Mastering ENVR 1401 Ch. 4
Which biome is correctly matched with its description? View Available Hint(s) A temperate grassland biome has a hot, dry summer and fall, has few to no trees, and contains large grazing animals like bison. The temperate deciduous forest is dominated by conifers, has long cold winters, and is home to moose. The taiga or boreal forest has heavy year-round rainfall and consists of dense growth of conifers, ferns, and mosses. The rain forest biome has permafrost.
A temperate grassland biome has a hot, dry summer and fall, has few to no trees, and contains large grazing animals like bison.
10,000 kcal of producer could support approximately _____ kcal of tertiary consumer. 1,000 100 10 1 0
10
In general, when one views a food chain, they can expect the biomass of herbivores (organisms that eat plants) in an ecosystem to be about _____ of the biomass of the plants and other photosynthetic organisms in the ecosystem. 25% 80% 50% 10% 90%
10
Approximately _____% of the energy at one trophic level is passed on to the next highest trophic level. 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 90-100
5-10
This pyramid shows the ratio of organisms, energy content, and biomass at different trophic levels. Suppose that a system has 5000 grasshoppers. How many hawks would be expected? 5 50 500 5000
50
Which statement is an accurate description of a keystone species? View Available Hint(s) Keystone species are always predators. Keystone species are the largest-bodied species in a community. A keystone species that is a predator controls the herbivore populations, which in turn maintains the plant populations and keeps balance. If the keystone species disappears, the whole ecosystem collapses and nothing survives.
A keystone species that is a predator controls the herbivore populations, which in turn maintains the plant populations and keeps balance.
When looking at the distribution of the world's biomes, there is a predictable pattern that results when starting at the equator and moving north or south (a longitudinal change). Where else do we see the same sort of predictable pattern? View Available Hint(s) starting at the source of a river and following it to where it ends starting at the base of a mountain and climbing up to the top starting at zero degrees latitude and moving east or west Starting in an area after a disturbance and following it through time.
starting at the base of a mountain and climbing up to the top
Which of the following is the best strategy for protecting natural systems from degradation? View Available Hint(s) Take several individuals from each species in an ecosystem and breed them in captive breeding programs (in zoos) to prevent the loss of keystone species. Protect all natural ecosystems to the best of our ability before damage starts to occur and by acting in a sustainable way. Watch an ecosystem and intervene with human impact on the ecosystem when species in that ecosystem start to become extinct. Carry out restoration projects.
Protect all natural ecosystems to the best of our ability before damage starts to occur and by acting in a sustainable way.
When an increase in the population of prey occurs, which of the following usually occurs in the population of its predator? View Available Hint(s) The population of the predator remains unchanged. The population of the predator will become extinct. The population of the predator decreases. The population of the predator increases.
The population of the predator increases.
Pick the answer that best evaluates the following statement: "It has been said that land animals can't exist without plants but that plants could exist without animals." View Available Hint(s) This statement is incorrect because plants can't reproduce without the energy of animals, and animals cannot reproduce without the energy of plants. This statement is incorrect because animals are the only source of carbon dioxide that plants need for photosynthesis. This statement is incorrect because the animals must supply the detritus for the decomposition process that supports plants. This statement is true because plants are able to convert sun energy into food energy and animals must get their energy from plants or other organisms that eat plants.
This statement is true because plants are able to convert sun energy into food energy and animals must get their energy from plants or other organisms that eat plants.
In South America, the density of trees should be comparatively lower in this habitat. broadleaf forest tropical forest coniferous forest subtropical savanna boreal forest
subtropical savanna
This biome is characterized by broad-leaved trees that lose their leaves each fall and remain dormant during winter
temperate deciduous forest
Also called steppe or prairie, this biome has been extensively developed for agricultural use due to its nutrient-rich soils.
temperate grassland
The type of biome that has been converted most frequently by humans for agricultural use is the _____. View Available Hint(s) temperate grassland desert savanna tundra
temperate grassland
What are the two major factors determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes? temperature and light temperature and rainfall light and rainfall plants and animals temperature and plants
temperature and rainfall
While driving through an area in October you notice that most of the trees are full of beautiful autumn-colored leaves. When you return to the area again in December you notice that the trees have lost their leaves and are bare. Which of the following ecosystems might this be? View Available Hint(s) a temperature deciduous forest a desert a boreal forest a temperate grassland
temperature deciduous forest
A seal that just ate a clam is eaten by a shark. The shark is acting as a _____. detritivore primary consumer tertiary consumer secondary consumer producer
tertiary consumer
A marine ecosystem is exposed to a potentially devastating invasive species and responds by remaining stable throughout the invasion. It could be said that _____. View Available Hint(s) the ecosystem demonstrated resistance to the disturbance the ecosystem demonstrated primary succession in response to the disturbance the ecosystem demonstrated resilience to the disturbance the ecosystem demonstrated permanence in regard to the ecosystem
the ecosystem demonstrated resistance to the disturbance
Which biome is characterized by an extensive canopy that allows little light to penetrate to the ground and by the presence of epiphytes? temperate grassland coniferous forest tropical rain forest desert tundra
tropical rain forest
Despite having lush vegetation and diverse biological communities, the soil in this biome has low nutrient content and cannot support long-term agriculture
tropical rainforest
This cold, dry biome is populated by lichens and shrubs that can survive great seasonal variations in sunlight and temperature
tundra
Which biome is characterized by the presence of permafrost? taiga tropical forest tundra coniferous forest desert
tundra
Which of the following biomes has the least annual rainfall? View Available Hint(s) the tropical rain forest the tundra the tropical dry forest the chaparral
tundra
What two factors exert the greatest influence over a terrestrial biome? View Available Hint(s) annual average number of species annual average temperature and precipitation annual average number of detritivores average annual soil deposition
annual average temperature and precipitation
You would be hard pressed to find tundra anywhere on this continent. Asia Australia North America Europe South America
australia
Which of the following would have the largest biomass in a terrestrial ecosystem? View Available Hint(s) autotrophs primary consumers secondary consumers tertiary consumers
autotrophs
Which organism pollinates 73% of our crops? View Available Hint(s) hummingbirds crickets ants bees
bees
_____ are secondary consumers. Producers Herbivores Plants Cows Carnivores
carbivores
What kind of relationship exists between multiple organisms who seek the same limited resource? View Available Hint(s) competition predation herbivory parasitism
competition
The taiga is the largest terrestrial biome in the world. It is characterized by this plant community. desert shrubs tropical savanna coniferous forest deciduous forest tropical forest
coniferous forest
This plant community grows on stable terrain, the soil of which tends to be young, acidic, and poor in nutrients. coniferous forest tropical forest desert shrubs tropical savanna deciduous forest
coniferous forest
Which of these is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth? tundra coniferous forest temperate broadleaf forest temperate grassland desert
coniferous forest
This is the driest biome, where many plants have water-conserving features such as thick leaves and needles
desert
Which of these biomes is characterized by little rainfall? temperate broadleaf forest coniferous forest desert temperate grassland tropical rain forest
desert
Part A Part complete Which list includes biomes in the correct order based on those that have the lowest annual rainfall to those that have the highest? View Available Hint(s) desert, grassland, tropical rain forest, temperate deciduous forest tropical rain forest, temperate deciduous forest, grassland, desert grassland, desert, tropical rain forest, temperate deciduous forest desert, grassland, temperate deciduous forest, tropical rain forest
desert, grassland, temperate deciduous forest, tropical rain forest
An earthworm that feeds on the remains of plants and animals is acting as a _____. tertiary consumer producer primary consumer detritivore secondary consumer
detritivore
nutrients enter a waterway in elevated concentrations -> nutrients promote phytoplankton growth, and increase phytoplankton density in waters -> more phytoplankton die and settle to the bottom, where they are metabolized by bacteria -> hypoxic conditions arise in the deep water above the sediments -> aquatic life in and near the sediment flees or suffocates this describes what process
eutrophication
When a parasite lives inside the human gastrointestinal tract, absorbing some of the human's nutrients at the human's expense, it is considered a(n) _____ interaction. View Available Hint(s) partitioned exploitative displacement Galápagos
exploitative
Many plants have developed complicated defenses to protect themselves against _____. Invasive species herbivory parasitoidism pollination
herbivory
How is energy transferred from one trophic level to the next? Select all that apply. herbivory cellular respiration parasitism heat loss predation
herbivory, parasitism, predation
What kind of interaction occurs when two cardinals (birds of the same species) are trying to build a nest in the same tree?
intraspecific competition
If you wanted to predict which biome you would find in an area, what two things would you would need to know about that area? View Available Hint(s) the annual soil nutrient levels and relative humidity its annual rainfall and temperature the annual daytime high and nighttime low temperatures the annual levels of light and length of day
its annual rainfall and temperature
When wolves were eliminated from Yellowstone National Park in 1926, the elk population exploded and biodiversity along streams declined dramatically as the elks consumed all of the riverside vegetation. When wolves were reintroduced the biodiversity of these riverside, communities increased dramatically. What kind of species is the wolf in the Yellowstone community? View Available Hint(s) herbivore keystone parasite benthic
keystone
secondary succession Order the labels in the flowchart to complete the model of secondary succession as observed in a deciduous forest of eastern North America.
land that was once used for farming is abandoned -> nearby grasses and herbs colonize the site -> shrubs and fast growing trees take root -> pine forests comes to dominate the site -> hardwood trees outgrow the pines
Which of the following are most likely to be keystone species in an ecosystem? View Available Hint(s) producers small-bodied, primary consumers large-bodied, higher level consumers parasites
large-bodied, higher level consumers
What moves through the community from one trophic level to another as organisms feed on one another? View Available Hint(s) matter and energy water and energy matter and water disease and parasites
matter and energy
What two types of relationships exhibit symbiosis? View Available Hint(s) parasitism and herbivory mutualism and parasitism interspecific and intraspecific competition mutualism and competition
mutualism and parasitism
Many wild orchids cannot be successfully dug up and transplanted because they need the native mychorrhizae (a fungus) in the soil to survive. What kind of interaction is this? View Available Hint(s) herbivory parasitism mutualism competition
mutulaism
If a human consumes both plant and animal products then he or she is considered a(n) _____. View Available Hint(s) herbivore primary consumer producer omnivore
omivore
How does predation differ from parasitism? View Available Hint(s) Parasites rarely kill their host while predators kill their prey. Parasites are only insects or mites, while predators can be any kind of large animal. Predation happens between trophic levels while parasitism happens within a trophic level. Predation is + / − while parasitism is + / 0. (0 stands for no effect.)
parasites rarely kill their host while predators kill their prey
cow eating grass is an example of a _____. producer secondary consumer tertiary consumer primary consumer detritivore
primary consumer
in an ecosystem, phytoplankton are _____. producers primary consumers detritivores tertiary consumers secondary consumers
producers
Ecological restoration tries to _____. View Available Hint(s) rebuild natural communities to look like what they were in the year 1900 preserve pristine environments by keeping humans out redesign natural areas to have the showiest plants in places that are the easiest to see so more visitors will come return ecosystems to a more "natural" state, often what they were like before industrial civilization altered them
return ecosystems to a more "natural" state, often what they were like before industrial civilization altered them
In this hot, dry biome, populations of zebras, gazelles, and giraffes are concentrated around widely spaced watering holes.
savanna
When a human eats a steak, the human is acting as a _____. primary consumer producer detritivore secondary consumer tertiary consumer
secondary consumers
Which is enhanced by decomposers and detritivores as they recycle nutrients? View Available Hint(s) Earth's mantle soil energy cycle polar ice caps
soil
Which continent contains the most contiguous tropical rain forest? Asia Europe South America Brazil Australia
south america
species interactions Drag each description to the appropriate bin. mutualism
+/+ interaction - algae obtaining nutrients from symbiotic coral, and coral obtaining sugars from algal phtosynthesis
species interactions Drag each description to the appropriate bin. competition
+/- interaction - two species of mussels relying on the same species of phytoplankton as a fod source
species interactions Drag each description to the appropriate bin. predation/paratism/herbivory
+/- interation - a tick sucking a dogs blood - a cheetah capturing t\and consuming a gazelle - a rabbit eating the leaves of a dandelion plant
causes and consequences: invasive species The following answers for the Causes and Consequences features are examples and are not intended to represent a comprehensive list. In addition, the sequence of items is not meant to connote relative importance. Sort the examples below into the appropriate bin. Think about which factors contribute to the spread of invasive species (causes), the consequences that result from the spread of invasive species, and possible solutions. causes
- increased global transport and mobility - favorable conditions for invasive species due to climate change
causes and consequences: invasive species The following answers for the Causes and Consequences features are examples and are not intended to represent a comprehensive list. In addition, the sequence of items is not meant to connote relative importance. Sort the examples below into the appropriate bin. Think about which factors contribute to the spread of invasive species (causes), the consequences that result from the spread of invasive species, and possible solutions. solutions
- stricter policies aimed at ballast water dumping and other particulars - improved manual or chemical control measures
Using "+" for those that benefit, "−" for those that are harmed, and "0" for no effect, which of the following expressions best represents competition between species? − / − 0 / − + / − + / +
-/-
causes and consequences: invasive species The following answers for the Causes and Consequences features are examples and are not intended to represent a comprehensive list. In addition, the sequence of items is not meant to connote relative importance. Sort the examples below into the appropriate bin. Think about which factors contribute to the spread of invasive species (causes), the consequences that result from the spread of invasive species, and possible solutions. consequences
-decline of native organisms due to competition with invasives - -economic costs for control and removal of invasives -change in community structure and function
Which statement is correct concerning the process of ecological succession? View Available Hint(s) After a disturbance, the community goes through a somewhat predictable set of changes until reaching a final state. Primary succession starts after a forest fire. Shrubs will replace pines during succession. Planting pines in an abandoned farm field mimics the natural progression of species during succession.
After a disturbance, the community goes through a somewhat predictable set of changes until reaching a final state.
Which of the following statements best describes competition for a niche? Competition for resources always involves aggression. Members of different species never compete for resources. Two species could divide a niche through "resource partitioning." Competition for a niche always results in the disappearance of one of the competing species.
Two species could divide a niche through "resource partitioning."
When a species is moved from its native area to a new area, it can become an invasive species and damage its new ecosystem. What is one reason these species are able to do damage to an ecosystem? View Available Hint(s) When a species is transported, it leaves behind its predators and the diseases that previously kept its population in check. Therefore the species is able to grow to large and damaging numbers. When moved to the new location, the species fills in unoccupied niches. Having been moved from its home country, the introduced species does not know the local language so is unable to communicate with its new neighbors and gets angry, lashing out at any nearby organisms and doing great harm. In nearly every case, when a species is moved across an ocean and into a new habitat it becomes a harmful invasive species simply because it is in a new habitat.
When a species is transported, it leaves behind its predators and the diseases that previously kept its population in check. Therefore the species is able to grow to large and damaging numbers.
What is the connection between organisms that utilize cellular respiration and the flow of energy? View Available Hint(s) Organisms that use cellular respiration are able to transfer 100% of the energy to the next trophic level. When organisms use cellular respiration to process energy, only a small amount of energy is transferred to the next trophic level. All organisms that use cellular respiration do so through the process of photosynthesis. Organisms that use cellular respiration to process energy increase the amount of energy available to that trophic level.
When organisms use cellular respiration to process energy, only a small amount of energy is transferred to the next trophic level.
If you wanted to represent the relative importance of the trophic levels in a food chain, the most accurate way to do so would be a graph in the form of __________. View Available Hint(s) a pyramid of keystone species a pyramid of specific interactions between species a pyramid of the number of individuals a pyramid of energy
a pyramid of energy
Which of the following biomes has soil with the fewest nutrients and least organic matter? View Available Hint(s) a tropical rain forest a temperate grassland a tundra a temperate deciduous forest
a tropical rain forest