mastering ch3

We never see a crescent Jupiter from Earth because Jupiter __________. does not go around Earth orbits the Sun in the same direction as Earth is farther than Earth from the Sun shines with its own light

is farther than Earth from the Sun

Which of the following is not true about a scientific theory? A theory is essentially an educated guess. A theory must explain a wide range of observations or experiments. Even the strongest theories can never be proved true beyond all doubt.

A theory is essentially an educated guess.

Which of the following was not a major advantage of Copernicus's Sun-centered model over the Ptolemaic model? It made significantly better predictions of planetary positions in our sky. It offered a more natural explanation for the apparent retrograde motion of planets in our sky. It allowed calculation of the orbital periods and distances of the planets.

It made significantly better predictions of planetary positions in our sky.

In Ptolemy's Earth-centered model, when would Venus appear directly behind the Sun as viewed from Earth? when it is in closest to Earth when it is in farthest from Earth when it is in a crescent phase never

never

When would you expect to see Venus high in the sky at midnight? in its waxing crescent phase in its full phase in its waxing gibbous phase in its waning crescent phase never

never

Earth is closer to the Sun in January than in July. Therefore, in accord with Kepler's second law: Earth travels faster in its orbit around the Sun in July than in January. Earth travels faster in its orbit around the Sun in January than in July. It is summer in January and winter in July.

Earth travels faster in its orbit around the Sun in January than in July.

In the Greek geocentric model, the retrograde motion of a planet occurs when: Earth is about to pass the planet in its orbit around the Sun. The planet actually goes backward in its orbit around Earth. The planet is aligned with the Moon in our sky.

The planet actually goes backward in its orbit around Earth.

Which of the following can you observe about Venus with the naked eye? Select all that apply. Venus sometimes shines brightly in the eastern sky shortly before dawn When Venus is brightest, it is visible all night long Venus sometimes shines brightly in the western sky shortly after sunset Venus is visible at midnight when it is in its full phase

Venus sometimes shines brightly in the eastern sky shortly before dawn Venus sometimes shines brightly in the western sky shortly after sunset

In Ptolemy's Earth-centered model for the solar system, Venus always stays close to the Sun in the sky and, because it always stays between Earth and the Sun, its phases range only between new and crescent. The following statements are all true and were all observed by Galileo. Which one provides evidence that Venus orbits the Sun and not Earth? We never see Venus at midnight. We need a telescope to observe the phases of Venus. We sometimes see a crescent Venus. We sometimes see gibbous (nearly but not quite full) Venus.

We sometimes see gibbous (nearly but not quite full) Venus.

Imagine that Venus is in its full phase today. If we could see it, at what time would the full Venus be highest in the sky? midnight just before dawn just after sunset at noon

at noon

When would a new Venus be highest in the sky? midnight just before dawn just after sunset at noon

at noon

In Ptolemy's Earth-centered model for the solar system, Venus's phase is never full as viewed from Earth because it always lies between Earth and the Sun. In reality, as Galileo first recognized, Venus is __________. full whenever it lies directly between Earth and the Sun full whenever it is on the opposite side of the Sun from Earth, although we cannot see the full Venus because it is close to the Sun in the sky never full because Earth's shadow falls on Venus at the time when it would otherwise be full never full because the sunlit side of Venus never faces directly toward Earth

full whenever it is on the opposite side of the Sun from Earth, although we cannot see the full Venus because it is close to the Sun in the sky

Based on the video, which Venus phase would be impossible to see (from Earth) if Venus orbited Earth rather than the Sun? crescent on the left side crescent on the right side gibbous (nearly full) new

gibbous (nearly full)

When Einstein's theory of gravity (general relativity) gained acceptance, it demonstrated that Newton's theory had been: wrong incomplete really only a guess

incomplete

Consider the hypothetical observation "a planet beyond Saturn rises in west, sets in east." This observation is not consistent with a Sun-centered model, because in this model __________. the rise and set of all objects depends only on Earth's rotation there are no planets beyond Saturn all objects in space must orbit the Sun in the same direction planets beyond Saturn must orbit the Sun more slowly than closer-in planets

the rise and set of all objects depends only on Earth's rotation