mastering physiology ch 2

What is the correct order for the following list of steps for initiating translation? 1. Binding of initiator tRNA to mRNA 2. Binding of large ribosomal subunit to mRNA 3. Binding of small ribosomal subunit to mRNA 4. Binding of a 2nd tRNA with its amino acid to the A site 5. Formation of covalent bond between methionine and second amino acid 3, 2, 1, 4, 5 1, 3, 2, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 2, 3, 1, 4, 5 3, 1, 2, 4, 5

3, 1, 2, 4, 5

What are the three components of a nucleotide? deoxyribonucleic acid, base pairs, phosphate/sugar backbone ribonucleic acid, base pairs, phosphate backbone 5-carbon carbohydrate, phosphate, nitrogenous base pentose sugar, 5-carbon carbohydrate, phosphate pentose, nitrogenous base, phosphorus

5-carbon carbohydrate, phosphate, nitrogenous base

What are the tRNA binding sites on the ribosome called? T and R sites A and P sites translation sites nucleotide complement sites proteogenic sites

A and P sites

________ act(s) as the precursor to steroid molecules, many of which function as hormones. Saturated fatty acids Eicosanoids Cholesterol Unsaturated fatty acids Phospholipids

Cholesterol

Components of the electron transport chain are found in what region of a mitochondrion? cristae intermembrane space inner mitochondrial membrane outer membrane matrix

inner mitochondrial membrane

All of the following are basic components of proteins EXCEPT nitrogen. carbon. oxygen. potassium. hydrogen.

potassium

The promoter sequence of the gene is recognized by ________, which initiates transcription. helicase RNA polymerase gyrase ligase DNA polymerase

RNA polymerase

What is the level of structure that corresponds to the sequence and number of amino acids in the polypeptide chain? primary secondary tertiary quaternary quinary

primary

Where does RNA polymerase bind to initiate transcription? leader sequence hormone response element initiation factor P subunit of the ribosome promoter sequence

promoter sequence

Aspirin and ibuprofen both block the enzyme cyclooxygenase from changing arachadonic acid, found in the phospholipid bilayer, into what? sterols bile salts surfactant prostaglandins leukotrienes

prostaglandins

Which of the following packages proteins into transport vesicles? smooth endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes peroxisomes mitochondria

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The process whereby a complementary mRNA is produced from a DNA template is called transcytosis. transoperon. translation. post-translational modification. transcription.

transcription

Which of the following is not a fate of proteins produced by the cells?. secretion out of the cell translation into tRNA cytoplasmic localization for intracellular signaling incorporation into the plasma membrane

translation into tRNA

The initiator codon is composed of the sequence CCG. AUG. AAC. UUG. CCC.

AUG

________ are molecules whose general structure includes a central carbon with a carboxyl group, an amine group, a hydrogen molecule, and a residual (R) group. Proteins Amino acids Nucleotides Lipids Carbohydrates

Amino acids

Which of the following is true regarding the differences between RNA and DNA? DNA consists of a single strand of nucleotides and RNA consists of two strands which form a double helix. RNA functions in the storage of genetic information, whereas DNA functions in the expression of genetic information. DNA is located in the nucleus of a cell, whereas RNA is located both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. Adenine is present in DNA only. Uracil is present in RNA instead of adenine.

DNA is located in the nucleus of a cell, whereas RNA is located both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm.

What enzyme catalyzes the reaction whereby nucleotides are added to the polynucleotide chain during replication? histone DNA polymerase RNA polymerase helicase chromatin

DNA polymerase

Which enzyme is used to copy the DNA genetic code during replication? DNA polymerase ribosome RNA polymerase DNA repair enzymes

DNA polymerase

________ are modified fatty acids that function in intercellular communication and include prostaglandins and thromboxanes. Triglycerides Eicosanoids Saturated fatty acids Steroids Phospholipids

Eicosanoids

________ is a polysaccharide found in animal cells, whereas ________ is a polysaccharide found in plants that can be degraded by humans. Galactose : cellulose Lactose : starch Glycogen : starch Glycogen : cellulose Galactose : starch

Glycogen : starch

Which of the following packages proteins into secretory vesicles? smooth endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus peroxisomes mitochondria lysosomes

Golgi apparatus

Which of the following correctly describes glycogen? It contains the genetic information found in cells. It is an important storage polysaccharide found in animal tissues. It serves as a structural component of human cells. It forms the regulatory molecules known as enzymes. It helps to protect vital organs from damage.

It is an important storage polysaccharide found in animal tissues.

Upon completion of translation, how is a newly synthesized protein appropriately directed to the organelle in which it functions? The mRNA shuttles the newly formed protein to the appropriate organelle. The very first amino acid dictates protein localization. The tRNA "transfers" the newly formed protein to the appropriate organelle. Leader sequence amino acids within the new protein serve as an address tag.

Leader sequence amino acids within the new protein serve as an address tag.

Which of the following statements is true of lipids? If a molecule is amphipathic, it cannot be a lipid. The most common steroid is testosterone. Triglycerides are formed from a glycerol backbone and two fatty acids. Lipids are hydrophobic molecules.

Lipids are hydrophobic molecules.

Which of the following molecules will dissolve readily in water? triglyceride NaCl cholesterol fatty acid C6H14

NaCl

________ are molecules that form the bilayer of cell membranes and micelles. Saturated fatty acids Steroids Phospholipids Eicosanoids Triglycerides

Phospholipids

During transcription, protein is synthesized from RNA in the cytoplasm. RNA is synthesized from DNA in the nucleus. protein is synthesized from RNA in the nucleus. DNA is synthesized from DNA in the nucleus. RNA is synthesized from DNA in the cytoplasm.

RNA is synthesized from DNA in the nucleus.

________ are molecules composed of a glycerol and three fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids Steroids Phospholipids Triglycerides Eicosanoids

Triglycerides

What causes DNA to uncoil during transcription? binding of helicase to the DNA binding of tRNA to the initiator codon binding of ubiquitin to the DNA binding of DNA polymerase to the leader sequence binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter sequence

binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter sequence

Which of the following best describes C6H12O6? disaccharide blood sugar glycogen table sugar

blood sugar

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of RNA synthesized during the process of transcription? mRNA rRNA cRNA tRNA

cRNA

Formation of peptide bonds occurs by condensation reactions between the ________ group of one amino acid and the ________group of another. fatty acid : glycerol glucose : glucose fatty acid : glycerol amino acid : amino acid carboxyl : amino acid amino

carboxyl : amino acid amino

Each amino acid differs from others only by the number of peptide bonds in the molecule. size of its amino group. characteristic of its R group. number of central carbon atoms. number of its carboxyl groups.

characteristic of its R group.

What interaction between the phosphate and the carbohydrate of a nucleotide holds the backbone of a DNA strand together? ionic bonds van der Waals forces disulfide bridges hydrogen bonds covalent bonds

covalent bonds

When proteins are synthesized by ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where does the translation begin? smooth endoplasmic reticulum cytosol rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus nucleus

cytosol

Which of the following is NOT a polymer? ribonucleic acid (RNA) a saturated fatty acid 30-amino acid polypeptide glucose

glucose

Based on what you know about the chemical properties of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, which of the following is an amphipathic structure the enzyme used to digest protein glycoprotein lipoprotein DNA

lipoprotein

The initiator codon, that originates translation, codes for the amino acid proline. arginine. tyrosine. methionine. leucine.

methionine

In which of the following organelles is genomic material stored? nucleus rough endoplasmic reticulum lysosomes ribosome

nucleus

Which of the following correctly describes the quaternary structure of a protein? a simple chain of amino acids only in proteins containing more than one polypeptide chain beta pleated sheets or alpha helixes a folded pattern formed by interactions between the R groups of amino acids

only in proteins containing more than one polypeptide chain

The most common elements found in biomolecules are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorous. potassium. oxygen. calcium. chlorine.

oxygen

Which of the following are NOT embedded in the lipid bilayer at all? peripheral proteins transmembrane proteins connexons cadherins integral proteins

peripheral proteins

What chemical property is given to a biomolecule with a hydroxyl (--OH) functional group? base acid polar Amphipathic

polar

The amphipathic property of phospholipids can be described as a nonpolar region facing the outside and a polar region facing the inside of a cell. polar region that dissolves in water and a nonpolar region that repels water. single polar region that is miscible in aqueous solution. single nonpolar region that is not miscible in aqueous solution. nonpolar region that dissolves in water and a polar region that face one another.

polar region that dissolves in water and a nonpolar region that repels water.

A fatty acid that contains three double bonds in its carbon chain is said to be polyunsaturated. saturated. polysaturated. monounsaturated. hypersaturated.

polyunsaturated

During translation, ________ is synthesized in the ________. protein : nucleus DNA : nucleus RNA : nucleus protein : cytoplasm RNA : cytoplasm

protein : cytoplasm

An acid is a molecule that acts as a(n) proton donor. hydroxide donor. hydrogen acceptor. proton acceptor. electron donor.

proton donor.

What is the correct level of structure for proteins containing more than one polypeptide chain? primary secondary tertiary quaternary quinary

quaternary

What two types of molecules make up ribosomes? phospholipids and RNA mRNA and tRNA rRNA and tRNA rRNA and proteins proteins and phospholipids

rRNA and proteins

Which of the following organelles is classified as nonmembranous? lysosomes ribosomes mitochondria Golgi apparatus

ribosomes

Which of the following translates mRNA into proteins? peroxisomes mitochondria ribosomes Golgi apparatus

ribosomes

Alpha-helixes and β-pleated sheets are examples of ________ structures of a protein. primary secondary tertiary quaternary pentanary

secondary

Hydrogen bonding between the amino hydrogen of one amino acid and the carboxyl oxygen of another is responsible for which of the following? holding the two strands of DNA together by the law of complementary base pairing twisting the DNA into a helical structure primary protein structure secondary protein structure tertiary protein structure

secondary protein structure

Which of the following is NOT a possible destination for proteins that are completely synthesized on ribosomes free in the cytosol? nucleus secreted from the cell mitochondrion remains in cytosol peroxisome

secreted from the cell

The membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with what other membrane(s)? matrix plasma membrane Golgi apparatus smooth endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope nucleolus and nuclear pore

smooth endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope

What is the level of structure that corresponds to the chemical interactions between R groups within the same polypeptide chain? primary secondary tertiary quaternary quinary

tertiary

Which of the following processes is NOT a post-translational modification that occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus to make proteins functional? the cleavage of excess amino acids the removal of the leader sequence the addition of carbohydrates the addition of lipids the addition of more amino acids

the addition of more amino acids

What type of integral membrane protein spans the membrane, thereby allowing part of it to face the cytosol and another part to face the extracellular fluid? transmembrane protein glycoprotein paramembrane protein peripheral membrane protein steroid receptor

transmembrane protein

What is a glycerol with 3 fatty acids attached? saturated fat phospholipid eicosanoid glycerolipid triglyceride

triglyceride