exchange more difficult for aquatic animals with gills than for terrestrial animals with lungs? A) Water is denser than air B) Water contains less O2 than air per unit volume C) Diffusion is slower across the air-water interface D) A and B E) A, B and C

D) A and B

Which statement best describes the difference in responses of B cells and cytotoxic T cells? A) B cells kill pathogens directly; cytotoxic T cells kill host cells B) B cells carry out the cell-mediated repsonse; cytotoxic T cells carry out the antibody mediated response C) B cells mainly respond to viruses; cytotoxic T cells mainly respond to bacteria D) B cells secrete antibodies against a pathogen; cytotoxic T cells kill pathogen-infected host cells E) B cells respond the first time a pathogen is present; cytotoxic T cells only respond to subsequent exposures

D) B cells secrete antibodies against a pathogen; cytotoxic T cells kill pathogen-infected host cells

Why are small mammals less common toward the poles (away from the equator)? A) Reduced oxygen availability B) Predominance of ectotherms C) Excessive UV-B radiation D) Higher SA:V increases heat loss E) Lower SA:V increases heat loss

D) Higher SA:V increases heat loss

If a mutation occurs in which a person's gastrin is no longer affected by H+, predict what would happen: A) Accumulation of pepsinogen without conversion to pepsin B) Failure to produce H+ in the first place C) Failure to produce pepsin D) Large build-up of pepsin E) A and C

D) Large build up of pepsin

Carbon dioxide enters the blood at the: A Capillaries of the lungs B Capillaries of the abdominal organs C Capillaries of the head D Capillaries of the hind limbs E All of the above, capillaries of most body tissues (including head, hind limbs, forelimbs, and abdominal organs)

E All of the above, capillaries of most body tissues (including head, hind limbs, forelimbs, and abdominal organs)

Which is NOT consistent with what you know about changes in surface to volume ratios? A Numerous branches in the lungs and intestines increase the organs' surface to volume ratio B Smaller cells are more efficient at accessing nutrients and expelling waste products than larger cells C Spherical cells have a lower surface area to volume ratio than elongated cells of the same volume D Microvilli on an epithelial cell of the small intestine increase the cell's surface area to volume ratio E As surface area increases, volume increases at the same rate

E As surface area increases, volume increases at the same rate

All are functions of the immune system EXCEPT: A Distinguish "self" cells from "non-self" cells B Protect against repeated encounters with specific pathogens C Targeted destruction of foreign cells and molecules D Prevent pathogens from entering the body E Maintain blood pH homeostasis

E Maintain blood pH homeostasis

Which of the following features is NOT an adaptation for maximizing gas exchange in the alveoli of the lungs? A High surface area B Moist exchange surface C Short diffusion distance between alveoli and blood vessels D Large number of alveoli E Specialized transport proteins embedded in alveolar cells

E Specialized transport proteins embedded in alveolar cells

The body's innate (non-specific) defenses against pathogens include all of the following except: A mucous membranes B natural killer cells C macrophages D antimicrobial molecules E T-lymphocytes

E T-lymphocytes

How does your body know when and how fast to breathe? A Your brain monitors oxygen concentrations in your blood B Your lungs monitor oxygen concentrations in your blood C Your brain monitors the ratio of oxygen to carbon dioxide in your blood D Your lungs monitor the ratio of oxygen to carbon dioxide in your blood E Your brain monitors carbon dioxide concentrations in your blood

E Your brain monitors carbon dioxide concentrations in your blood

Which process is NOT part of food processing in animals? A absorption B digestion C ingestion D elimination E coagulation

E coagulation

All of the following apply to homeostasis EXCEPT: A maintenance of physiological stability B highly regulated in endotherms C relatively constant internal conditions D seen in blood pressure, body temperature, and blood pH E regulated through positive feedback

E regulated through positive feedback

What is likely responsible for the observed temperature difference with the thoracic and abdominal regions? A) Slower heat diffusion to the abdomen B) Increased porosity in the abdomen C) Greater UV absorbance in the thorax D) Higher SA:V in the thorax E) Greater muscular contractions in the thorax

E) Greater muscular contractions in the thorax

Vaccines help the acquired immune system become primed so that it can rapidly respond to an actual attack by a given pathogen. What can we make vaccines out of? A. Components of non-functional viruses B. Components of non-living bacteria C. Toxins produced by bacteria D. A and B E. A, B and C

E. A, B and C

You accidentally expose yourself to an intracellular virus. Which of the following "lines of defense" in your immune system would you expect to respond? A. interferons B. cytotoxic T cells C. helper T cells D. a and b E. a, b and c

E. a, b and c

Which is NOT an example of a cell or molecule that the immune system is capable of recognizing and repsonding to? A Virus-infected cell B Bacterial or protist cell C Foreign protein D Cancer cell E Bacterial toxin F None of the above (all of these cells and molecules can be recognized by the immune system)

F None of the above (all of these cells and molecules can be recognized by the immune system)

How is oxygen transported?

O2 transport in blood is increased 70x by hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin) Oxygen binds reversibly High CO2 changes blood pH which triggers hemoglobin to release more oxygen (high pH induces binding, low pH induces release)

How is breathing controlled?

The Medulla monitors CO2 levels using changed in pH. CO2 reacts with water from carbonic acid Lower pH = higher CO2 Breathing increases

What changes at high altitude?

There are fewer oxygen molecules per breath at high altitude Results in hypoxia (low levels of oxygen) Within 2 weeks, more red blood cells are produced