mastering biology

Which of the following is true of the life cycle of mosses?

Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes.

Which of the following observations is strong evidence that a gene has been acquired by lateral gene transfer?

Its proportion of G-C to A-T base pairs is significantly different from the rest of the genome. the proportion of G-C base pairs in a genome is characteristic of a particular species, so significant deviation is strong evidence that the gene was acquired from a different species.

In mosses gametes are produced by _____; in ferns gametes are produced by _____.

Mitosis. Mitosis In both, gametes are produced by haploid gametophytes.

Why do species that release H2S as a by-product often live side by side with species that use H2S as an electron donor?

One species provides the necessary chemical for the other to survive.

Multicellularity and large body size of eukaryotic organisms requires high metabolic rates and efficient ATP production by aerobic respiration. How did bacteria change Earth's atmosphere to enable aerobic respiration?

Oxygenic photosynthesis by cyanobacteria significantly increased the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere.

_____ are angiosperms.

Roses. Roses produce flowers, the key synapomorphy shared by angiosperms.

Which of the following is true of the bryophytes?

The gametophyte (multicellular haploid) is main stage

Which is strong evidence that similar traits in different evolutionary lineages are the result of homology and not homoplasy?

The traits are also found in many intervening lineages on the tree of life. Intervening lineages also share the trait, it was most likely inherited from the same common ancestor

Which of these are the two major sources of nitrate pollution in rivers?

animal waste and fertilizers

In moss, _____ produce sperm.

antheridia. Moss antheridia, found on the tops of male gametophytes, produce sperm.

A water sample from a hot thermal vent contained a single-celled organism that had a cell wall but lacked a nucleus. What is its most likely classification?

archae

Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains?

bacteria and archae

Which character separates bacteria from archaea?

bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell wall

Which of the following is an example of homoplasy?

cell walls in plant and fungi

Cuticle, stomata, and vascular tissue are all key adaptations enabling land plants to _____.

colonize land. The cuticle reduces water loss; stomata allow uptake of CO2 without excessive water loss; and vascular tissue transports water to aboveground structures in land plants and supports erect stems.

What trait gives seeds an advantage over spores?

contains nutrients

In plants, gametes are produced

directly after mitosis

What do seeds contain?

embryo and nutritive tissue

Which of the following characters is seen in the gymnosperms, but is not seen in other seeded vascular plants?

exposed seeds

Which plant group is notable for the independence of gametophyte and sporophyte generations from each other?

ferns

As you stroll through a moist forest, you are most likely to see a _____.

gametophyte of a moss

The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably _____.

green algae

The appearance of cuticle and stomata correlated with what event in the evolution of land plants?

growth on land

In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis?

haploid spores

All plants exhibit alternation of generations. This means their life cycle

has both a multicellular haploid stage and a multicellular diploid stage.

all flowering plants (angiosperms)

have fruit

Aerobic respiration is more efficient than anaerobic respiration because of what property of oxygen?

it is highly electronegative. The energy released when oxygen is utilized in cellular respiration far surpasses any other electron acceptor.

The plant life cycle has both a sporophyte and a gametophyte generation. In the sporophyte stage,

meiosis occurs

The sperm produced by mosses require _____ to reach an archegonium.

moisture. Moss sperm swim to archegonia.

In lateral gene transfer, genes are ______.

moved from one species to another

A stoma consists of a _____.

pore surrounded by specialized guard cells. Stomata allow plants to take up CO2 from the environment.

Fruit is most important in facilitating _____.

seed dispersal. The evolution of fruits made efficient seed dispersal possible.

A pine tree gametophyte is _____.

smaller than a fern gametophyte. Pine tree gametophytes (pollen grains) are much smaller than fern gametophytes.

What is a spore-producing structures?

sporophyte as a moss

In the angiosperms, the

sporophyte is prominent, and the gametophyte is dependent upon the sporophyte.

In the conifers, the

sporophyte is prominent, and the gametophyte is dependent upon the sporophyte.

You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an algae if it _____.

surronded by a cutticle

Biologists sometimes divide living organisms into two groups: autotrophs and heterotrophs. These two groups differ in _____.

their mode of nutrition

Which of the following describe all existing bacteria?

tiny, ubiquitous, metabolically diverse

A plant's vascular tissue is composed of xylem and phloem. The xylem generally transports _____, whereas the phloem transports _____.

water/sugar